SACRED HEART DIOCESAN SCHOOL

“Where peacemaking is life-giving”

Molave, Zamboanga del Sur
S.Y 2024 – 2025

Student’s Learning Activity in Physical Science

Learner’s Name: ____________________________________ Grade Level : 11

Learner’s Contact No. ____________________________________ Module No. 1
Lesson Title: The Atomic Theory Quarter 3/ Week1
Values : Open-mindedness, Critical thinking Activity No. 1
Reference/s: Chemistry for SHS, Internet
Teacher: Benjamin B. Sumile Jr., MAEd-Sci /
09472979833/ benjiesumile@gmail.com
CONTENT STANDARD/S: The learners demonstrate an understanding of atomic structure, formulas
and names of compounds.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD/S: The learners shall be able to:
Design using multimedia, demonstrations, or models, a representation or simulation of any of the following:
A. Atomic structure B. Gas behavior C. Mass relationships D. Reactions E, Perform simple separation
procedure
Objectives : At the end of the lesson, the students CAN:
1. Explain how the basic laws of matter (Law of conservation of mass, law of constant
composition, law of multiple proportion) led to the formulation of Dalton’s atomic theory.
2. Present Dalton’s atomic theory.
3. Differentiate among atomic number and mass number.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. MOTIVATION TECHNIQUE
For the past years, a lot of discoveries have been made. And through these discoveries we have enjoyed
life comfortably. Nowadays, in a snap of the fingers your letter to any part of the world can be sent. Even if
you are a million miles away from your loved ones, you can talk to them as if you are with them – through
the phone or computer (Skype, Facebook, Messenger, etc.) Thanks to Science and Technology. Thanks to
the fruits of labor of the numerous scientists who worked day and night in their laboratories. But as before,
during ancient era, there are lot more to discover.
Similar to the developments in the civilization of man, Chemistry has evolved through time. And
Chemistry will not be as progressive as it is now if not for the discoveries that explained to us the nature of
matter. What is this nature of matter? And how did the scientists and philosophers unfold the mystery of the
constitution of matter?
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B. CONCEPT NOTES
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The question, “what constitutes matter?” has not been given that much attention until the 19 th century. And if
not for the need to explain the law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions, the nature of
matter will not be given emphasis.
John Dalton (1766-1844), an English chemist, mathematician and philosopher, provided the answer to our
questions. He picked up the idea of atomism by Democritus and published a theory on the nature of matter on
which Dalton’s atomic theory is based can be summarized as follows:
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are
identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different
from the atoms of all other elements.
2. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the
numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction
3. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.

Dalton’s concept of an atom was far more detailed and specific than Democritus’. The first hypothesis states
that atoms of one element are different from atoms of all other elements. Dalton made no attempt to describe
the structure or composition of atoms-he had no idea what an atom is really like. But he did realize that the
different properties shown by elements such as hydrogen and oxygen can be explained by assuming that
hydrogen atoms are not the same as oxygen atoms.
The second hypothesis suggest that, inorder to form a certain compound, we need not only atoms of
the right kinds of elements, but specific numbers of these atoms as well. This idea is an extension of a law
published in 1799 by Joseph Proust, a French chemist. Proust’s Law of Definite Proportion states that
different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by
mass. Thus if we were to analyze samples of carbon dioxide gas obtained from different sources, we would
find in the ratio of the masses of different elements in a given compound is fixed, the ratio of the atoms of
these elements in the compounds also must be constant.
Dalton’s second hypothesis supports another important law, the law of multiple proportions.
According to the law, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers. Dalton’s
theory explains the Law of Multiple Proportions quite simply: Different compounds made up of the same
elements differ in the number of atoms of each kind that combine. For example, carbon forms two stable
compounds with oxygen, namely, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Modern measurement techniques
indicate that one atom of carbon combines with one atom of oxygen in carbon monoxide and with two atoms
of oxygen in carbon dioxide. Thus the ratio of oxygen in carbon monoxide to oxygen in carbon dioxide is 1:2.
This result is consistent with the law of multiple proportions.
Dalton’s third hypothesis is another way of stating the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states
that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Because matter is made of atoms that are unchanged in a
chemical reaction, it follows that mass must be conserved as well. Dalton’s brilliant insight into the nature of
matter was the main stimulus for the rapid progress of Chemistry during the nineteenth century.

The Structure of the Atom

On the basis of Dalton’s atomic theory, we can define an atom as the basic unit of an element that can enter
into chemical combination. Dalton imagined an atom that was both extremely small and invisible. However, a
series of investigations that began in the 1850s and extended into the twentieth century clearly demonstrated
that atom usually possess internal structure; that is, they are made up of even smaller particles, which are
called subatomic particles. This research led to the discovery of three such particles – electrons, protons and
neutrons.

The Sub-atomic Particles

a. Protons were discovered by a British physicist named Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919, when he
performed his gold foil experiment. He projected alpha particles (helium nuclei) at gold foil and the
positive alpha particles were deflected. He concluded that protons exist in a nucleus and have a
positive nuclear charge. The atomic number or proton number is the number of protons present in an
atom. The atomic number determines an element (e.g. the element of atomic number 6 is carbon).
 b. Electrons were discovered by John Joseph Thomson in 1897. After many experiments involving
cathode rays, JJ Thomson demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric charge of cathode rays. He
confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are negatively charged; these cathode rays
became known as electrons. Roobert Millikan through oil drop experiments, found the value of the
electronic charge.
Electrons are located in an electron cloud, which is the area surrounding the nucleus of the atom. There is
usually a higher probability of finding an electron closer to the nucleus of the atom. Electrons can be
abbreviated as e-. Electrons have a negative charge that is equal in magnitude to the positive charge of the
protons. However, their mass is considerably less than that of a proton or neutron (and as such is usually
considered insignificant). Unequal amount of protons and electrons create ions: positive cations or negative
anions.
c. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, when he demonstrated that penetrating
radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles. Neutrons are located in the nucleus with the protons.
Along with protons, they make up almost all of the mass of the atom. The number of neutrons is
called the neutron number and can be found by subtracting the proton number from the atomic mass
number. The neutrons in an element determine the isotope of an atom and often its stability.The
number of neutrons is not necessary equal to the number of protons.

Particle Electric charge Atomic charge Mass (g) Atomic mass Spin
(C) (Amu)
Protons +1.6022x10⁻¹⁹ +1 1.6726x10⁻²⁴ 1.0073 ½
Neutrons 0 0 1.6740x10⁻²⁴ 1.0078 ½
Electrons -1.6022x10⁻¹⁹ -1 9.1094x10⁻²⁸ 0.00054858 ½

 Amu is the SI symbol for atomic mass unit.

 The positive charge of protons
 With regard to mass, protons and neutrons are very similar and have a much greater mass than
electrons. Compared with neutrons and protons, the mass of an electron is usually negligible.
 Spin is associated with the rotation of a particle. Protons, neutrons and electrons each have a total spin
of ½.

II. INTERACTION

A. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
 1. Hydrogen and Oxygen can form water (H₂O). Both of these elements can form one compound.
Beside water, both of these elements can form Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂). Based on Dalton’s Law,
explain how water and hydrogen peroxide can be formed.
2. Nitrogen and oxygen form different oxides with the following chemical formulas:
 NO (nitric oxide)
 NO₂ (Nitrogen dioxide)
 N₂O (Nitrous oxide)

a. What is the mass ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in each compound?

b. Does the Law of Multiple Proportions apply to these combinations? Explain

B. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES(Formative and

Summative)
I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. All atoms of the same element must contain the same number of
____________.
a.protons b. neutrons c. electrons plus protons d. proton plus neutron
2. What is the total number of protons in a nucleus of magnesium-23?
a. 23 b. 11 c. 12 d. 16
3. An atom of an element is electrically neutral because the number of ____________
a. protons equals the number of electrons
b. protons equals the number of neutrons
c. neutrons equals the number of electrons

4. A 10.0g water sample decomposes into 1.11g of H₂ and 8.89g of O₂. Which law supports this?
a. Law of definite proportions c. Law of constant composition
b. law of conservation of mass d. Law of multiple proportions
5. Which of the following statements cannot be explained by Dalton’s postulates?
a. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
b. The atoms of carbon and nitrogen have different properties.
c. Water (H₂O) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) are two different compounds.
d. Magnesium burns in the presence of Oxygen producing magnesium oxide (MgO)
6. What experiment led to the discovery of the electron?
a. oil-drop experiment c. plum pudding experiment
b. gold foil experiment d. cathode ray tube experiment
7. Who discovered the nucleus?
a. Ernest Rutherford b. Henri Becquerel c. Henry Moseley d. Joseph John Thomson
8. Who discovered the neutron?
a. Ernest Rutherford b. James Chadwick c. John Dalton d. Robert Millikan
9. Which of the following serves as the identity of an element?
a. atomic number b. mass number c. number of electrons d. number of neutrons
 10. What is the charge of a neutron?
a. 0 b. +1 c. -1 d. +2
II. Problem Solving.
1. Three hypothetical atoms have the following information:
X Y Z
Atomic Number 53 54 53
(Z)
Mass Number (A) 127 127 131
a.Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each atom.
b. How many elements do the three atoms represent? Explain your answer.

J. PROCESSING QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions:
a. Explain how Dalton supported his atomic theory using the fundamental laws of matter.
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b. Which among Dalton’s postulate may no longer hold true today? Why do you say so?
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c. How does the discovery of the atomic structure impact life?

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III. INTEGRATION

A. TRANSFER OF LEARNING
1. Find out the parts of a television picture tube and state how
each part works. Compare this to the cathode ray tube used in
the discovery of electrons.

2.Create a timeline of the important events and the scientists involved as the structure and the
model of the atom took shape from Dalton to Chadwick.
B. FRAMING CONCEPTS
Directions: Complete the given statements.

3 fascinating facts that you have learned

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2 things you got confused ________________________________________________

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1 question on your mind ________________________________________________

C. LIFELONG LEARNING

hessalonians 3:13, “And as

for you, brothers and sisters,
never tire of doing what is
good”. Just like
the different scientists who
did their best to find
explanation about atom, we
should not be discourage in
things that we love
especially when we know it
will yield to something good.
However in the midst of
our battle, we stumble and
fall. In this event of our lives,
what is the best thing to do?
hessalonians 3:13, “And as
for you, brothers and sisters,
never tire of doing what is
good”. Just like
the different scientists who
did their best to find
explanation about atom, we
should not be discourage in
things that we love
especially when we know it
will yield to something good.
However in the midst of
our battle, we stumble and
fall. In this event of our lives,
what is the best thing to do?
1. In Mt. 17:20 “Jesus said to them, “Because of your little faith. Amen, I say to you, if you have faith
the size of a mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move.
Nothing will be impossible for you.”
Do you have that little faith? How will you manifest your faith in this time of the
pandemic?
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