Chapter 1 Intro to Networks_July 2023

Chapter 1:
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
1.1 LANs, WANs and
Internetworks
Definition of a Network
A network is a connection of two or more computers
through a media in order to share resources.
A network can be
- As small as two computers connected by a cable
or
- As large as several thousand computers connected
across the world.
▪ Home network
▪ Enterprise network
Wide area network
Components of a Network
There are three categories of network components:
Devices (End Devices, Network Infrastructure devices)
Media (Cable or wireless)
Services (Software run on networked devices)
Components of a Network
Devices
> End Devices,
> Network Infrastructure devices/ Intermediary devices
End Devices
➢ The network devices that people are most familiar with
➢ These devices form the interface between
users and the underlying communication network.
Examples of end devices are:

• Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
• Network printers
• VoIP phones
• Security cameras
• Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs)
• End devices are referred to as hosts.
• A host device is either the sender (source) or receiver
(destination)
• To uniquely identify one host from another, each host on a
network is identified by an address.
• Destination host address specifies where the message should
be sent.
• Software determines the role of a host. A host can be a
client, server or both
Intermediary Devices
▪ Devices along the way which carries the data to the
destination
▪ Intermediary devices connect the individual end devices to
the network.
▪ They can connect multiple individual networks to form an
internetwork.
▪ These intermediary devices provide connectivity and ensure
that data flows across the network.
▪ Intermediary devices use the destination end device address,
to determine the path that messages should take through the
network.
Example of intermediary devices
Network Services
• Network components are used to provide services and
processes.
• These are software, that run on the networked devices.
• A network service provides information in response to a

request.
• Services include
> Network user applications people use every day, like
email hosting services and web hosting services.
> Processes that provide the functionality that directs
and moves the messages through the network.
• Processes are less obvious to us but are critical to the

operation of networks.
Network Services
Intermediary devices
End devices
Network Media
▪ Modern networks primarily use three types of media to
interconnect devices and to provide the pathway over which
data can be transmitted.
▪ Metallic wires
within cables
▪ Glass or plastic fibers

(fiber optic cable)
▪ Wireless transmission
Network Media
▪ The signal encoding that must occur for the message to be transmitted
is different for each media type
Media Example Encoding
Copper Twisted pair cable used as LAN media electrical impulses
Fiber-Optic Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating Light pulses

for long runs in a LAN and as a trunk
Wireless Connects local users through the air Electromagnetic
waves
▪ Criteria for choosing a network media are:

- The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
- The environment in which the media is to be installed.
- The amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted.
- The cost of the media and installation
-18-
Network Representations
• Network architects and administrators must be able
to show what their networks will look like.
• They need to be able to easily see which

components connect to other components, where
they will be located, and how they will be
connected.
• Diagrams of networks often use symbols, like those

shown in the figure, to represent the different
devices and connections that make up a network.
▪ How each of these devices and media connect to each other.
▪ Network Interface Card - A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides
the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host
device. The media plug into the NIC to connect the PC to the
network
▪ Physical Port - A connector or outlet on a networking device
where the media is connected to a host or other networking
device.
▪ Interface - Specialized ports on an internetworking device
that connect to individual networks. Because routers are used
to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to
network interfaces.
Topology Diagrams
▪ Topology diagrams are mandatory documentation for anyone
working with a network.
▪ They provide a visual map of how the network is connected.
▪ There are two types of topology diagrams:
> Physical topology and
> Logical topology.
Physical Topology Diagrams
Identify the physical location of
• intermediary devices,
• configured ports,
• and cable installation.
Logical Topology Diagrams
Identify devices, ports, and IP addressing scheme.
Network of many sizes
▪ Networks come in all sizes.
They range from simple
networks consisting of two
computers, to networks
connecting millions of
devices.
▪ Simple home networks let
you share resources, such
as printers, documents,
pictures, and music, among
a few local end devices.
▪ Small office and home
office (SOHO) networks
allow people to work from
home, or a remote office.
Many self-employed
workers use these types
of networks to advertise
and sell products, order
supplies, and
communicate with
customers.
▪ Medium to large
networks, such as
those used by
corporations and
schools, can have
many locations with
hundreds or
thousands of
interconnected
hosts.
▪ The internet is the
largest network in
existence. In fact, the
term internet means a
“network of networks”.
It is a collection of
interconnected private
and public networks.
▪ The internet is a
network of networks
that connects
hundreds of millions of
computers world-wide.
LAN and WANs
▪ Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms of:
•Size of the area covered
•Number of users connected
•Number and types of services available
•Area of responsibility
▪ The two most common types of network infrastructures are
• Local Area Networks (LANs), and
• Wide Area Networks (WANs).
LAN and WAN
• A LAN is a network infrastructure that provides access to
users and end devices in a small geographical area
• A LAN is typically used in a department within an
enterprise, a home, or a small business network
• A WAN is a network infrastructure that provides access to

other networks over a wide geographical area, which is
typically owned and managed by a larger corporation or a
telecommunications service provider. The figure shows
LANs connected to a WAN.
▪
Local Area Networks (LAN)
A LAN is a network infrastructure
that
➢ Interconnect end devices in a

small geographical area
Examples : a home, school, office
building, or campus.
➢ Owned by a single organization

or individual.
➢ provide high-speed bandwidth
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A WAN is a network infrastructure that
➢ spans a wide geographical area.

Example cities, states, provinces, countries, or continents
➢ WANs are typically managed by multiple service providers

(SPs) or Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
➢ WANs typically provide slower speed links between LANs.
▪ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A network
infrastructure that spans a physical area larger than a LAN
but smaller than a WAN (e.g., a city). MANs are typically
operated by a single entity such as a large organization.
▪ Wireless LAN (WLAN) - Similar to a LAN but wirelessly
interconnects users and end points in a small geographical
area.
▪ Storage Area Network (SAN) - A network infrastructure
designed to support file servers and provide data storage,
retrieval, and replication. It involves high-end servers,
multiple disk arrays (called blocks), and Fibre Channel
interconnection technology.
The Internet
▪ The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected
networks (internetworks or internet for short), cooperating with
each other to exchange information using common standards.
▪ Through telephone wires, fiber optic cables, wireless
transmissions, and satellite links, Internet users can exchange
information in a variety of forms.
Intranet and Extranet
Intranet
▪ Intranet is a term often used to refer to a private connection
of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is
designed to be accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with authorization.
▪ Intranets are basically an internet which is usually only
accessible from within the organization.
Intranet – only
accessible by
employees
- From within the
company
- From home or
outside the company
Extranet
▪ An organization may use an extranet to provide secure and
safe access to individuals who work for a different
organizations, but require company data. Examples of
extranets include:
▪ A company providing access to outside suppliers/contractors.
▪ A hospital providing a booking system to doctors so they can
make appointments for their patients.
▪ A local office of education providing budget and personnel
information to the schools in its district.
Extranet – allow
third party to
access
1.2 The Network as a Platform
Traditional Separate network
▪ Traditionally different network is needed for each function

the data network, telephone network, and video network for
televisions.
▪ These separate networks could not communicate with each other.
▪ Each network used different technologies to carry the
communication signal.
▪ Each network had its own set of rules and standards to ensure
successful communication.
▪ Multiple services ran on multiple networks.
Traditional Separate network
The Converged Network
▪ Today, the separate data, telephone, and video networks
converge.
▪ Unlike separate dedicated networks, converged networks are
capable of delivering data, voice, and video between many
different types of devices over the same network infrastructure.
▪ This network infrastructure uses the same set of rules,
agreements, and implementation standards.
▪ Converged data networks carry multiple services on one network.
The Converging Network
1.3 Trends of Computer Networking
New trends
Some of the top trends include:

▪ Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
▪ Online collaboration
▪ Video communications
▪ Cloud computing
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• BYOD enables end users the freedom
to use personal tools to access
information and communicate across
a business or campus network.
• Employee provide the devices to

connect to the network.
• These include laptops, notebooks,

tablets, smart phones, and e-readers.
• BYOD means any device, with any

ownership, used anywhere.
Online collaboration
• Collaboration is defined as “the act of working with another or
others on a joint project.”
• Collaboration tools, give employees, students, teachers, customers,
and partners a way to instantly connect, interact, and achieve their
objectives
• Students need to collaborate to assist each other in learning, to
develop the team skills used in the workforce, and to work
together on team-based projects.
• Examples : google classroom, google meet, cisco Webex, zoom
Cloud Computing
Definition –
• Storage of data in the internet,
• Services or applications that are housed in the internet
Cloud computing offers the

following potential benefits:
▪ Organizational flexibility
▪ Agility and rapid deployment
▪ Reduced cost of infrastructure
▪ Refocus of IT resources
▪ Creation of new business
models

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Chapter 1:

Examples of end devices are:

• These are software, that run on the networked devices.

• A network service provides information in response to a

• Processes are less obvious to us but are critical to the

▪ Glass or plastic fibers

Fiber-Optic Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating Light pulses

▪ Criteria for choosing a network media are:

• They need to be able to easily see which

• Diagrams of networks often use symbols, like those

• A WAN is a network infrastructure that provides access to

➢ Interconnect end devices in a

➢ Owned by a single organization

➢ provide high-speed bandwidth

➢ spans a wide geographical area.

➢ WANs are typically managed by multiple service providers

➢ WANs typically provide slower speed links between LANs.

▪ Traditionally different network is needed for each function

Some of the top trends include:

• Employee provide the devices to

• These include laptops, notebooks,

• BYOD means any device, with any

Cloud computing offers the

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