The Language of Research,

Campaigns, and Advocacies

What is Research?
Research is a systematic and scientific way
of investigating and gathering information to
answer a particular problem, establish facts,
and reach conclusions.

Conducting research can be done in various

fields such as arts and humanities, social
sciences, technology, and health sciences.
(Barrot & Sipacio, 2016)
Barrot, J. S., & Sipacio, P. F. (2016). Communicate Today: English for Academic and Professional
Purposes for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
 Sample Titles of Research Study:

Corona Virus2019(Covid-19): A Perspective

from China

The Language of PDU30: Discourse Analysis

of Selected Speeches of President Rodrigo
Duterte
 ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped viruses with no segmented, single-stranded and
positive- sense RNA genomes. Apart from infecting a variety of economically important
vertebrates (such as pigs and chicken), six coronaviruses have been known to infect human host
and cause respiratory diseases. Among them, severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-C0V) and
zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses that have resulted in Regional and Global
outbreaks. Coronaviruses possess a distinctive morphology, the name being derived from the
outer fringe, or “corona” of embedded enveloped protein. Members of the family Coronaviridae
cause a broad spectrum of animal and human diseases.
Uniquely, replication of the RNA genome proceeds through the generation of a nested set
of viral mRNA molecules. Human coronavirus(HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with
mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of of two
zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)
and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is
regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure
and physiology. In this review all ( as we possible) information about Corona Viruses are given.

Key Words: Corona, respiratory, viruses, HCoV , RNA

What is Academic Writing?
Academic writing is a structured writing which
communicates ideas, information and research to
the wider academic community.
It can be divided into two types:
1. Student academic writing, which is used as a
form of assessment at school.
2. Expert academic writing, which is writing that is
intended for publication in an academic journal or
book.
Note: Both types of academic writing (student and
expert) are expected to adhere to the same
standards,
 Academic writing or the language used in
research is LINEAR, which means it has one
central point or theme with every part
contributing to the main line of argument, without
digressions or repetitions.
Its objective is to inform rather than entertain.
Using English for Academic Purposes For Students in Higher Education. (2021, January 1). Retrieved from Using
English for Academic Purposes For Students in Higher Education: http://www.uefap.com/index.htm
 - It includes reading,
thinking, arguing and
writing according to
academic parameters.

- In simple words, the kind

of writing that
you are required to do at
school or university.
Using English for Academic Purposes For Students in Higher Education .
(2021, January 1). Retrieved from Using English for Academic Purposes
For Students in Higher Education: http://www.uefap.com/index.htm
Features of Academic Writing
1. Formal
1. Objective
2. Accurate
3. Planned
4. Complex
5. Precise
6. Organized
 FORMALITY
Academic writing is relatively formal. This means that in an
essay you should avoid colloquial words and expressions.

In general, this means in an essay, you should avoid:

1. Colloquial Words And Expressions

"stuff", "a lot of", "thing", "sort of“
2. Abbreviated Forms
"can't", "doesn't", "shouldn’t”

3. Two Word Verbs

"put off", "bring up"
 FORMALITY
4. Sub-headings, Numbering And
Bullet-points In Formal Essays - But Use
Them In Reports

5. Asking Questions
 FORMALITY
The following sentences do not observe the concept of formality.
Identify the words and phrases that do not conform to the standard by
employing the aforementioned guidelines in the previous slide.

1. With women especially, there is a lot of social pressure to conform to a

certain physical shape.

2. The first National Government wasn't intended to be a coalition

government in the normal sense of the term.

3. This will cut down the amount of drug required and so the cost of
treatment.

4. A series of approximately fifty questions was asked again and again.

 COMPLEXITY
Written language is relatively more complex than spoken
language. Written language has longer words, it is lexically more
dense and it has a more varied vocabulary.

SPOKEN TEXT:

Because the jobs are even more complex, programs to train

people will take longer.

RESEARCH TEXT:

The increased complexity of tasks will lead to the extension of

the duration of training programs.
 PRECISION
In academic writing, facts and figures are given precisely. You need
to be precise when you use information, dates or figures. Do not use "a
lot of people" when you can say "50 million people".

INSTEAD OF:
Chemists had attempted to synthesize quinine for the longest time but all
they had achieved was to discover the extreme complexity of the problem.

WRITE:
Chemists had attempted to synthesize quinine for the previous one
hundred years but all they had achieved was to discover the extreme
complexity of the problem.
 PRECISION
Read the following passage and decide whether or not it is precise.
Decide what words or phrases make it or do not make it precise.

Global health has been experiencing one of its coronavirus crises in

the recent years. SARS-CoV emerged in the early 2000s as thousands
of people were reportedly infected and hundreds killed worldwide.
Following MERS-CoV in the past decade, also thousands were
infected and hundreds killed, and now nCoV. Recently, authorities
reported the outbreak of a mysterious new pneumonia in one of the
cities of China, which is progressing at a significant rate.
 OBJECTIVITY
1. Written language is in generally objective rather than
personal. Therefore, it should have a fewer words that refer to
the writer or the reader.

2. This means that the MAIN EMPHASIS SHOULD BE ON

THE INFORMATION that you want to give and the arguments
you want to make, rather than you.

3. The thoughts and beliefs should be based on your lectures,

reading, discussion and research and it is important to make
this clear.
 OBJECTIVITY
In general, avoid words like "I", "me", "myself". A reader will
normally assume that any idea not referenced is your own.

INSTEAD OF: WRITE:

In my opinion, this a very This is a very interesting
interesting study. study.

INSTEAD OF: WRITE:

You can easily forget how It is easy to forget how
different life was 50 years different life was 50 years
ago. ago.
 OBJECTIVITY
Compare the following passages and decide which one is more
objective.
Researchers have suggested ways of making second language
teaching and testing more "communicative" (e.g., Canale and Swain,
1980; Oller, 1979b) on the grounds that a communicative approach
better reflects the nature of language proficiency than one which
emphasizes the acquisition of discrete language skills.
We don't really know what language proficiency is but many
people have talked about it for a long time. Some researchers have
tried to find ways for us to make teaching and testing more
communicative because that is how language works. I think that
language is something we use for communicating, not an object for
us to study and we remember that when we teach and test it.
 EXPLICITNESS

Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text.

It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to
the reader how the various parts of the text are related.
These connections can be made explicit by the use of different
signaling words.
 EXPLICITNESS
For example, if you want to tell your reader that your
line of argument is going to change, make it clear.

The Bristol 167 was to be Britain's great new

advance on American types such as the
Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6,
which did not have the range to fly the
Atlantic non-stop. It was also to be the largest
aircraft ever built in Britain. However, even by
the end of the war, the design had run into
serious difficulties.
 EXPLICITNESS
If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in
another sentence, make it explicit.

While an earlier generation of writers had noted

this feature of the period, it was not until the recent
work of Cairn cross that the significance of this
outflow was realized. Partly this was because the
current account deficit appears much smaller in
current (1980s) data than it was thought to be by
contemporaries.
 EXPLICITNESS
If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so.

Marx referred throughout his work to other systems

than the capitalist system, especially those which he knew
from the history of Europe to have preceded capitalism;
systems such as feudalism, where the relation of
production was characterized by the personal relation of
the feudal lord and his serf and a relation of subordination
which came from the lord's control of the land. Similarly,
Marx was interested in slavery and in the classical Indian
and Chinese social systems, or in those systems where the
ties of local community are all important.
 EXPLICITNESS
If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make
it clear.
He is born into a family, he marries into a
family, and he becomes the husband and
father of his own family. In addition, he has a
definite place of origin and more relatives
than he knows what to do with, and he
receives a rudimentary education at the
Canadian Mission School.
 EXPLICITNESS
If you are giving examples, do it explicitly.

This has sometimes led to disputes between

religious and secular clergy, between orders
and bishops. For example, in the Northern
context, the previous bishop of Down and
Connor, Dr. Philbin, refused for most of his
period of leadership in Belfast to have
Jesuits visiting or residing in his diocese.
 ACCURACY
In academic writing you need to be accurate in
your use of vocabulary.
Do not confuse, for example:

"phonetics" and "phonology" or "grammar" with

"syntax".
Choose the correct word
meeting", "assembly" , "gathering" or "conference“
"money", "cash", "currency","capital"or funds"
 ACCURACY
Enago Academy notes in the article
“Word Choice in Academic Writing: Tips to Avoid Common
Problems”

Common Problems:
1. Misused Words
✘ They’re research explored the…
✘ There research explored the…
✔ Their research explored the…
 2. Words with unwanted Connotations or meanings
✘ I sprayed the ants in their private places.
✔ I sprayed the ants in their hiding places

3. Complex words where a shorter, simpler term would do

✘ The newly-discovered creature was provided with a
nomenclature based on its discoverer.

✔ The newly-discovered creature was provided with a name

based on its discoverer.
 4. Awkward Word Choices

✘ Child students’ awareness on sex education has not had reach

these heights in recent memory.

✔ Awareness on sex education among adolescents has significantly

increased in the recent years.
 5. Words that are similar to each other, but convey the
wrong meaning

✘ Physician are required to quickly identify patients with risks of

infection with pathogens.

✔ Physicians are required to promptly identify patients with risks

of infection with pathogens.
6. Words that convey finer shades of meaning

✘ Previously, a substantial number of patients were defined as

having COVID-19.
✔ Previously, a substantial number of patients were diagnosed with
COVID-19.
 ORGANIZATION
Academic writing is well organized.
It flows easily from one section to the
next in a logical fashion.

A good place to start is the genre of

your text. Once you have decided on the
genre, the structure is easily determined.
 BEING PLANNED
Academic writing is well
planned. It usually takes place
after research and evaluation,
according to a specific purpose
and plan.
 Advocacy is an umbrella term
Advocacy
that describes a method,
approach and series of tools used
to change policies and practices,
reform institutions, alter power
relations, change attitudes and
behaviors and give project work a
broader impact.
 Advocacy is a process of
Advocacy supporting and enabling
people to:

•Express their views,

thoughts and concerns
•Access information, advice
and guidance
•Explore choices and options
for services and care
 •Advocacy seeks to ensure that all people in
society are able to:
1. Have their voice heard on issues that are
important to them.

2. Protect and promote their rights.

3. Have their views and wishes genuinely considered

when decisions are being made about their lives.
 We are a Volunteer-based
Advocacy Organization

Our main work is to educate and

disseminate information concerning
animal welfare , animal control and
other animal-related concerns.

PAWS actively promote against

cruelty and pet neglect, including
activities like dogfights, horse
fights and wild animals being used
for entertainment.
 Welcome to FEED
(Fostering Education & Environment for Development
Incorporated)
Fostering Education & Environment for Development
Incorporated (FEED) is a non-stock, non-profit,
non-governmental organization registered with the Philippine
Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC Reg.#CN201119068).
We support sustainable education & tree-planting/ nurturing,
aiming to inclusively grow, preserve and protect biodiversity-
marine and terrestrial- through integrated social forestry
programs, community development & livelihood initiatives and
scientific and practical research into agricultural,
environmental, farming, forestry, fisheries and sustainability
studies.
Campaign
A campaign is a planned
project over a given period of
time to achieve specific
advocacy goals.

Therefore, campaigning can

be seen as the process of
advancing advocacy (World
Blind Union, 2015).
 Adopt, Don’t Shop
Campaign In this campaign, actress and animal lover
Carla Abellana, together with the shelter
dog Chichay, joins PAWS in promoting
adopting from shelters and pounds. She is
known to utilize her social media platform
to advocate for homeless animals and
strongly discourages anyone from
patronizing breeders and pet shops.
 Adopt a Cat from Kath
Campaign Apparently, six years ago, when Cath
turned 18, one of her first tasks as an
adult was to reach out to an animal
welfare group to lend her support- and
she had already chosen, at the time,
CARA.
In March 2020, Kath became CARA’s
ambassador.
Reaching out to her fans and animal
lovers like herself, Kath was able to get
theword out of Filipinos wanting to get a
pet to, as much as possible, to adopt.
 The Language of Campaign and Advocacy
1. CLEAR
- easy to understand and remember no matter the audience.

2. CONCISE
- direct and to the point without unnecessary insertions that may
distract audiences from the main points.

3. CREDIBLE
- believable in that the messages are backed by proof points and
incorporate supporting details to strengthen the key points.
 The Language of Campaign and Advocacy
4. COMPELLING
-catches your audiences’ attention and inspires them to take
applicable action.
5. CONSISTENT
- repeatable and flexible enough to be incorporated into
varying communications channels again and again.