Ancient and Early History.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Wodeyar Dynasty and the Rise of Mysuru................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Golden Era of Mysuru Under Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV......................................................................................................................... 3
Tipu Sultan and the Anglo-Mysore Wars.................................................................................................................................................... 4
British Rule and the Princely State of Mysore............................................................................................................................................ 4
Mysuru in Independent India..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Cultural Significance of Mysuru................................................................................................................................................................. 5
The Evolution of Education and Science in Mysuru................................................................................................................................... 6
Mysuru During the Indian Freedom Struggle............................................................................................................................................. 7
Mysuru's Contribution to Indian Classical Music and Dance...................................................................................................................... 7
The Influence of Mysuru on Kannada Literature........................................................................................................................................ 8
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Mysuru's History
Introduction Mysuru, also known as Mysore, is one of the most culturally rich cities in India, located in the southern part of the state of Karnataka. It is famous for its historical significance, royal heritage, and cultural vibrance. Known as the “City of Palaces,” Mysuru served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore for centuries.
Ancient and Early History
Mysuru’s early history is linked with the dynasties that ruled over the Deccan region, particularly the Gangas and the Hoysalas.
• Ganga Dynasty (3rd to 10th century): The region around Mysuru was part of the Ganga Dynasty, with
its capital at Talakadu. The Gangas were known for their patronage of art and architecture, and many temples from this period can still be found around Mysuru. • Hoysala Dynasty (10th to 14th century): After the fall of the Ganga dynasty, the Hoysalas, who ruled
much of Karnataka from their capital at Beluru and Halebidu, became dominant. They left a rich legacy of temples and sculptures, some of which influenced later constructions in Mysuru.
Wodeyar Dynasty and the Rise of Mysuru
The Kingdom of Mysuruore was founded by the Wodeyar dynasty in 1399 CE. They ruled over Mysuru for more than five centuries, establishing it as a significant center for politics, culture, and art.
• Founding of the Wodeyar Kingdom (1399 CE): Yaduraya Wodeyar is traditionally regarded as the
founder of the Wodeyar dynasty. Initially, the Wodeyars ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, which controlled much of South India.
• Shift of Power: After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, the Wodeyars expanded their influence,
and Mysuruore gradually rose as an independent kingdom. Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617) played a crucial role in asserting this independence.
The Golden Era of Mysuru Under Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV
Mysuru flourished culturally and economically under Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (ruled 1894-1940). He was an enlightened ruler known for his administrative skills, development projects, and support for education and the arts. Mysuru was described by Mahatma Gandhi as the "land of the enlightened king."
• Art and Architecture: The Wodeyars were great patrons of art, particularly during the rule of Krishnaraja
Wodeyar IV. The Mysuruore Palace, an architectural marvel, was built during this period and became the city's symbol. • Industrialization and Modernization: Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV promoted industries such as sandalwood,
silk, and incense, which contributed to Mysuru's global reputation. He also supported the development of modern infrastructure like schools, hospitals, and railways.
Tipu Sultan and the Anglo-Mysore Wars
One of the most dramatic periods in Mysuru's history occurred in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan, assumed power.
• Hyder Ali’s Rule (1761–1782): Hyder Ali, a military commander in the Mysore army, seized corose to
prominence and eventually took control of the kingdom and expanded through aggressive warfare. He was a religious tyrant and is known for his religious persecutions, plundering temples, and forcibly converting Hindus and Christians. His autocratic rule sowed fear among conquered regions, leaving a legacy of cruelty and oppression. His military prowess and expansionist policies laid the groundwork for the later conflicts with the British.
• Tipu Sultan (1782–1799): Known as the "Tyrant of Mysore," Tipu Sultan is condemned for his forceful
conversions of Hindus and Christians. He destroyed temples and churches, and brutally suppressed dissent. His oppressive policies left lasting scars on regions like Kodagu and Malabar.
• Tipu Sultan (1782–1799): Known as the "Tiger of Mysore," Tipu Sultan is celebrated for his resistance
against British colonization. He introduced several administrative and military reforms and promoted innovation, particularly in the development of rocket artillery. The Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799) were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of MysuruMysore and the British East India Company (EIC). Tipu Sultan was eventually defeated and killed in 1799 at the Battle of Srirangapattana, marking the end of significant Mysuorean resistance to the British rule.
British Rule and the Princely State of Mysore
After Tipu Sultan's death, the British restored the Wodeyars to the throne, but Mysuru became a princely state under British suzerainty.
• British Residency in Mysuru: Though the Wodeyars regained power, their authority was limited by the
British, who maintained political control over external affairs.
• Development During British Period: Despite the British presence, Mysuru witnessed significant
progress in education, health, and public services under the guidance of enlightened rulers like Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.
Mysuru in Independent India
Post-1947, when India gained independence, the princely state of Mysore acceded to the Indian Union. Mysore (now Mysuru) became part of the state of Karnataka.
• Renaming of Mysore to Karnataka (1973): In 1973, the state of Mysuruore was officially renamed
Karnataka, though the city Mysuru remains an important cultural and historical center.
Cultural Significance of Mysuru
Mysuru is renowned for its cultural contributions, particularly in the fields of classical music, dance, and painting. • Mysuru Dussehra Festival: The grand celebration of Dussehra in Mysuru is famous worldwide. The
festival, featuring a royal procession, cultural programs, and exhibitions, attracts tourists from across the globe.
• Mysuruore Painting: A unique form of classical South Indian painting, Mysuruore painting is known for its
intricate details, graceful lines, and use of muted colours.
• Mysuruore Silk and Sandalwood: Mysuru is also known for its silk sarees, particularly Mysuruore silk,
and its sandalwood products, which have been historically significant for trade and cultural identity.
Mysuru's Architectural Heritage
Mysuru is home to a wide array of architectural wonders, showcasing the rich legacy of the Wodeyar rulers and the city's royal heritage.
• Mysuruore Palace: The Mysuruore Palace is the crown jewel of Mysuru's architecture. Originally built in the 14th century, it was reconstructed in 1912 after a fire destroyed the original structure. The palace is a fine example of Indo-Saracenic architecture, blending Hindu, Mughal, Rajput, and Gothic styles. • Jaganmohan Palace: Once a royal residence, Jaganmohan Palace is now an art gallery and museum that displays paintings, artifacts, and rare manuscripts. Its architecture reflects the traditional Hindu style. • St. Philomena's Church: One of the largest churches in India, St. Philomena's is a neo-Gothic structure, with towering spires and stained glass windows depicting biblical scenes. • Chamundi Hill and Chamundeshwari Temple: Overlooking Mysuru, the Chamundi Hill is a revered pilgrimage site. The Chamundeshwari Temple, dedicated to Goddess Chamundeshwari, dates back to the 12th century and features intricate Dravidian architecture. The Evolution of Education and Science in Mysuru Mysuru played a key role in the advancement of education and science in southern India, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries.
• Maharaja's College: Established in 1861, Maharaja's College is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in India. It has produced many notable alumni, including scholars, freedom fighters, and statesmen. • University of Mysuruore: Founded in 1916 under the patronage of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and Sir M. Vishveshvarayya, the University of Mysuruore is the sixth oldest university in India. It became a center for academic excellence and research, especially in the fields of arts, science, and literature. • Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI): Established in 1950, CFTRI is a premier institute for food research, contributing significantly to advancements in food technology and innovation. • Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (SJCE): One of Karnataka’s leading engineering colleges, SJCE was established in 1963 and has become a hub for technological education and research.
Mysuru During the Indian Freedom Struggle
Mysuru played a supportive role in India’s freedom movement, though its relationship with British rule was somewhat complex due to its status as a princely state.
• Role of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV: Though the Wodeyars ruled under British suzerainty, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV was known to sympathize with the freedom movement and allowed freedom fighters to hold meetings in Mysuru. • Involvement of Prominent Leaders: Several prominent leaders, such as M. N. Jois and T. Siddalingaiah, hailed from Mysuru and contributed significantly to the movement. The city became a center for non-violent protests and nationalist activities. • Role of Educational Institutions: Maharaja’s College and other institutions played a significant part in nurturing intellectuals who later participated in the freedom struggle. Students and teachers actively campaigned for independence, and some were even arrested for their involvement in anti-colonial movements.
Mysuru's Contribution to Indian Classical Music and Dance
Mysuru has a rich tradition of Indian classical music and dance, and the city has nurtured many artists and musicians who have left an indelible mark on Indian culture.
• Mysuruore as a Hub for Carnatic Music: The Wodeyar kings were patrons of Carnatic music, and under their reign, Mysuru became an important center for the development of this musical tradition. Musicians such as Veene Sheshanna, Bidaram Krishnappa, and Mysuruore Vasudevacharya flourished under royal patronage. • Mysuru Style of Bharatanatyam: The Mysuru style of Bharatanatyam, which differs slightly from other regional styles, has its roots in the court of the Wodeyars. The kings patronized many dancers and developed a unique style that emphasized grace and subtlety. • Mysuruore Palace Band: The royal palace maintained its own band, which performed a fusion of Indian classical and Western music. This tradition continues even today during the famous Dussehra festivities. The Influence of Mysuru on Kannada Literature Mysuru holds a special place in Kannada literature, producing several prominent writers and poets who have shaped the language and its literary tradition.
• Navodaya Movement: The Navodaya (New Dawn) literary movement, which began in the early 20th century, had a significant impact on Kannada literature. Prominent writers from Mysuru, such as Masti Venkatesh Iyengar and K. V. Puttappa (Ku. Vem. Pu.vempu), were key figures in this movement. • Ku. Vem. Pu.vempu and the Renaissance in Kannada Literature: Ku. Vem. Pu.vempu, the first Kannada writer to receive the Jnanpitha Award, is regarded as one of the greatest poets and novelists in the Kannada language. His works, including the epic poem Sri Ramayana Darshanam, are considered masterpieces of Indian literature. • Rashtrakavi (National Poet) of India: Ku. Vem. Pu.vempu was bestowed with the title of Rashtrakavi, further cementing Mysuru’s status as a literary hub. His works advocated social reform, humanism, and cultural revival, inspiring generations of writers.
Conclusion Mysuru's history is a blend of royal grandeur, cultural richness, and modern development. From its early days under the Ganga and Hoysala dynasties to the golden period under the Wodeyars, and from the dramatic resistancestruggles of Tipu Sultan against the British to its present-day status as a cultural hub, Mysuru stands as a testament to India's deep and diverse history. The city continues to thrive, balancing its ancient traditions with modern advancements, making it a living repository of India's rich past.
