UNIT 4 (1)
UNIT 4 (1)
UNIT 4 (1)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIT IV
INTEGRAL CALCULUS-I
Introduction
The idea of the definite integrals arose from the problems of calculating lengths areas and volume of
curvilinear geomatric figures. These problems were first solved with some success by the mathematicians of
ancient Greece.
John wallis (1616-1703) an English Mathematician derived an integration procedure and introduced the
new idea of limit which laid the basis for the concept of definite integrals.
Unlike the indefinite integral which is a function, the definite integral is a numerical value. Applications
of definite integrals include computations involving area, arc, length, volume and surfaces of the solid gener-
ated.
b
y=f(x)
x=a x=b x
Given a continuous function f ( x ) on the interval [a, b] we divide the interval into n subintervals of equal
length with x and from each interval choose a point x i . Then the definite integral of f ( x ) from the lower
limit ‘a’ to the upper limit ‘b’ is defined as
b n
f ( x) dx lim f ( xi ) x
n
a i 1
f ( x)dx ( x)
b
ie a
( b) ( a )
a
Definite integrals can be found out easily with the help of the following results.
Properties
b b
Property 1:
f ( x)dx f ( z )dz
a a
b
f ( x ) dx F ( x ) a
b
Proof: L.H.S
a
F [b] F[a]
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
b
f ( z ) d z F ( x ) a
b
R.H.S
a
F [b] F[a]
L.H.S = R.H.S
b a
Property 2:
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
a b
b
f ( x)dx F ( x )a F [b] F [a]
b
Proof : L.H.S
a
a
f ( x)dx F (x)b
a
R.H.S
b
F(a) F(b)
F (b) F(a )
L.H.S. = R.H.S
b c b
Property 3 :
a
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
a c
Where acb
Proof : L.H.S
a
f ( x )dx
[ F ( x )]ba F (b) F ( a)
c b
R.H.S f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
a c
[ F ( x )]ca [ F ( x )]bc
Property 4:
0
f ( x ) dx f (a x ) dx
0
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
Consider, LHS
a 0
f ( x)dx f (a z )(dz )
0 a
0
f (a z )dz
a
a
f (a z ) dz [by property 2]
0
a
f (a x) dx [by property 1]
0
= R.H.S
a a
f ( x) dx f (a x)dx
0 0
a a a
Property 5:
a
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x )dx
0 0
a 0 a
Proof:
a
f ( x) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x)dx
a 0
0 a
f ( z ) dz f ( x ) dx
a 0
a a
f ( z )dz f ( x )dx [by Property 2]
0 0
a a
f ( x) dx f ( x)dx [by Property 1]
0 0
a a a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x)dx
a 0 0
Property 6 :
f ( x )dx 0 if f(x) is odd
a a
2 f ( x )dx if f(x) is even
0
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
Proof:
a a a
Consider
a
f ( x )dx f ( x )dx f ( x )dx
0 0
a a
0
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
0
[if f(x) is odd then f(-x) = -f(x)]
=0
a
a
f ( x) dx 0
a a a
Consider
a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x)dx
0 0
a a
f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx [if f(x) is even then f(-x) = f(x)]
0 0
a
2 f ( x ) dx
0
2a a a
Property 7:
0
f ( x)dx f ( x) dx f (2a x)dx
0 0
2a a 2a
Proof
0
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
0
a
f ( x ) dx [by property 3]
a 0
f ( x )dx f (2a z )( dz )
0 a
In 2nd integral
Put x 2a z dx dz
If x a z a&
x 2a z 0
a a
f ( x )dx f (2a z )( dz )
0 0
a a
f ( x) dx f (2a x) dx [by property (1)]
0 0
2a a a
f ( x )dx f ( x ) dx f (2a x )dx
0 0 0
2a
a
Property 8:
0
f ( x )dx 2 f ( x)dx
0
if , f (2a - x ) f ( x )
0 If , f (2 a - x ) - f ( x )
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
2a a a
Proof :
0
f ( x)dx f ( x )dx f (2 a x)dx
0 0
a a
f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx [if f(2a-x)=f(x)]
0 0
a
2 f ( x ) dx
0
2a a a
Now,
0
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f (2a x)dx
0 0
a a
f ( x ) dx f ( x) dx [if f(2a-x) = -f(x)]
0 0
=0
2
Property 9 :
0
f (sin x )dx 2 f (sin x )dx
0
2
Proof : 0
f (sin x ) dx
0
f (sin x ) dx
f (sin x ) dx ______(1)
2
Put x y; then
dx dy and sin x sin( y ) sin y
when x , y and
2 2
when x , y 0
Second integral of (1) is
0
f (sin x)dx f (sin y)(dy)
2 2
0
f (sin y )dy
2
2
0
f (sin y )dy [by Property 2]
0
f (sin x )dx
0
f (sin x )dx
0
f (sin x )dx
2
2 f (sin x )dx
0
Hence LHS.
Similarly we can have
2
0
f (cos x )dx 2 f (cos x)dx
0
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
Gamma Functions :
e
x
Gamma function is defined as x n 1dx; n 0 and it is denoted by n
0
(i.e) n e x xn1dx; n 0
0
Beta function:
1
Beta function is defined as
x
m 1
(1 x) n 1 dx; m 0, n 0 and it in denoted by (m, n)
0
1
(i.e) (m, n) x m 1 (1 x ) n 1 dx; m 0, n 0
0
1
similarly (n, m) x n 1 (1 x) m1 dx; n 0, m 0
0
n 1 n n
e
x
Proof: n 1 x n dx (By definition)
0
udv uv vdu
where u x n dv e x
n 1
du n x e x
v
1
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
x n e x n x n 1 e x dx
0
0
0 n x n 1e x dx ( e 0, e 0 1 )
0
Result: 2 1 1
Proof
e
x
we know that n x n 1 dx
0
e x
Put n=1 1 e dx .dx
x
0 1 0
e e 0
0 1 1
1 1
1 1
Result 3: when ‘n’ is a positive integer, then ( n 1) n !
( n 1) n ( n 1) ( n 1)
n( n 1)( n 2) ( n 2)
n( n 1)( n 2)( n 3) ( n 3)
.....................................
n( n 1)( n 2)( n 3)........3.2.1. (1)
n ! (1), ( (1) 1)
( n 1) n !
It follows ( 2 ) (1 1) 1 (1) 1 ! 1 , by ( n 1) n !
(3 ) ( 2 1) 2 ! 2
( 4 ) (3 1) 3 ! 6
(5 ) ( 4 1) 4 ! 2 4
and so on.
Note: (0 )
( n ) ; if n0
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
a a
W.K.T
0
f ( x) dx f (a x)dx
0
1
(m, n) (1 x ) m1 1 (1 x)
n 1
dx
0
1
(1 x ) m 1 x n 1 dx
0
1
x n 1 (1 x) m1 dx
0
1
Put x ; Differentiate on both sides w.r.t.’y’
1 y
1 1 1 y 1
dx dy and 1 x 1 when x 0, y
(1 y )2 1 y 1 y x 1, y 0
y
(ie) 1 x
1 y
m1 n 1
1
0
y 1
(m, n) dy
(1 y ) 1 y (1 y )
2
y n 1
m n 2
dy
0 (1 y ) (1 y )
2
y n 1
( n, m ) ( m, n ) m n
dy
0 (1 y )
Using symmetric property of Beta function m & n can be interchanged in the integral.
y m 1
( m, n ) n m
dy
0 (1 y )
Proof
1
By definition (m, n) x m 1 (1 x ) n 1 dx
0
Put x sin
2
: dx 2 sin (cos ) d
when x 0 1
0
2
2
(m, n) sin 2 m2 cos 2 n 2 (2sin cos ) d
0
2
2 sin 2 m 1 cos 2 n 1 d ( a m a n a m n )
0
2
(m, n) 2 sin 2 m1 cos 2 n 1 d Hence the proof.
0
x m1 x n 1
1
4) Prove that (m, n) m n
dx
0 (1 x )
x m 1
Proof: W.K.T (m, n) m n
dx (By Transformation of Beta Fucntion)
0 (1 x )
x m1 x m1
1
( m, n) m n
dx 1 (1 x) m n dx
0 (1 x )
x m1
Consider m n
dx _______(A)
1 (1 x )
1
Put x when x 1
t
t 1 0
1
dx dt
t2
From (A)
1t
m 1
m 1 0
x 1
(1 x) dx 2 dt
1 1t
mn mn
1 1 t
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1t 1
m 1
0 2
t dt
1t
m n
1 (1 t ) m n
t n 1 x n 1
1 1
m n
dt 0 (1 x)m n dx ( ’t’ is a dummy variable)
0 (1 t )
x m 1 x n 1
1 1
(m, n) m n
dx 0 (1 x)m n dx
0 (1 x )
x m1 x n 1
1
(m, n) dx
0 (1 x ) m n
Hence the proof.
2
1 p 1 q 1
sin cos q d
p
Result: ,
0
2 2 2
2
2
1
sin cos 2 n 1 d (m, n)
2 m 1
(ie) _____(A)
0
2
Put 2m - 1 = p and 2n - 1 = q in (A)
we get 2 m = p + 1 and 2 n = q + 1
p 1 q 1
m n
2 2
Subsititute in (A)
2
1 p 1 q 1
sin cos q d
p
We get ,
0
2 2 2
Hence the proof.
Relation between Beta and Gamma functions:
(m ) (n)
(m , n)
(m n )
Proof: W.K.T ( n ) e x x n 1 dx
0
Put x y
2
dx 2 ydy
( n ) e y ( y 2 ) n 1 2 y dy
2
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
2 e y y 2 n 2 y1dy
2
0
( n ) 2 e y y 2 n 1 dy
2
2
Similarly ( m ) 2 e x x 2 m 1 dx
0
(m) ( n ) 2 e x x 2 m 1 dx 2 e y y 2 n 1 dy
2 2
0 0
4 e( x
2
y2 )
x 2 m 1 y 2 n 1 dx dy
0 0
2
(m) ( n ) 4 e r r 2 m 2 n 2 (cos ) 2 m 1 (sin ) 2 n 1 r dr d
2
0 0
2
4 e
r2
r 2 m 2 n 1 (c o s ) 2 m 1 (s in ) 2 n 1 d r d
0 0
2
4 e r r 2 m 2 n 1 d r (c o s ) 2 m 1 ( s i n ) 2 n 1 d
2
0 0
2
m n 1 1
4 e r r 2 d ( r ) 2 ( c o s ) 2 m 1 ( s i n ) 2 n 1 d
2
0 2 0
1 1
4 (m n ) (m , n )
2 2
Using Beta & Gamma properties.
4
( m n ) ( m, n )
4
(m) ( n) ( m n) ( m, n)
(m ) ( n )
(m , n)
(m n)
Hence the proof.
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1
Result:
2
2
Proof: W.K.T (m, n) 2 (sin ) 2 m1 (cos ) 2 n 1 d
0
1
Put m n
2
2 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1
, 2 (sin ) 2
(cos ) 2 d
2 2 0
2
2 1 d
0
______(*)
2[ ]0 2
2
2
1 1
,
2 2
W.K.T ( m , n )
(m ) ( n )
(m n )
1 1
1 1
,
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
By (*),
(1) 1
2
1
2
1 Hence proved
2
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
PART - A
Worked Examples
1. Evaluate
e
x2
dx
0
Solultion
Put x t ;
2
2xdx dt
dt
e x dx e t
2
0 0 2 t
1
1
2 0
t
e t 2
dt
1
1 1
t 2
e t dt
2 0
1 1
2 2
1
2
e
x2
2. Evaluate x5 dx
0
I e x x 5 dx
2
Solution : Given
0
Put x2 t when x 0, t 0
2 xdx dt x , t
1
xdx dt
2
1 t 2
2 0
e t dt
1 [ ( n 1) n ! is an integer]
3
2
1
2 1
2
1
2!
2
1
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
3 Evaluate
e
x2
x 4 dx
0
Solution
I e x x 4 dx
2
Given
0
Put x2 t x 0
2 xdx dt t 0
I e x x 4 dx
2
3 dt
ett 2
0 2
1 3
1 n 1 n
2 2
13 3
22 2
3 1
1
4 2
31 1
42 2
3 1
8 2
4. Evaluate 0
x e 4 x dx
Solution
Let 4 x t
squaring on both sides
16 x t 2 x 0
16dx 2tdt t 0
4 x
I xe dx
0
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
t 2tdt
e t
0
4 16
1 2 t
32 0
t e dt
1
2 1
32
1
3
32
1 1
2!
32 16
1 n 1
5. Show that 1 n0
0 log y dy n
Soln:
1
Put log t
y
1
et
y
y e t
y 0 1
dy e t dt t 0
1 n 1 0
1
log dy t n 1 ( e t )dt
0 y
t n 1e t dt
0
f ( x ) dx f ( x)dx
e t t n 1dt 0
0
n, n0
PART - B
n
e
ax
1. Prove that x n 1dx
0
a n where a and n are postivie. Henc e find the value of
1 p 1
q 1 1
0 x log x dx
Proof
e dt
ax
In x n 1dx , Put ax t . so that dx
0 a
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
n 1
t dt
e ax
x dx e
n 1 t
0 0 a a
1
n e t t n 1dt
a 0
1 _____(1)
n
an
1 p 1
1
In I x q 1 log dx
0 x
1 y
Put e
x
(ie) e y x
Then dx e y dy
Also the limits for y are and 0.
0
I e ( q 1) y y p 1 ( e y ) dy
0
e q y y p 1dy e qy y p 1 dy
0
1
p ____(1)
qp
x m1 x n 1
1
x m 1
2. Prove that (m, n)
0 (1 x )
m n
dx Hence deduce that ( m , n ) 0 (1 x)m n dx
1
Proof: By defn. ( m , n ) t m 1 (1 t ) n 1 dt _____(1)
0
x 1
In (1), Put t , then dt dx
1 x (1 x) 2
t
when t 0, x 0 ; when t 1, x x
1 t
m 1 n 1
x 1 1
0 1 x
Then (1) becomes, ( m, n)
1 x
(1 x) 2
dx
x m1
mn
dx _____(2)
0 (1 x )
x m1dx x m1
1
m n
1 (1 x)m n dx _____(3)
0 (1 x )
x m1 1 1
In 1 (1 x)mn dx , Put x
y
, Then dx
y2
dy
when x = 1, y = 1 when x = , y = 0
1
0
x m1 y m1 1
m n
dx
m n 2
dy
1
(1 x) 1 1 y
1 y
y mn
1
dy
0
(1 y ) m n y m 1
y n 1
1
m n
dy
0 (1 y )
x n 1
1
mn ____(4) [Since y is a dummy variable]
0 (1 x )
x m 1 x n 1
1
Using (4) in (3), we have (m, n) dx
0
(1 x)m n
1 1
dx
Evaluate x (1 x ) dx in terms of Gamma functions and hence find
m n p
3.
0 0 1 xn
Solution
1
Given I x (1 x n ) p dx
m
Put x n t , nx n 1dx dt
dt 1 dt
dx n 1
nx n 1 1n
t
when x 0, t 0 ; when x 1, t 1
1 m 1
1 1
I t n (1 t ) p t n dt
0 n
1 m 1
1 n n 1
n 0
t (1 t ) p dt
1 mn1 1
1
n 0
t (1 t ) p dt
1 m 1
p 1
n n
m 1
p 1
1 n
I
n m 1 ______(1)
p 1
n
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M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1 1
dx 1
Now,
0 1 x n
x 0 (1 x n )
0
2
dx Here m 0, n n
1
p
2
1 1
1
dx 1 n 2
1 xn n 1 1
0
n 2
1
n
n 1 1
n 2
n 1 1
4. Prove that (n, n) or ( n, n ) 2 n 1
n,
1 2 2
2 2 n 1 n
2
Proof
2
2
2
2 (sin cos )2 n1 d
0
2 2 n1
sin 2
2 d
0
2
2
sin 2n1 2
2 d
0
22n1
2
2
sin 2 d
2 n1
2n1
2 0
2
1
sin 2 d
2 n1
2n 2
2 0
Put 2 , d 2d 0 2
0
1 d
(n, n) sin
2 n 1
(ie) 2 n2
2 0
2
2 2
1 d
2 sin 2 n 1
f (sin ) d 2 f (sin ) d
22 n 2 0
2 0 0
2
1
sin d
2 n 1
2n 2
2 0
1 1 1 2
n, [using (m, n) 2 sin 2m 1 cos 2 n1 d ]
2 2 n 2 2 2
0
2
1 1 1
sin cos 2 n1 d (m, n)
2 m 1
2 n 1
n, (ie)
2 2 0
2
1 n 12
2 n 1
2 11 2
n
2 n 1
2 n 1 2
1 n 1
Show that x e e
n a2 x2 a 2 x2
5. dx n 1 Deduc e that dx
0
2a 2 0
2a . Henc e show that
1
cos( x )dx sin( x )dx
2 2
0 0
2 2
Solution :
x e
n a2 x 2
Given I dx
0
Put ax t
1
a dx dt
2 t
dt
(ie)dx
2a t
x 0
t 0
n
t
dt
I et
a 2a t
0
t
n
dt
n
e t
0 a 2a t
1
t
n1
n1 et dt
2a 0
n 1
1
2a n 1 0
2 t
t e dt
1 n 1
______(1)
2 a n 1 2
12
e
a2 x2
Then dx _____(2)]
0
2a 2a
1 i
In (2), Put a ; then a 2 i
2
eix dx
2
0 2(1 i )
(1 i )
2 2
[cos(x ) i sin(x )]dx 2 (1 i)
2 2
0 2
1
cos x dx 2
2
0
2
1
sin( x ) dx
2
0
2 2
( x a)
m 1
6. Evaluate i) (b x ) n 1 dx and
a
( a x)
m 1
ii) (a x ) n 1 dx in terms of Beta function.
a
Solution
b
i)
Given I ( x a ) m 1 (b x ) n 1 dx
a
104 Sathyabama University
M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
Put xa y x a b
dx dy y 0 ba
b a
y m 1 (b a ) y
n 1
I
0
dy
b a n 1
y
0
y m 1 (b a) n 1 1
(b a)
dy
b a n 1
y
n 1 m 1
(b a) y 1 (b a) dy
0
y dy
In (1), Put t ; then dt ; (ie) dy (b a) dt
ba (b a )
y 0 ba
t 0 1
1
I (b a)n1 t(b a)
m1
[1 t]n1(b a)dt
0
I (b a) m n 1 (m, n)
( a x)
m 1
ii) Consider I ( a x) n 1 dx
a
Put a x y ; then dx dy
x a a
y 0 2a
2a
y 2a y
m 1 n 1
I dy
0
2a y
n 1
y
m 1
2a 1 dy
0 2a
2a n 1
y
y 2a
m 1 n 1
1 dy
0 2a
2a n 1
y
y
n 1 m 1
(2a) 1 dy ______(1)
0 2a
y
In (1), Put t ; then dy 2adt
2a
y 0 2a
t 0 1
1
I (2a) n 1 (2at ) m 1 (1 t ) n 1 2adt
0
1
(2a) n 1 (2a) m1 t m 1 (1 t )n 1 2adt
0
1
2a
m n 1
t
m 1
(1 t ) n1 dt
0
2a
m n 1
(m, n)
2
e x
0 x 0 x e dx 4 2
2 x4
7. Prove that dx
Proof:
2
e x
Given I1 dx
0 x
dt dt
Put x t ; then dx
2
, (ie) x t
2x 2 t
x 0
t 0
e t dt
I 14
0 t 2 t
1 t 3 4
2 0
e t dt n 1 n n
1 1 3 1
4 1 4
2 4
I 2 x 2 e x dx
4
Also Given,
0
ds ds 1
Put x s ; then dx 3 , (ie) x s 4
4
3
4x 4s 4
x 0
s 0
ds
I 2 se s 3
0 4s 4
1 1 2 s ds
4 0
s e 3
4s 4
1 13
s 2 4 e s ds
40
1 1 4 s
4 0
S e ds
1 3
4 4
2
e x 1 1 3 _______(1)
dx X x 2e x dx
4
0 x 0 8 4 4
1 1
W.k.t, B(n,n) n,
22 n 1 2
nn 1 n
2 n 1
2n 2 1
n
2
(ie)
1 2n
n. n
2 22 n 1
1
Put n , we get
4
1 3 12
1 2
4 4 2
2
21 2
using (2) in (1)
2
e x 2
0 x 0 x e dx 8 4 2
2 x4
dx
x m 1
x m1 dx
8. Evaluate dx and deduce that dx . Hence show that 1 x
0 (1 x )
n p 4
1 xn m 0 2 2
0 n sin
n
Solution :
x m1
Given I
0 (1 x n ) p dx
1 1 t n 1 1
Put t n ; then
xn ; nx dx 2 dt
1 x t t
x 0
t 1
m 1
1 t n
0
t dt
I p
n 1
1 1 2 1 t
n
t n
t t
1
1 t n n
t
dt
p n1 n1
0
t
nt (1 t)
2 n
t n
1 m m
1 p 1 1
n 0
t n
(1 t ) n
dt
1 m m
p ,
n n n
mm
p
1 n n
______(1)
n ( p)
1 m m
1
x m1 n n n
0 1 x n dx (1)
m
n sin
n
Put m = 1, n = 4 in (2), we get
dx
1 x 4
1 2 2
0 4 sin 4
4 2
t 2 dt
9. Prove that
0 1 t
4
2 2
Solution :
Put t tan
1 12
dt tan (sec 2 )d
2
sec 2 d
dt
2 tan
1 tan 2 t 0
(ie) dt d
2 tan 0 0 2
2
t 2 dt tan (1 tan 2 )
0 1 t 4
0 (1 tan 2 )2 tan
d
2
1
tan d
12
2 0
2
1
sin cos1 2 d
12
2 0
1 2 1 2 1
1 1
,
2 2 2
1 3 1
,
2 4 4
3 1
,
1 4 4
2 1
1 3
we know that 2
4 4
t 2 dt 1 2
0
1 t4 4 1
2 2
Exercise proplems:
PART - A
2
1) Find the value of
0
tan d in terms of Gamma Functions.
2
1 1 3
2) Prove that
0
cot d
2 4 4
2 2
d
3) Find the value of
0
sin d
0 sin
2 2
dx
4) Prove that
0
cos xdx
0 cos x
1 n 1
1
5) Prove that log dx n
0 x
xn
6) Find the value of x dx , n 1
0 n
x 1
7) Assuming that dx , prove that (1 ) , where is neither
0 1 x sin sin
zero nor an integer [Hint : put x tan
2
]
e
kx 2
8) Find the value of dx
(m 1, n) m
9) Prove that
(m, n 1) n
(m 1, n) (m, n 1) (m, n)
10) Prove that
m n m n
x m1 a
11) Find the value of m n
dx in terms of a Beta functions [Hint : put x t]
0 ( a bx ) b
2
1
(8 x )
3
13) Find the value of
3
dx in terms of Gamma functions.
0
x ( a x ) n dx a m n 1 (m 1, n 1)
m
14) Prove that
0
PART - B
1
e
( ax 2 by 2 )
15) Prove that x 2 m 1 y 2 n 1dxdy mn
0 4a mb n
1
( 1) n n !
16) When n is a +ve integer and m>-1, prove that
m n
x (log x ) dx
0 ( m 1) n 1
n 1
x m 1 (1 x )
1
( m, n ) x
17) Prove that mn
dx n [Hint : put ]
0
( a bx ) a (a b )m a bx a b
18) Express 2 2
n 1 , n 1 in terms of Gamma functions in two different ways, and hence
1 2n 1
prove that n 2
2 ( n 1)
2n
2
e x
xe x dx
2
20) Prove that xe dx x e dx
8 4
x 2 x
0 0 16 2
1
x 2 dx dx
21) Prove that
0 1 x 4
0 1 x 4
4
dx x 2 dx x 2 dx
22) Evaluate i) , (ii) 0 (1 x 4 )2 and (iii) 0 (1 x 4 )3
0 1 x
4
ANSWERS
PART - A
1 1 3
1)
2 4 4
3)
1
6) n 1
(logn)n 1
8)
k
1
10) ( m, n )
n m
ab
1 1 2
13)
3 3 3
PART - B
22) i)
2 2
ii)
8 2
5 2
iii)
128
Solution
we know that
n 1 1
2
1
0 sin d 2 n2 22
n
2
11 1
2
1 2 2
sin 10 d
0
2 12
2
Since n 1 n n
11 9 9 9
1
2 2 2 2
9 7
1
2 2
9 7 7
2 2 2
9 7 5 3 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
12 1
6 5!,
2 2
2
1 9 7 5 3 1
sin10 d
0 2 2 2 2 2 2 5!
63
512
2
Solution:
we know that
n 1 1
2
1 2 2
0 cos d 2 n 2
n
5
1
2
1 2
0 cos d 2 11
9
2
113 Sathyabama University
M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1
since 5 4! and
2
1
2 4!
1 2
0 cos d 2 9 7 5 3 1 1
9
2 2 2 2 2 2
128
315
2
sin
6
3) x cos 7 xdx using Gamma functions
0
Solution:
we know that
p 1 q 1
2
1 2 2
0 sin cos d 2 p q 2
p q
2
7 8
2
1 2 2
sin x cos xdx
6 7
0
2 15
2
7
1 3!
2
2 13 11 9 7 7
2 2 2 2 2
1 6 24
2 13 11 9 7
16
3003
1 1
Solution:
1
Let I x (1 x n ) p dx
m
put t x n dt nx n 1dx
when x 0, t 0, x 1, t 1
114 Sathyabama University
M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1 m
dt
I t n (1 t ) p n 1
0
nt n
1 m 1
1 1
n 0
t n
(1 t ) p dt
1 mn1 1
1
n 0
t (1 t )( p 1) 1 dt
1 m 1
, p 1
n n
By defn of the Beta functions
m 1
, p 1
1 n
n m 1
p 1
n
1 211
1
x (1x ) dx 3 13
5 3 10
1
396
y n 1
5) show that ( m, n ) mn
dy
0 (1 y )
x n 1 x m1
1
dx
0 (1 x ) m n
Solution:
since
y n 1
( m, n ) mn
dy
0 (1 y )
y n 1 y n 1
1
mn
dy 1 (1 y)m n dy ____(1)
0 (1 y )
consider
y n1
1 (1 y )mn dy
115 Sathyabama University
M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
1
Let y when y , z 0 and y 1, z 1
z
1
dy 2 dz
z
1 z m n
1
1
n 1 mn
2 dz
0
z (1 z ) z
z m 1
1
mn
dz
0 (1 z )
(1) becomes
y n 1 z m1
1 1
( m, n) mn
dy 0 (1 z) m n dz
0 (1 y )
x n 1 x m1
1 1
m n
dx 0 (1 x)m n dx
0 (1 x )
x n 1 x m1
1
dx
0 (1 x ) m n
1
6) Show that m, 22 m1 (m, m)
2
Solution
we know that
2
1
put n
2
2
1
m, 2 sin 2m 1 d
2 0
put n m in (1)
2
2
1
sin d
2 m 1
2 m 1
2 0
2
1
2 m 1
2 sin 2 m1 d
2 0
2
2
2 sin 2 m1 d
0
1
2 m1 m, m m,
2
7) Prove that duplication formula
22m1
m m
1
2m
2
Solution
1
We know that m, 22 m1 ( m, m)
2
m
1
2m1
2 2 m m
1 m m
m
2
m
22m1 m m
1 2m
m
2
cancelling m
1
22 m1 m m
2
2m
8) Prove that
1 1
m, m m , m m 1 21 4 m
2 2
Solution
2
2
we know that m, m 2 m 1 sin
2 m 1
d _____(1)
2 0
2 1
1 1 2 2 m 1
Also, m , m
d
2
1
sin
2 2 2 m 1
2 0
2
2
2
2m sin d
2m
_____(2)
2 0
4 2 4 6.............(2m 2) 1 3 5............(2m 1)
4 m 1
2 1 3 5............(2m 1) 2 4 6.............2m 2
4 1
4 m 1
2 2m 2
m 1 21 4 m
dn
9) Show that y x y 1e x (log x)n dx
dy n 0
By definition
y e x x y 1dx
0
xy
e x dx
0 x
dn dn e x y
y 0 x x dx
dy n dy n
e x d n y
n
( x )dx
0 x dy
e x y
x (log x) n dx
0
x
x y 1e x (log x )n dx
0
1 3
2
tan d
4 4
10) Show that
0
2
2 2
sin
0
tan d
0 cos
d
2 1 1
0
sin 2 cos 2 d
We know that
p 1 q 1
2
1
2 2
0
p q
sin cos d
2 pq2
2
1 1
Put p ,q
2 2
1 34 14
2 1
3 1
4 4
2
Exercises:
1. Express the following integrals in terms of Gamma functions.
x e
4 x
a) dx
0
x e
6 3 x
b) dx
0
e
x3
c) dx
0
x a 2 x 2 dx
4
d)
0
1 3
1
0 x log x dx
4
e)
3
x e
4 x2
2. Show that dx
0 8
1
dx
1
n
3. Prove that
1 x n
n 1 1
0
2 n
4. Show that
x e dx an n, a 0
n1 ax
5. Prove that
(i) ( m 1, n) (m, n 1) (m, m)
(ii) n ( m 1, n) n ( m, n 1)
(1) n n!
Show that
m n
6. x (log x ) dx
0 (m 1)n1 where n is positive integer, m > -1.
Answers:
1
a) 5 b) 7
37
1 1
c)
3 3
53
a6
1 22
d)
2 4
1
e) n 1 & 14 4
(m 1)n1 5
1. Evaluate
R
xydxdy where R is the region bounded by x 0, y 0 and x y 1
Solution:
The region of integration is the region enclosed by x 0, y 0 and x y 1 which is the region of the
triangle OAB, x varies from 0 to 1-y & y varies from 0 to 1.
1 1 y
R
xydxdy
0 0
xydxdy
1y
x3 2 (0,1)
1
B
y dy
3
0
2 0
1
x=0 x+y=1
2 12
y 1 y0 dy
32
30
o x
2 3 5 y=0 A(1,0)
,
3 2 2
3 5
2 2 2
3 4
1 1 3 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3!
24
x
p
2. Evaluate y q dxdy over the region in the positive quadrant of the circle x2 y2 a2 and
hence find the area of the circle.
Solution
a a 2 y2
Let I
0 0
x p y q dxdy
a2 y 2
x p 1
a
y q
dy
0 p 1 0
a p 1
1
p 1 0
y q
a 2
y 2
2 dy
p 1
q p 1 y2
a
1 2
p 1 0
y a 1 2
dy
a
y2 y 0, t 0
Put t If
a2 y a, t 1
2 ydy a 2 dt
a 2 dt
dy
2a t
adt
dy
2 t
p 1
a p 1
1
adt
I
q q 2
a t (1 t ) 2
p 1 0 2 t
q 1 p 1
a p 2 q
1
2( p 1) 0
t 2
(1 t ) 2
dt
a p 2 q q 1 p 1
1, 1
2( p 1) 2 2
q 1 p 1
1,
p 2q 1
a 2 2
I
2( p 1) q 1 p 1
2
2 2
Put p = q = 0
1 3 a2 1
2
a 2 2
I 2 2
2 2 1
a2
I
4
Area of the circle = 4 x quadrant of the circle
a2
x
m 1
3. Evaluate y n1dxdy where R is the region bounded by x 0, y 0 & x y a
R
Solution:
x+y=a
0 0
x m1 y n 1dydx
a
yn
ax
x=0
x m 1 dx
0 n 0 x
a
y=0
1 m 1
n0
x (a x) n dx
1
amn m1
n 0 t (1 t )n dt
amn
(m, n 1)
n
a m n ( m) ( n 1)
I
n ( m n 1)
x2 y2
x y dxdy , over the positive quadrant of the ellipse 1 interms of
m 1 n 1
4. Find the value of
a2 b2
Gamma functions.
Solutions:
Let I x m 1 y n1dxdy y
R
b 2 2
a x
a a
x m1 y n 1dydx x
0 0
b
a2 x 2
a
yn a
x m1 dx
0 n
a n
1 m 1 b n 2
n 0
x ( a x 2 2
) dx
an
n
m 1 n x2 2
n a
1b
n a n 0
x a 1 2
dx
a
n
1
a
x2 2
b n x m 1 1 2 dx
n 0 a
123 Sathyabama University
M aths Definite Integrals and Beta Gamma Functions
Put 1
x2 x2 when x 0, t 1
t 1 t
a2 a2
x a, t 0
x 2 a 2 (1 t )
2xdx
dt
a2
a 2 dt
dx
2 x
a 2 dt
2a 1 t
adt
dx
2 1 t
0
1 m 2
adt
b n a m 1 1 t 2 t n 2
n 1 2 1 t
1
a mb n m 2
1 t
n 2
2 t dt
2 0
a mb n m 2 n
1, 1
2 2 2
m2 n
1, 1
a mb n 2 2
2 m2 n
1 1
2 2
mn n
a b 2 2 2
m n
I
2 mn
1
2
m n
na b 2 2
m n
I
4 mn
1
2
xy(1 x y)
1
5) Evaluate 2
dxdy , over the area enc losed by the linear x 0, y 0 and
x+y=1 in the positive quadrant.
Solution:
1 1 x
1 1 1
Let I x
0 0
2
y 2 (1 x y ) 2 dxdy
1 a
1 1 1
x 2 dx y 2 (a y ) 2 dy
0 0
1
1 a
1 y 2
1 1
x 2 dx y 2 a 2 1 dy
0 0 a
Put y t where y 0, t 0
a
y a, t 1
y at
dy adt
1 1
1 1 1 1
x 2 dx (at ) 2 a 2 (1 t ) 2 adt
0 0
y
1
1 1 1 1
x 2 dx a 2 t 2 (1 t ) 2 dt
0 0 x+y=1
x=0
1
x 2 dx a 2 3 , 3
1
0
2 2 x
y=0
1
1
x 2 (1 x) 2 dx 3 , 3
2 2 where a=1-x
0
3 ,3 3 , 3
2 2 2
1 1
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 3 105 105
2 8
dx dy dz
6) Evaluate 1 x2 y2 z2
taken over the region space in the positive octant bounded by
the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2 1
Solution:
dx dy dz
Let I
V 1 x2 y 2 z 2
_____(1)
Put x2 X y2 Y z 2 Z
dX dY dZ
dx dy dz
2 X 2 Y 2 Z
The region on integration in xyz space is defined by x 0, y 0, z 0 and x 2 y 2 z 2 1 .
The region of integration V in the XYZ space is defined by X 0, Y 0, Z 0 & X+Y+Z 1
(1) Becomes
1 1 1 1 1
V
8
1 (1 X ) (1 X Y )
1 12 1 1 1
8 0
X dX Y 2 dY Z 2
(1 X Y Z ) 2
dZ
0 0
1 (1 X ) a
1 12 1 1 1
8 0
X dX Y 2dY Z 2
(a Z ) 2
dZ
0 0
where a 1 X Y
(1 X )
1 1 12 1
a
1 1 Z
X dX Y 2
dY Z 2
a 2
1 a
80 0 0
Z z 0 t 1
put t 1 when
a
za t 0
Z
1 t
a
dZ (dt ) a
(1 X )
1 1 12 1 12 0
dY a a (1 t ) 2 t 2 (adt )
1 1
X dX Y 2
80 0 1
1 (1 x ) 1
1 1 1 1 1
X 2 dX Y dY (1 t )
2 2
t 2
dt
80 0 0
1 (1 x )
1 1 1 1 1
X 2 dX Y 2 dY ,
80 0 2 2
(1 X )
1 12 Y 2
1 1
1 1
X dX ,
80 1 2 2
2 0
1
2 12 1 1 1
80
X dX(1 X) 2 ,
2 2
1
1 12 1 1 1
40
X (1 X) 2 dX ,
2 2
1 1 3 1 1
, ,
4 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
I
4 (2) (1)
1 1
4 2
2
8
Exercise:
x
m
1. Find the value of
y n dxdy , where R is the region bounded by x 0, y 0 & x y 1
R
( m 1) ( n 1)
Ans : I
( m n 3)
2 2
2. Evaluate x
p
y q dxdy where R is the region bounded by x 0, y 0 & x y 1 and
R a2 b2
hence find in area of the ellipse.
p 1 q 3
1 a p 1 bq 1 2 2
Ans : I
2 q 1 pq4
2
x
p 1
y q 1 z r 1dxdydz
3. Evaluate where V is the volume in the positive octant of the sphere
V
x2 y 2 z 2 1
I
1 p 2 q 2 r 2
Ans : 8 pqr
1
2