325_05_Transformers_B (2)

2.
5 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER
The major items :

The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
(1)
The easiest effect to model is the copper losses.
Copper losses are resistive losses in the primary and secondary windings of the transformer core.
They are modeled by placing a resistor Rp in the primary circuit of the transformer and a
resistor Rs in the secondary circuit.
Leakage flux in the primary windings produces a voltage

(4)
Leakage flux in the secondary windings produces a voltage

Much of the leakage flux path is through air, and since air has a constant reluctance much
higher than the core reluctance,
the flux φLP is directly proportional to the primary circuit current ip,
and the flux φLS is directly proportional to the secondary current is:
leakage inductance of the

leakage inductance of the
primary coil
secondary coil
How can the core excitation effects be modeled? (2) (3)
The magnetization current im is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core and
lagging the applied voltage by 90, so it can be modeled by a reactance XM connected across the
primary voltage source
The core-loss current ih+e is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core that is in
phase with the applied voltage, so it can be modeled by a resistance Rc connected across the
primary voltage source.
the resistance of
the primary
winding reactance due to the primary leakage inductance the resistance of the
secondary winding
reactance due to the

secondary leakage
inductance
The model of a real

transformer-not very
useful
To analyze practical circuits containing transformers, it is normally necessary to convert the
entire circuit to an equivalent circuit at a single voltage level. Therefore, the equivalent circuit
must be reffered either to its primary side or to its secondary side in problem solutions.
equivalent circuit of the transformer reffered to its primary side
equivalent circuit referred to its secondary side

Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
Simplified equivalent circuit can be produced that works almost as well as the original
model.
The excitation branch is simply moved to the front of the transformer, and the primary
and secondary impedances are left in series with each other.
These impedances are just added, creating the approximate equivalent circuits
In some applications, the excitation branch may be neglected entirely without causing serious
error.
Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
An adequate approximation of these values can be obtained with only two tests,
-the open circuit test and
-the short-circuit test
open circuit
short-circuit
Example :
The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20-kVA, 8000/240 V, 60-Hz transformer are to be

determined. The open-circuit test was performed on the secondary side of the transformer (to
reduce the maximum voltage to be measured) and the short circuit test were performed on the
primary side of the transformer (to reduce the maximum current to be measured). The following
data were taken:
Poc
Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, and
sketch that circuit.
Example :
This system contains a 480-V generator connected to an ideal 1:10 step-up transformer, a
transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down transformer, and a load. The impedance of the
transmission line is 20 + j60Ω and the impedance of the load is 10∟30Ω. The base values for this
system are chosen to be 480 V and 10 kVA at the generator.
2.7 TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY
Because a real transformer has series impedances within it, the output voltage of a transformer
varies with the load even if the input voltage remains constant
(Voltage regulation describes the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions)
(voltage regulation is the ratio of the difference between transformer no load and full load output voltage to its full load
output voltage expressed as a percentage )
Define a quantity called voltage regulation (VR). Full load voltage regulation is a quantity that
compares the output voltage of the transformer at no load with the output voltage at full load .
It is defined by the equation
Usually it is a good practice to have as small a voltage regulation as possible. For an ideal
transformer, VR = 0 percent. It is not always a good idea to have a low-voltage regulation,
though- sometimes high-impedance and high-voltage regulation transformers are deliberately
used to reduce the fault currents in a circuit.
The Transformer Phasor Diagram
How can the voltage regulation of a transformer be determined?

To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer, it is necessary to understand the voltage
drops within it.
The effects of the excitation branch on transformer voltage regulation can be ignored, so only
the series impedances need be considered
Voltage regulation of a transformer depends both on the magnitude of these seIies impedances
and on the phase angle of the current flowing through the transformer. The easiest way to
determine the effect of the impedances and the current phase angles on the transformer
voltage regulation is to examine a phasor diagram, a sketch of the phasor voltages and currents
in the transformer.
In all the following phasor diagrams, the phasor voltage Vs is assumed to be at an angle of 0°,
and all other voltages and currents are compared to that reference. By applying Kirchhoff's
voltage law to the equivalent circuit
for lagging loads, so the voltage regulation of a transformer with
lagging loads must be greater than zero.
A phasor diagram at unity power factor is
The voltage at the secondary is lower than the voltage at the primary, so VR > O.
However, this time the voltage regulation is a smaller number than it was with a lagging current.
If the secondary current is leading, the secondary voltage can actually be higher than the
referred primary voltage. If this happens, the transformer actually has a negative voltage
regulation
Transformer Efficiency
Transformers are also compared and judged on their efficiencies. The efficiency of a device is
To calculate the efficiency of a transformer at a given load, just add the losses from each resistor
and Since the output power is given
the efficiency of the transformer can be expressed by
Example: A l5-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is to be tested to determine its excitation branch

components, its series impedances, and its voltage regulation. The following test data have been
taken from the transformer:

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2.

5 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

The major items :

Leakage flux in the primary windings produces a voltage

Leakage flux in the secondary windings produces a voltage

leakage inductance of the

reactance due to the

The model of a real

equivalent circuit of the transformer reffered to its primary side

equivalent circuit referred to its secondary side

The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20-kVA, 8000/240 V, 60-Hz transformer are to be

How can the voltage regulation of a transformer be determined?

the efficiency of the transformer can be expressed by

Example: A l5-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is to be tested to determine its excitation branch

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