FLIP FLOP LED FLASHER CIRCUIT USING TRANSISTER

A Course End Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements
for the Course of

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS LABORATORY

In

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

ROLL NUMBER NAME OF THE STUDENT

23881A04B2 P. SAI PRANAVI

23881A04C4 V.SRINIVASA RAGHAVAN

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Kacharam, Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501218, Telangana, India

June 2024
ABSTRACT

A flip-flop LED flasher circuit using the BC547 transistor is a simple electronic project
that demonstrates basic principles of electronics and transistor switching. This circuit
typically consists of two BC547 NPN transistors, two LEDs, two capacitors, and a few
resistors. The configuration forms an astable multivibrator, a type of oscillator that
continuously switches between its two states, causing the LEDs to flash alternately.

In this setup, each transistor is connected to an LED, and the two transistors are cross-
coupled through capacitors. When power is applied, one transistor turns on, lighting up
its corresponding LED while the other transistor is off. The charging and discharging of
the capacitors control the switching, causing the transistors to alternately turn on and off.
This alternation results in the LEDs flashing at a rate determined by the values of the
capacitors and resistors.

The BC547 transistors act as electronic switches in this circuit. When one transistor receives
a small base current, it allows a larger current to flow from the collector to the emitter,
lighting up the LED. The simplicity and effectiveness of this circuit make it a popular choice
for beginners learning about transistors and oscillatory circuits. This basic flasher circuit
can be expanded or modified for various applications, such as signal indicators or simple
light displays.
INTRODUCTION:

A flip-flop LED flasher using transistors is a simple yet effective circuit that alternates the
illumination of two LEDs, creating a blinking effect. This circuit employs two NPN
transistors, which are configured in a bistable multivibrator arrangement. Each transistor
alternately switches on and off, driven by the charging and discharging of capacitors
connected to their bases. When one transistor conducts, the corresponding LED lights up,
while the other transistor remains off, causing the other LED to turn off. This oscillation
continues, resulting in a continuous flashing of the LEDs. The frequency of the flashing can
be adjusted by changing the values of the capacitors and resistors in the circuit. This project
is ideal for beginners learning about transistor operation and basic electronic principles,
providing a practical application for understanding switching and timing mechanisms in
electronic circuits.
A flip-flop LED flasher is a fundamental electronic circuit that showcases the principles
of digital electronics and switching. At its core, the circuit uses a bistable multivibrator,
commonly known as a flip-flop, to alternate the illumination of two or more light-
emitting diodes (LEDs). The flip-flop, a type of sequential logic circuit, toggles between
two stable states, causing one LED to turn on while the other turns off in a regular,
repetitive sequence. This blinking effect is achieved by the charging and discharging of
capacitors, which trigger the flip-flop to change states.

Typically constructed with basic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors,
the flip-flop LED flasher circuit is an excellent project for beginners and hobbyists in
electronics. It serves as a practical demonstration of how simple electronic components can
be used to create more complex timing and control systems. Moreover, the flasher's
versatility allows it to be used in various applications, from educational tools and visual
indicators to decorative lighting. Understanding the operation of a flip-flop LED flasher
provides foundational knowledge in both analog and digital electronics, making it a valuable
learning experience for anyone interested in the field.
A flip-flop LED flasher operates on the principle of sequential switching, using a bistable
multivibrator to alternate the illumination of LEDs. Each flip-flop stage consists of
transistors configured in a feedback loop that toggles between two states, creating a
predictable flashing pattern. The circuit’s basic components include transistors, capacitors,
and resistors, each playing a crucial role: transistors act as switches, capacitors store and
release electrical energy, and resistors control the charging time of the capacitors. This
interplay determines the frequency and duty cycle of the LED flashing. Beyond educational
and hobbyist projects, flip-flop LED flashers are used in practical applications such as
automotive turn signals, emergency lights, and decorative displays, where their reliability
and simplicity are highly valued. Various design configurations, including astable,
monostable, and bistable multivibrators, allow for flexibility in different use cases.
Objectives of the Project Work:

1. Understanding Transistor Operation: To demonstrate the practical use

of NPN transistors in creating a switching circuit, highlighting their role in
controlling the flow of current and switching between different states.

2. Learning Bistable Multivibrator Configuration: To gain hands-on

experience in designing and constructing a bistable multivibrator circuit,
understanding its working principle, and observing the resulting LED
flashing behavior.

3. Exploring Basic Timing Mechanisms: To experiment with and

comprehend the impact of varying capacitor and resistor values on the timing
and frequency of the LED flashes, thereby learning about timing mechanisms
in electronic circuits.
Methodology:

The methodology for constructing a flip-flop LED flasher using transistors

involves several key steps. Begin by gathering all necessary components,
including two NPN transistors (e.g., 2N2222 or BC547), two LEDs, resistors,
capacitors, a breadboard, and connecting wires. Start by placing the transistors
on the breadboard, ensuring correct orientation. Connect the collector of each
transistor to the positive rail through an LED and a current-limiting resistor.
The emitters of both transistors are connected to the ground rail. Next, connect
the base of each transistor to the collector of the opposite transistor through a
capacitor. Add base resistors to the circuit, connecting them from the base of
each transistor to the positive rail, ensuring proper biasing. Once the basic
connections are established, power the circuit with an appropriate DC voltage
supply, typically 9V or 12V. Observe the LEDs alternately flashing, indicating
that the transistors are switching states. Adjust the values of the capacitors and
resistors as needed to change the flashing frequency. This hands-on approach
not only helps in understanding the fundamental principles of transistor
switching and timing circuits but also provides practical experience in circuit
assembly and troubleshooting, essential skills for anyone interested in
electronics.

Begin by connecting the emitters of both transistors to the negative terminal

of the power source. The collectors are then connected to the positive
terminal through resistors, which limit the current to protect the LEDs. Each
transistor's base is connected to the other transistor’s collector via a
capacitor, creating a feedback loop that enables the flip-flop action. The
LEDs are placed in series with the transistors' collectors, ensuring they light
up alternately as the transistors switch on and off.

Adjusting the values of the resistors and capacitors fine-tunes the flashing rate,
demonstrating the concept of RC time constants in electronics. Once the circuit
is tested and verified on the breadboard, it can be soldered onto a more
permanent prototyping board. This hands-on approach not only solidifies
understanding of electronic components and their interactions but also
illustrates practical applications of theoretical concepts in digital electronics.
Project Description:

Introduction

The flip-flop LED flasher using transistors is a classic electronics project

that exemplifies the fundamental principles of digital electronics and
transistor operation. This project aims to create a simple yet effective circuit
that alternately flashes two LEDs using a bistable multivibrator
configuration. This type of circuit is not only an excellent demonstration of
basic electronics concepts but also serves as a practical application for
understanding how transistors can be used as switches in digital circuits.

Components and Circuit Design

The essential components required for this project include two NPN
transistors (such as the 2N2222 or BC547), two light-emitting diodes
(LEDs), resistors, capacitors, a breadboard, and connecting wires. Each
component plays a crucial role in the functioning of the circuit. The NPN
transistors act as electronic switches, controlling the current flow through
the LEDs. The resistors are used to limit the current to safe levels for both
the transistors and the LEDs, preventing damage. Capacitors are critical for
creating the time delay needed for the LEDs to alternately flash.

The design begins by placing the transistors on the breadboard, ensuring

they are oriented correctly. The collector of each transistor is connected to
the positive power rail through an LED and a current-limiting resistor. The
emitters of both transistors are connected to the ground rail. The bases of the
transistors are cross-coupled, meaning the base of each transistor is
connected to the collector of the opposite transistor through a capacitor.
Additionally, base resistors are connected from each transistor's base to the
positive rail, ensuring proper biasing.

Working Principle

The working principle of the flip-flop LED flasher is based on the bistable
multivibrator configuration, where the two transistors switch states
alternately. When power is applied, one transistor turns on, causing the
corresponding LED to light up while the other transistor remains off, and its
LED is off. This state persists until the capacitor connected to the base of
the conducting transistor charges to a point where it turns the transistor off
and the other transistor on. This process continues indefinitely, resulting in
the LEDs flashing alternately.

The capacitors and resistors in the circuit determine the frequency of the
flashing. By selecting different values for these components, the timing can
be adjusted to make the LEDs flash faster or slower. This aspect of the
project provides an excellent opportunity to explore how changing
component values affects circuit behavior, a fundamental concept in
electronics.

Practical Applications

While this project serves primarily as an educational tool, understanding the

principles behind it has practical applications in various fields. The flip-flop
circuit is a basic building block in digital electronics, forming the foundation
for more complex circuits like memory storage elements, oscillators, and
timers. Learning to construct and analyze such circuits provides a stepping
stone to more advanced electronics projects and systems.

For instance, in digital systems, flip-flops are used to store binary data, act
as counters, and synchronize signals. The LED flasher circuit helps in
visualizing how flip-flops operate, making it easier to grasp these more
complex applications. Additionally, the concepts of timing and switching
learned from this project are applicable in designing various types of
electronic devices, from simple timers to sophisticated microprocessors.

Troubleshooting and Testing

Building the flip-flop LED flasher circuit involves iterative testing and
troubleshooting to ensure it functions correctly. Common issues include
incorrect transistor orientation, improper connections, and incorrect resistor
or capacitor values. Systematically checking each connection and verifying
component values are crucial steps in the troubleshooting process. Using a
multimeter to check voltages at various points in the circuit can help identify
where the problem lies.

Once the circuit is assembled, applying power should result in the LEDs
flashing alternately. If this does not happen, checking the wiring against the
circuit diagram is essential. Ensuring that the transistors are correctly biased
and that the capacitors and resistors are functioning as expected are key to
resolving issues. Patience and careful observation are necessary to
successfully troubleshoot and optimize the circuit.

Learning Outcomes

The flip-flop LED flasher project offers several valuable learning outcomes.
Firstly, it provides hands-on experience in building and understanding basic
electronic circuits. Working with transistors, resistors, and capacitors helps
in grasping their roles and interactions within a circuit. Secondly, it enhances
problem-solving skills through the process of troubleshooting and
optimizing the circuit. Identifying and resolving issues in the circuit is a
critical skill for any electronics enthusiast or professional.

Furthermore, this project introduces the concept of timing and frequency

control, which is fundamental in various electronic applications.
Understanding how to adjust the flashing rate of the LEDs by changing
capacitor and resistor values lays the groundwork for more complex timing
circuits. Finally, the project fosters a deeper appreciation for the practical
applications of electronic components, encouraging further exploration and
learning in the field of electronics.
Conclusions:

A flip-flop LED flasher is an electronic circuit designed to alternate the

blinking of LEDs, creating a visual effect often used in various applications
such as indicators, decorations, or educational demonstrations. The core
component of this flasher is the flip-flop, a bistable multivibrator that toggles
between two states, turning one LED on while the other is off. Typically
implemented using transistors, capacitors, and resistors, the circuit charges and
discharges the capacitors, causing the flip-flop to switch states periodically.
This process results in the LEDs flashing on and off at a rate determined by the
values of the resistors and capacitors. The simplicity and effectiveness of the
flip-flop LED flasher make it a popular choice for beginners in electronics, as
it illustrates fundamental principles such as switching, timing, and feedback.
Moreover, its components are readily available and inexpensive, making it an
accessible and practical project for learning and experimentation. Overall, the
flip-flop LED flasher is a quintessential example of basic electronic circuit
design, showcasing how simple components can be combined to create
dynamic and functional systems.
 References

• R. L. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, "Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory," 11th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson, 2013.

• T. L. Floyd, "Electronic Devices," 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson,
2017.

• M. H. Rashid, "Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis and Design," 2nd ed. Boston, MA,
USA: Cengage Learning, 2010

• S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, "Microelectronic Circuits," 7th ed. New York, NY, USA:
Oxford Univ. Press, 2014.