1. If f & g are functions of x such that g′(x) = f (x) then,
dx 1 x ∫ f ( x)dx d = g ( x) + c ⇔ {g ( x) + c= } f ( x) , where c is (xiv) ∫= 2 a +x a tan −1 + c 2 a dx dx 1 x called the constant of integration. (xv) ∫ = 2 x x −a 2 a sec −1 + c a 2. Standard Formula: dx ( ax + b ) n +1
(i) ∫ (ax= + b) dxn + c, n ≠ −1 (xvi) ∫ x + a2 2 = ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c a (n + 1) dx 1 dx (ii) ∫ ax = +b a ln | ax + b | +c (xvii) ∫x −a 2 2 = ln x + x 2 − a 2 + c
1 ax + b dx 1 a+x (iii) ∫ e ax= +b dx e +c (xviii) ∫= 2 2 ln +c a ( a − x ) 2a a − x
px + q 1 a px + q dx 1 x−a (iv) ∫a = dx p ln a + c; a > 0 ∫ x 2 − a 2 2a ln x + a + c (xix) =
1 a2 (v) ∫ sin(ax + b)dx =− a cos(ax + b) + c (xx) ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = x 2 x a − x 2 + sin −1 + c 2 2 a 1 (vi) ∫ cos(ax + b= )dx a sin(ax + b) + c x 2 + a 2 dx x 2 a2 x + a 2 + ln x + x2 + a2 1 (xxi) ∫ = 2 2 a +c (vii) ∫ tan(ax= + b)dx a ln sec |(ax + b)| +c x 2 a2 x + x2 − a2 1 (xxii) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a 2 − ln +c (viii) ∫ cot (ax = + b)dx ln |sin(ax + b)| + c 2 2 a a 3. Integration by substitutions: 1 (ix) ∫ sec (ax + b If we substitute f(x) = t, then f ′(x) dx = dt 2 = )dx tan(ax + b) + c a 4. Integration by part: 1 (x) ∫ cosec ( ax + b) dx = 2 − cot(ax + b) + c ∫ ( f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) ) ∫ ( g ( x))dx a d (xi) ∫ sec x dx = ln |(sec x + tan x)| + c − ∫ ( f ( x)) ∫ ( g ( x))dx dx dx π x 5. Integration of type: Or ln tan + + c 4 2 dx dx ∫ 2 ax + bx + c ,∫ 2 ax + bx + c , ∫ ax 2 + bx + c bx (xii) ∫ cosec x = dx ln |(cosec x − cot x)| + c b x Make the substitution x + t = Or ln tan + c 2a 2 6. Integration of type: Or −ln |(cosec x + cot x)| + c px + q px + q ∫ ax 2 + bx + c ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx, dx, dx x (xiii) ∫ = sin −1 + c 2 a −x 2 a ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx b Some Standard Substitution Make the substitution x + = t, then split the integral as 2a f ′( x) sum of two integrals one containing the linear term and the 1. ∫ f ( x) n f ' ( x ) dx Or ∫ [ f ( x) ] n dx put f(x) = t & proceed. other containing constant term. 7. Integration of trigonometric functions: dx dx dx 2. ∫ ax 2 + bx + c ,∫ 2 ax + bx + c , ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx dx (i) ∫ Or, ∫ Or, a + b sin 2 x a + b cos 2 x Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then dx apply the standard results. ∫ a sin 2 x + b sin x cos x + c cos2 x , put tan x = t ( px + q )dx ( px + q ) dx dx 3. ∫ ax 2 + bx + c ,∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx (ii) ∫ a + b sin x Or, ∫ a + b cos x Or Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) dx x + B. ∫ a + b sin x + c cos x , put tan 2 = t.
∫ e [ f ( x) + f ′( x)]dx =e . f ( x) + c x x 4. a.cos x + b.sin x + c (iii) ∫ l.cos x + m.sin x + n dx.Express 5. ∫ [ f ( x) + xf ′( x)]dx = xf ( x) + c d N r ≡ A( D r ) + B ( D r ) + c & proceed. dx dx 6. ∫ x( x n + 1) , n ∈ N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = t. 8. Integration of type: x2 ± 1 dx ∫x 4 + Kx 2 + 1 dx where K is any constant. 7. ∫ 2 n ( n −1) , n ∈ N , take xn common & put 1 + x–n = tn. x ( x + 1) n
1 Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & put x = t x dx 9. Integration of type: 8. ∫x n (1 x n )1/ n , take xn common and put 1 + x–n = t.
dx dx ∫ ( ax + b ) Or ∫ ; x−α
px + q ( ax 2 + bx + c ) px + q 9. ∫ β− x dx Or ∫ ( x − α )(β − x ) ; put x = a cos2 q + b sin2 q put px + q = t2. 10. Integration of type: x−α ∫ dx Or ∫ ( x − α )( x − β ) ; put x = a sec2 q – b tan2 q dx 1 x −β ∫ , put ax + b =; ( ax + b ) 2 px + qx + r t dx dx 1 ∫ ; put x – a = t2 or x – b = t2. ∫ put x = ( x − α )( x − β ) ( ax 2 + b) 2 px + q t
