Math

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 12

1.

3) determinants
1. Definition
A : nxnmatrix => A = (aij) nxn (A has no elements
det A = IAI
(1)
& A( -S)
if 1 A detA an => det A 3
Eg : n = : =
=> = = =
-

A (1) =
detA = 1

Ege : if n = 2 :

A =
(a) - detA
=d) = and - anis

((x) = 5-12 = -
7

if 3
Egz : n =

A -

( 932


933 Yong hang

+ cot =
chain
ei
-
+
(t)
1- (

>
-

IA) + Anx(@as/Gavas I a13x/aa/ +

=
an (Guass-acs9sz) -

an (a2933-923931) +

Gr(auase-A2zdz)
I can choose
any column >
-
cy'dan)

IA) = -anx/ - + a
① sarrus rule :

IAI =

In a
=> IAI = Andedes + Andes as + Als Ged32
-
desazedge -

dredes -
①1923 132

E93 .
1 :
(A) =

1 =
(1) = 19-

Ega : if n = 9 a12

G-
2 1
&
s
-

-2xa
& A

IA) · C
o
=
=

>
-

-
= -(3 .
1 1
.
+ 1 2(
. 3) + 9 .
2 4
.
-
(3) .
1 9
.
-
9 1 1
.
.
-
2 2
.
.
3)
1.4) the inverse of a matrix

191 :
A =

(13]i B =

(*]
=> AB =

(b % ] =
[(2 x 2)

BA =

(bi] = [ (ex 2)

AiB : my n matrix

LA=B
AB = BA = I =

I: the identity matrix of order n


A;B : invertible

①AB =IGE
lABI : IAXIB

Eg :
A =

((X] ; B =

[x]
=>
H = 3 = (A) X (B) = 1


If(Al = 0 => A is Not invertible
If IAI + 0 => 5 A-1
⑪ Finding A :

Egi : Matrix 2x2

[] At
+
> +0 - -A
A
-
=

+ an = 2 => Am = (5) => 1Am) =


5

=> m
-
= (
-
-

1) x(Am) =
5

(C : cofactor of a) I sum of row & column

phan bi dai's
he stinh
+
)
+

anz = 3 + An =
(a) >
+
(12 = ( 1) (Ax) =
-1 9.

=
- 9
=
4) au =
1 + Au =
(3) + 2x = ( 1)
- (Azl =
-
3
(2) (- 17 /Azal
*
4) azz 3 >
-
Azz + (22 2
= = = =

=> c =
() ( =

Ex() E
* B
=> At =
=

+ 1B1 =
(E) (C
C: Adjugate
> A =
in , Xc
Eac A =?
:
A =

(5G] :

-1
H) (A) = 5 + 0 = -A

A =
"2 (C AdjA) =

C =

(c) =
==
(x) = =1)
(c)
>
-
m =

Egs : A =

(1) >
-
AdA =
) -) + A = (i)

Ega : Matrix 3x3

A =

( + -
2)
A
>
+
A

1) Al = 1 + 2 9 5
. .
+ 3 3 6
.
.
-

(-1) 3. .
5 -
3 .
2(-1) -
9 6 1
.
.

= 92 +0
-A 1
-

>
-

+ A
1
=
1 x AdjA
IAI
(c (
231
- AdjA = c =

233

an =
1 -

1)
(5 ) =
-
23

2/34)
+

2x =
( 1) -

= 23

3(35)
++

a = ( 1)
-

= 13
+ 1

Can =
( -
1)2
I 31 = 20

/13)
222 =
( =
- 1

C23 =
&

231 =
11

232 - S
233 =
-

=> AdjA = C =
(
=> At
gc
=
= . . .
= (XBA -1)
*

+
AxX =
B ;
(A) + 0
=> X = A B

uxn

n n PT ma tran

·9 :

(s1) (2) " =

[]
=> X = =

( (b)(i) (i)
(t)
way :
= =

Li+l-
=>

g
3
chapter
3 2
.
:
1 723

29

3
i

.3
3 : 11 -16

2 2
.
: 176

Chapter 2
Chapter 2: systems of linear equations
2.1) Basic concepts

Ege(3hn-GU5 >
-
system :
S Lequatinis
A- [? ] : coefficient matrix X =

[] :
variable
matrix

= 1 ?I6 ] : augmented matrix


(matran bung their
cit te
-
dol

&
Eg2 : n +
y -
z + 37 = 1

2x -

y + z -
St =
9

4x +
y -
z = O

(i) X []
1 -

l 3
=

= 1
-

(5)
( = =
Eq A :
=
+X =
: B b

2x3

(size) AX =

C SR] _

2x1

consider : AX = b : marix equation

&
3(21 + (2 + 2k3 =
9
(1 + 472 +
513 5
-

=
2.2) Solutions (nghiệm)

Eg : Las >
- =

(2 -3]

r(111] r ]
m = rex(-2) +
new re = rex3 +

reduced echelon form


(ma trận bậc thang rút gọn)
row operation (phép biến đổi dòng): a rows adds to a multiple another row

130]- ]
↓ pivot position
pivot column

(x
Eg2 + 2x 1 a
-

: =

-
(2 +
973 = 5

222 -

8113 =
-
10

↓J ( )
4
= A =

met
re =

5
,
C 2
delete vs

( !?19] no ]
n =

re = VeX( -

2)

+>
11 ] G. .
basic variable
free variable
(
Eg3 :

>
- infinity solutions / countless solutions
- R
123

Egn :

/ No solution

2
[ 19]
re

(d2 -&]v
-

1
=> E =

00 14
-

rank A = 1 ,
rank A = 2

F
• Rank of a echelon form matrix is the number of non-zero rows
-
Rank A Rank A so an - 1 no day what
=

I
=

⑪ (A)
v = v() : no solution
① v(A) = v(E) = n : one solution
⑦ v(A) = r/E) < n :
infinity solution

n : the number of variables

• maximal order of a non-zero minor of A is called rank(A)


r(A)
#(5 of order 12
= 1 minor =
↓ minors of order m ( > k) = 8

I i 1
139 echelon form rank dia A

: &
-

A 5
~ (A) = 3 lechelon form)
& 3
so HANG 20 phan
to 0

B
[
=
r(B) = 3
Exercise:
EX1 : Solve the system :

973 5

S
122 + =
-

(1 +
212 + 513 = 2

3121 + 84 2 . + 11922 -
-
1

7. EY ]
O
&
14

I
-
5

1 35 2 retr
A A
- =

3811 -1 9
-

-
1

m = r-3r(@5y,deter
(15] S
111 13 + 73
(general solutionS
> =

(2 =
-

57z -
4

123 : free variable

n =

3)r

EX11(1 .
2
Page 22)

191]
-
42

A + homogeneous linear equations system


=

i phai de-

/
general
(( 12-13 rCA3
=
.

solution

:e e

You might also like