Handouts-in-GenChem1

Lesson 4.
1:
The Atomic Theory
In 1803, John Dalton, developed the first atomic theory

and introduced the use of symbols to represent the
elements.
These elements can combine to form compounds.
Postulate 1
Elements are composed of extremely small particles,
called atoms.
The law of conservation of mass states that matter can
Postulate 2 be neither created nor destroyed.
All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of
one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
Postulate 2
All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of For example, when four molecules of hydrogen gas
one element are different from the atoms of all other reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas, it will result in
elements. four molecules of water.
Postulate 4 Law of Definite Composition

A chemical reaction involves only the separation, Joseph Proust, a french chemist proposed the law of
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not constant composition.
result in their creation or destruction. He stated that if a pure compound is broken down into
its constituent elements, the masses of the constituents
Lesson 4.2: will always have the same proportions, regardless of
Fundamental Chemical Laws the quantity or source of the original substance.
Example: calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from limestones
German scientist, Georg Ernst Stahl, introduced the will have the same 1:1:3 ratio for calcium, carbon, and
concept of phlogiston. oxygen as the calcium carbonate found in chalk.
Phlogiston is a universal component of fire that came
from a Greek word for inflammable. Law of Multiple Proportion
Every combustible substance contained a specific John Dalton studied gases and gaseous mixtures under
amount of phlogiston. different external conditions.
Building on Proust's work, he noted that
In the late 18th century, a French chemist, Antoine mathematically discrete manner in which elements
Lavoisier, made the first breakthrough in the study of combined to form different compounds.
chemical reaction. It states that when two elements form a series of
Due to his curiosity about the study of combustion and compounds, the masses of one that combine with a
the concept of phlogiston, he first tried to burn fixed mass of the other are in the ratio of (small)
phosphorus and sulfur. In his experiment, both gained integers to each other.
weight which resulted in both elements gaining weight.
Lavoisier later on concluded that combustion involves
the reaction of a metal or an organic substance to a
“common air.” He named this “common air,” as
oxygène (oxygen).
Law of Conservation of Mass

In June 1783, Lavoisier reacted oxygen with
inflammable air, obtaining "water in a very pure state."
He concluded that water was not an element but a
compound of oxygen and inflammable air, or hydrogen
Law of multiple proportions applied to nitrogen oxides
as it is now known.
Lesson 4.3:
The Subatomic Particles and the Structure of the Atom
Joseph John Thomson ( also known as J.J. Thomson), an In 1910, a New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford
English physicist used the cathode ray tube, and the decided to use alpha particles to probe the structure of
electromagnetic theory to determine the ratio of the atoms, together with his associate Hans Geiger and
electric charge to the mass of the individual negatively an undergraduate named Ernest Maden.
charged particle (electron). The mass to charge ratio Most of an atom must be empty space with electrons
obtained by Sir J.J. Thomson was –1.76 ✕ 108 C/g, that allow the majority of the alpha particle to pass
where C stands for coulomb, the unit of the electrical through.
charge. On the center of the atom, there is a positively charged
(protons) dense core (nucleus).
Robert Millikan was able to quantify the charge of the In separate experiments, the charge of each proton has
electron in his oil-drop experiment in 1906. He was able the same magnitude as that of electron and that the
to calculate the charge of the electron and the mass of mass of the proton is 1.67262 ✕ 10 -24 grams
the electron, which are –1.6022 ✕ 10-19 C and 9.10 ✕
10 -28 g, respectively.
The inconsistency on the ratio of the mass hydrogen sets of elements which have the same number of
atom to the mass of helium atoms led Rutherford and neutrons. It follows that isobars are sets of elements
the other scientists to speculate that there must be which have the same mass numbers.
another subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus. The
proof was provided by another English physicist, James
Chadwick, in 1932 on his alpha particle and beryllium Stoichiometry
experiment. He named these particles, as neutrons. Theoretical Yield- 100% yield or reaction yield
Actual yield- less than the theoretical yield
Lesson 4.5:
Isotopes Limitong reagent- consumed completely in a reaction;
Isotopes are sets of elements which have the same its amount is the basis of theoretical yield
number of protons(different neutrons). Isotones are Excess reagent- have unreacted amount after reaction
Index card inclusion
1 amu= 1.660639 x 1023 g
ave. atomic mass= (atomic mass of Isotope 1 x abundance) + atomic mass of isotope 2 x abundace) …
1 mol= Avogadro’s number= 6.022 x 1023
Formula/molecular/empirical mass= (atomic mass of element 1 x number of atoms) + (atomic mass of element 2 x
number of atoms)+ …
(atomic mass of A) x (number of atoms of A in the compound

% A=
formula or molecular mass of the compound
1
mole of the elemet= (mass of element in compound) x
molar mass of element
mole ratio between A

mass of A MM of A Mole of A &B mole of B MM of B mass of B

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Lesson 4.

In 1803, John Dalton, developed the first atomic theory

Postulate 4 Law of Definite Composition

Law of Conservation of Mass

Index card inclusion

1 amu= 1.660639 x 1023 g

1 mol= Avogadro’s number= 6.022 x 1023

(atomic mass of A) x (number of atoms of A in the compound

mole ratio between A

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