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    solutionsrationalpoints1

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    subhranil deb

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    solutionsrationalpoints1

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    3 views3 pages

    solutionsrationalpoints1

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    1 Home work assignment I

    1.1 y 2 = x3 + d2
    Problem Let d 6= 0 and consider the curve E : y 2 = x3 + d2 . Let l be
    the straight line passingthrough a point (x0 , y0 ) ∈ E and (0, d). Compute the
    coordinates x1 , y1 of the third point of intersection between l and E.
    Solution The line l through (x0 , y0 ) and (0, d) is given by
    y0 − d
    y−d= x.
    x0
    Elimination of y with y 2 = x3 + d2 gives us
     2
    y0 − d
    x3 − d + + d2 = 0
    x0

    The coefficient of x2 in this cubic equation the sum of its roots 0 + x0 + x1 on


    the one hand and on the other hand
    y0 − d 2
    x0 + x1 = .
    x0
    Hence
    y0 − d 2 y 2 − 2dy0 + d2 − x30 d − y0
    x1 = − x0 = 0 = 2d
    x0 x20 x20
    where we have used y02 = x30 + d2 . Using this equation once more we find that
    d−y0
    x20
    = − y0x+d
    0
    . hence
    x0
    x1 = −2d .
    y0 + d
    Then y1 becomes
    y0 − d 3d − y0
    y1 = x1 + d = d .
    x0 y0 + d

    1.2 y 2 = x3 + k
    Problem Let k 6= 0 and consider the curve E : y 2 = x3 + k. Choose a point
    (x0 , y0 ) ∈ E and let l be the tangent of E at this point. Compute the third
    point of intersection between l and E.
    Solution The slope of l is given by 3x20 /2y0 and the line is

    3x20
    y − y0 = (x − x0 ).
    2y0
    We determine the third point of intersection (x1 , y1 ) again by looking at the
    coefficient of x2 in the cubic equation
    2
    3x20
    
    3
    x − y0 + (x − x − 0) + k.
    2y0

    1
    We get
    2
    3x20
    2x0 + x1 =
    2y0
    from which we deduce
    9x40 x4 − kx0
    x1 = 2 − 2x0 = 0 3 .
    4y0 x0 + k

    Furthermore,
    3x2 x40 − kx0
     
    y 1 = y0 + 0 − x0
    2y0 x30 + k
    which equals

    3x30 x60 − kx30 + k 2


       
    k 1
    y 1 = y0 − 3 = .
    y0 x0 + k y0 x30 + k

    1.3 Hartshorne, problem 1.1


    Part a) Let Y be the plane curve y = x2 . Show that k[Y ] is isomorphic to a
    polynomial ring in one variable over k.
    Solution Notice that A[Y ] = k[x, y]/(y − x2 ). We show that this ring is
    isomorphic to k[x] via the k-algebra homomorphism φ : k[x, y] → k[x] given by
    x 7→ x, y 7→ x2 . Notice that y − x2 is in the kernel of φ. Suppose that P (x, y) is
    in the kernel of φ, i.e. P (x, x2 ) ≡ 0. We show that P (x, y) is divisible by y − x2
    from which we can conclude that the kernel is (y − x2 ). Notice that for any
    P ∈ k[x, y] the difference P (x, y) − P (x, x2 ) is divisible by y − x2 . In particular,
    if P (x, x2 ) vanishes we can conclude that P is divisible by y − x2 , as asserted.
    Since the map φ is surjective we can apply an isomorphism theorem to
    conclude that k[x, y]/(y − x2 ) = k[x].
    Part b) Let Z be the plane curve xy = 1. Show that k[Z] is not isomorphic
    to a polynomial ring.
    Solution Note that k[Z] = k[x, y]/(xy − 1). This ring is generated by x, y
    which are invertible elements in k[Z]. Suppose there is an isomorphism of k[Z]
    with a polynomial ring over k. Then this ring is also generated by invertible
    elements. However, the only invertible elements of a polynomial ring are the
    ground field k and such elements do bnot generate the polynomial ring. So there
    can be no isomorphism.
    Part c) Let f be any irredicuble quadratic polynomial in k[x, y] and then
    let W be the conic defined by f . Show that k[W ] is isomorphic to k[Y ] or
    k[Z]. Which one is it when? We can assume that k is algebraically closed of
    characteristic zero.
    Solution. Let f = ax2 + bxy + cy 2 + dx + ey + h. We apply a linear change
    of coordinates to bring f into standard form. We distinguish several cases:

    2
    - a = c = 0. Then b 6= 0 and we can assume b = 1.Then f = xy+dx+ey+f .
    Substitute x → x − e, y → y − d to get f = xy + h − de. Since f is
    irreducible we have h − de 6= 0. After the substitution x → (de − h)x we
    obtain f = xy − 1.
    - a 6= 0. We assume a = 1. Substitute x → x − by/2 − d/2 to obtain
    x2 − ∆y 2 + e0 y + h0 where ∆ = c − b2 /4. We distinguish two cases,
    - ∆ = 0. In that case e0 6= 0 because f is irreducible. Substitute
    y → (y − h0 )/e0 to get f = x2 + y.
    - ∆ 6= 0. Substitute y → y − e0 /2∆ to get f = x2 − ∆y 2 √ + h00 with
    00
    h 6= 0 because
    √ of irreducibility of f . Now replace x − y ∆y by x
    and x + y ∆ by −h00 y to obtain f = xy − 1.
    Thus we see that k[W ] is isomorphic to k[Y ] if and only if ∆ = 0. In other
    words b2 − 4ac = 0. When b2 − 4ac 6= 0 we see that k[W ] is isomorphic to k[Z].

    1.4 Hartshorne, problem 1.3


    Let Y be the algebraic set in A3 defined by the two polynomials x2 − yz and
    xz − x. Show that Y is a union of three irreducible components. Describe them
    and their prime ideals.
    Solution. Vanishing of zx − x implies either x = 0 or z = 1 or both. When
    x = 0 the first equation gives yz = 0, which implies y = 0 or z = 0. When
    z = 1 we find from the first equation that y = x2 . Concluding we see that Y is
    a union of the zero sets of (x, y), (x, z) and (z − 1, y − x2 ). All three ideals are
    prime ideals, hence their zero sets are irreducible.

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