ESDA ASSIGNMNET 6

Name: Rahma Wati
NIM: A1A022137
ASSIGNMENT 6
1. Classify the following pollutants as uniformly distributed, concentrated, or

nonuniformly distributed:
a) Belching (and other CO2 emissions) from cattle
b) Noise pollution from rock band rehearsals
c) Emissions from paper manufacturing plants
2. Explain with example, what are market based mechanism for environmental
protection.
3. Explain Command and Control Program for environmental protection.
4. Explain one type of policy that you would suggest for the control of auto-mobile
emissions. Would the policy you recommended for manufacturing plants be as
effective for automobiles? Why or why not?
ANSWER
1. The classification of pollutants as uniformly distributed, concentrated, or

nonuniformly distributed depends on their spatial distribution patterns. Here's
how each of the given pollutants fits into these categories:
a) Belching (and other CO2 emissions) from cattle: This type of pollution is
typically nonuniformly distributed. Cattle, especially in concentrated livestock
operations, can produce CO2 emissions that are not evenly spread out. The
emissions can be concentrated in specific areas, such as around feedlots or in
close proximity to other cattle, leading to localized hotspots of CO2
concentration.
b) Noise pollution from rock band rehearsals: Concentrated pollution is the most
appropriate classification for noise pollution from rock band rehearsals. Noise
pollution is highly localized and can be concentrated in specific areas, such as
around music studios or practice facilities. The noise is not spread out evenly
across the surrounding environment but is instead focused in the immediate
vicinity of the source.
c) Emissions from paper manufacturing plants: These emissions are

generally uniformly distributed. Paper manufacturing plants, especially those that
are large and industrial in nature, can produce emissions that are spread out
over a larger area. The emissions are not concentrated in specific areas but are
instead dispersed throughout the surrounding environment. This type of pollution
can affect a wide area, making it uniformly distributed.
2. Market-based mechanisms are environmental policy tools that use market forces
and economic incentives to encourage behavior that supports environmental
protection objectives. They work through price signals rather than dictating
technologies or practices. By putting a price on pollution or environmental
impacts, they allow flexibility in compliance.
One example of a market-based mechanism is the cap-and-trade system. In this
system, a government sets a limit (cap) on the total amount of a pollutant that
can be emitted. Companies are then allocated permits that allow them to emit a
certain amount of the pollutant. If a company emits less than its allocated
amount, it can sell its unused permits to other companies. This creates a market
for pollution permits, where companies that can reduce emissions more cost-
effectively can sell their permits to those that find it more expensive to
reduce emissions.
3. Command-and-control programs are a traditional regulatory approach to
environmental protection where government sets specific pollution standards and
dictates the technologies or practices that firms must use to comply. Some key
aspects of command-and-control programs include:
 Standards are imposed on industries and firms through legislation and
regulation regarding permissible pollution levels or required pollution
abatement equipment.
 Regulators determine maximum levels of discharges/emissions and
require specific technology to be installed to meet the standards.
Compliance is mandatory.
 Technology standards specify the pollution control devices or techniques
that must be adopted. Performance standards set explicit limits on
pollution outputs.
 It is a rigid, inflexible "one-size-fits-all" approach rather than allowing firms
flexibility in how they meet environmental goals.
 Oversight, monitoring and enforcement are needed to ensure compliance
with technology and performance mandates. Penalties for non-
compliance.
 It can stifle innovation since firms only need to adopt mandated
technologies rather than find cheaper solutions.
 Compliance costs may be higher overall than under flexible market
mechanisms which allow trading of permits/credits.
 It does directly control pollution but may not achieve goals at lowest cost
to society compared to incentivizing approaches.
4. For controlling auto emissions, I would suggest a market-based mechanism like
a cap-and-trade program rather than a traditional command-and-control
regulation approach.
In a cap-and-trade program for vehicles:
 Regulators would set a gradual declining limit or "cap" on total emissions
allowed from the vehicle fleet.
 Automakers would be allocated emission permits/credits up to the cap
based on their sales.
 If an automaker introduced lower-emitting vehicles, they could generate
extra credits to sell to others. This incentives innovation.
 Automakers whose fleet emissions exceeded the cap could buy credits
from those under the cap, providing flexibility to meet standards.
 Over time as the cap declined, the average emissions performance across
all new vehicles would improve.
A command-and-control policy like mandating specific emission control

technologies in all vehicles would likely not be as effective or efficient for auto
emissions compared to manufacturing plants for a few key reasons:
 Vehicles have shorter lifecycles than industrial equipment, so regulations
need to continually evolve to drive further reductions.
 Diversity in vehicle models and use cases makes one-size-fits-all
technology mandates more challenging than for plants.
 Market-based incentives encourage ongoing innovation and lowest-cost
compliance options as the industry transforms over time.

ESDA ASSIGNMNET 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ESDA ASSIGNMNET 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ESDA ASSIGNMNET 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Rahma Wati

1. Classify the following pollutants as uniformly distributed, concentrated, or

1. The classification of pollutants as uniformly distributed, concentrated, or

c) Emissions from paper manufacturing plants: These emissions are

A command-and-control policy like mandating specific emission control

You might also like