1.

C
Solution:
(c) is false because the success rate of treatment A must be higher than that of Treatment B
when considering small size only or large size only.

2. C
Solution:
(c) is false because the box-plot indicates that the maximum value in the data is 90+, there are
no students who get the perfect score of 100.

3. D
Solution:
(a) is incorrect because those ‘dots’ in the box-plots represent the potential outliers, obviously,
there are more than one outlier.
(b) is incorrect because removing outlier(s) would decrease SD.
Generally, the median is larger than the mean for the left-skewed distribution; therefore (c) is
incorrect.
From the box-plot, we see that Q1 is 50 and Q3 is 70+, i.e., there are 50% of students scored
between 50 and 70+, hence more than 50% of the students score between 50 and 80, (d) is
correct.

4. D
Solution:
Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be the random variable of spending on gas and quick meals respectively. We know
that 600 = 𝑋 + 𝑌, so that 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟(𝑋, 600 − 𝑋) = −𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟(𝑋, 𝑋) = −1.

5. C
Solution:
!"#(%,')
Note that 𝜌 = , we also need to consider the standard deviation of 𝑋 and 𝑌,
)*(%))*(')
covariance is high does not mean that correlation is high.

6. C
Solution:
𝑃(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 6) = 𝑃({1,5}) + 𝑃({2,4}) + 𝑃({3,3}) + 𝑃({4,2}) + 𝑃({5,1})
= 1/36 + 1/36 + 1/36 + 1/36 + 1/36 = 5/36

7. D
Solution:
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.5, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.125 + 0.375 = 0.5
+.-./ +.01/
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = +./
= 0.25, 𝑃(𝐵|𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐴) = +./
= 0.75
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 0.25(0.5) = 0.125 ≠ 0.25 = 𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵), therefore (d) is false.
8. C
Solution:
The saved amount of customers is summarized as follows:
Purchased Amount

$100 $150
10% $10 $15
off
Coupon

30% $30 $45

off
50% $50 $75
off
And the corresponding probabilities:
Purchased Amount
$100 $150 Marginal
Probability
10% 28/64 14/64 28/32
off
30% 3/64 3/64 3/32
Coupon
off
50% 1/64 1/64 1/32
off
Marginal Probability 50% 50% 100%

The required probability = 3/64 + 1/64 + 1/64 = 5/64

9. C
Solution:
(0)𝑝(0) + (25)𝑝(1) + (50)𝑝(2) + (75)𝑝(3) + 100𝑝(4)
= (0)(0.05) + (25)(0.25) + (50)(0.5) + (75)(0.15) + (100)(0.05) = 47.5

10. A
Solution:
𝐸(𝑋 + 𝑌) = 𝐸(𝑋) + 𝐸(𝑌) = 1.5 + 2.2 = 3.7
𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑆𝐷(𝑋) × 𝑆𝐷(𝑌) × 𝜌 = 0.4 × 0.5 × 0.95 = 0.19
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋 + 𝑌) = 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) + 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑌) + 2𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0.16 + 0.25 + 2 × 0.19 = 0.79
𝑆𝐷(𝑋 + 𝑌) = 0.8888
11. D
Solution:
𝐸(70𝑋 + 80𝑌) = 1.5 × 70 + 2.2 × 80 = 281
𝑉𝑎𝑟(70𝑋 + 80𝑌) = 4900𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) + 6400𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑌) + 2 × 70 × 80 × 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌)
= 4900 × 0.16 + 6400 × 0.25 + 2 × 70 × 80 × 0.19 = 4512
𝑆𝐷(70𝑋 + 80𝑌) ≈ 67
If 𝜌 = 0.5, 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0.4 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.1, the variance will be smaller than before, and so
is the standard deviation.

12. D
Solution:
The denominators are different for population and sample variance.

13. B
Solution:
- -
Expected value = 10000 × R. × 1.1 + . × 0.92S = 10100

14. D

15. C
Solution:
Let 𝐼 be the event that the sales increases and 𝐵 be the event that the cost within budget. Then,
the required probability is 𝑃(𝐼 2 ∪ 𝐵2 ) = 𝑃(𝐼 2 ) + 𝑃(𝐵2 ) − 𝑃(𝐼 2 ∩ 𝐵2 ) = 2 − 𝑃(𝐼) − 𝑃(𝐵) −
(1 − 𝑃(𝐼))(1 − 𝑃(𝐵)) = 2 − 0.8 − 0.4 − 0.2(0.6) = 0.68

16. A
Solution:
Note that mutually exclusive implies dependence since if we know one event happens, then the
mutually excluded one must not happen.

17. B

18. D

19. C

20. E

21. B

22. D
Solution:
Suppose that factory A produced n car, then factory B produced 2n cars.
Overall defective rate = [1.2% (n) + 2.4% (2n)] /(n+2n) = 6%(n)/3n = 2%.
 23. B
Solution:
𝑃(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑅) + 𝑃(𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑅) = 0.7 𝑥 0.9 + 0.3 𝑥 0.6 = 0.63 + 0.18 = 0.81

24. E
Solution:
𝑃 (𝑀|𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑅)/ 𝑃(𝑅𝑅) = 0.7 𝑥 0.9 /0.81 = 0.63/0.81 = 77.78%

25. E

26. E

27. D

28. C
Solution:
Probability that 24 or fewer germinate =1 − 𝑃(25 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒) = 1 − (0.9)./ = 0.9282

29. D
Solution:
mean of 𝑋 = 𝐸(𝑋) = 0 ∗ 0.4 + 1 + 0.3 + 2 ∗ 0.2 + 3 ∗ 0.1 = 1
variance of 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = (0 − 1)^2 ∗ 0.4 + (1 − 1)^2 ∗ 0.3 + (2 − 1)^2 ∗ 0.2 + (3 − 1)^2 ∗
0.1 = 1
mean of 𝑌 = 𝐸(2𝑋 + 1) = 2𝐸(𝑋) + 1 = 2 ∗ 1 + 1 = 3
variance of 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟(2𝑋 + 1) = 2^2 ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 4 ∗ 1 = 4

30. C
31. B
Solution:
Possible result:

1ST Head Tail

nd
2

Head HH HT

Tail TH TT

Given that there is at least 1 Tails, the sample space becomes {HT, TH, TT}. The probability of
getting 1 heads in this sample space is 2/3.

32. B
 33. B
Solution:
Let n be the number of children who have raised $25 or more. Then 320 − 25𝑛 > 0, 𝑛 < 12.8.
So, the largest possible number of children who could have raised $25 or more is 12.

34. C
Solution:
Let 𝐴 = {𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑛},
𝐵 = {𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠}
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)𝑃(𝐴) (0.3)(0.6)
𝑃(𝐴│𝐵) = = 2) ( 2) = (
(
𝑃 𝐵 ) ( ) ( ) (
𝑃 𝐵|𝐴 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵|𝐴 𝑃 𝐴 0.3 0.6) + (0.01)(0.4)
)(
= 0.9783

35. A
Solution:
HIV No HIV Total

Detected(Positive) 0.005 * 0.92 = 0.0046 0.995 * 0.027 = 0.026865 0.031465

Undetected(Negative) 0.005 * 0.08 = 0.0004 0.995 * 0.973 = 0.968135 0.968535

Total 0.005 0.995 1

𝑃 (𝐻𝐼𝑉 | 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 𝑃(𝐻𝐼𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)/ 𝑃(𝐻𝐼𝑉) = 0.0046 / 0.031465 = 0.1462

36. C

37. C
Solution:
Let 𝑋 be the number of voters who are Independents.
𝑃(𝑋 > 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) − 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 1 − 0.9./ − 25 ∗ 0.10 ∗ 0.9.3
= 0.7288

38. C
Solution:
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6

39. D
Solution:
We rearrange the data in ascending order: 2 − 𝑎, 5 − 𝑎, 6 − 𝑎, 8 − 𝑎, 9 − 𝑎, 10 − 𝑎, 11 −
𝑎, 14 − 𝑎, 18 − 𝑎, 21 − 𝑎
Then Q1 = 5.5 − 𝑎 and Q3 = 16 − 𝑎.
Therefore, IQR = (16 − 𝑎) – (5.5 − 𝑎) = 10.5
40. C
Solution:
Let 𝐺 be the random variable of weight in grams and 𝑂 be the random variable of weight in
ounces. i.e. 𝐺 = 0.035𝑂. Then. 𝐸(𝐺) = 0.035𝐸(𝑂) and 𝑆𝐷(𝐺) = 0.035𝑆𝐷(𝑂). CV in
)*(4) +.+0/)*(6)
grams= 5(4) = =CV in ounces.
+.+0/5(6)

41. B
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
21
𝑃(𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 7) =
36

42. D
Solution:
(a) is wrong since correlation does not imply causation.
(b) is wrong since the correlation is just -0.95 (greater than -1), we cannot say that they are
“always” accompanied.
(c) is wrong since they have negative association.

43. C

44. A

45. A

46. D
 47. D
Solution:

Mean
Total Sales (X) 20 40 60 50 50 55 60 70 50.625
Selling
14 16 18 17 18 18 18 20
Expenses(Y) 17.375
xi - x -30.625 -10.625 9.375 -0.625 -0.625 4.375 9.375 19.375
yi - y -3.375 -1.375 0.625 -0.375 0.625 0.625 0.625 2.625
( xi - x )( yi - y ) 103.3594 14.60938 5.859375 0.234375 0.39063 2.734375 5.859375 50.85938
𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌) =
-+0.0/73 9 -3.:+70; 9 /.;/701/ 9 +..0301/ 9 +.07+:0 9 ..10301/ 9 /.;/701/ 9 /+.;/70;
=26.1607
;<-

48. B

49. C
Solution:
Percentage = 30 / (30 + 70) = 30%

50. A
Solution:
Percentage = 20 / 200 = 10%

51. B

52. A

53. A

54. D

55. A

56. D

57. B
58. C
Solution:
Let 𝑃(𝐶) be the probability that residents own 2 cars, 𝑃(𝐼) be the probability that annual
household income is over $25,000,
𝑃(𝐶) = 0.7, 𝑃(𝐼) = 0.6 ,
𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐼)
= 0.8, 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐼) = 0.8 ∗ 0.6 = 0.48,
𝑃(𝐼 )
𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐼′) = 0.7 − 0.48 = 0.22

59. C
Solution:
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝐼) = 0.7 + 0.6 − 0.48 = 0.82
𝑃(𝐶′ ∩ 𝐼′) = 1 − 0.82 = 0.18
𝑃(𝐶 = ∩ 𝐼 = ) 0.18
= = 0.45
(
𝑃 𝐼 = ) 0.4

60. D
61. B
Solution:
The probability = 0.75*0.08 + 0.25*0.23 = 0.1175

62. A
Solution:
The probability = 1 – 0.54 = 0.9375

63. A
Solution:
Mean = (−2) ∗ 0.59 + 5 ∗ 0.15 + 7 ∗ 0.25 + 8 ∗ 0.01 = 1.4
Variance = (−2 – 1.4)2 ∗ 0.59 + (5 – 1.4)2 ∗ 0.15 + (7 – 1.4)2 ∗ 0.25 + (8 – 1.4)2 ∗
0.01 = 17.04

64. A
Solution:
The area between ¬𝜇 − 𝜎 and 𝜇 + 𝜎 is approximately 68% (You may check it from the Standard
Normal Table.) Thus, the interval is [1180-80,1180+80] = [1100,1260].

65. B
66. A
Solution:
You may look at the stacked bar charts before and after. After the correction, two bars are more
similar than before the correction, so we conclude that the association is stronger before the
correction.

67. D