Journal of Siberian Federal University.

Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2015 8) 1043-1051

~~~

УДК 027.08:004

Electronic Library: Genesis, Trends.

From Electronic Library to Smart Library

Ruslan A. Baryshev*,
Olga I. Babina, Pavel A. Zakharov,
Vera P. Kazantseva and Nikita O. Pikov
Siberian Federal University
79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia

Received 29.01.2015, received in revised form 16.03.2015, accepted 21.04.2015

The article proposes to discuss the main trends in the development of electronic libraries and
prerequisites for the transition to a new level, to smart libraries. The text presents a historical
overview of the formation of the electronic library concept both in Russia and abroad. Disambiguation
of electronic library term is separately covered, as well as synonymous terms it has in Russia. At the
same time, they often stay within a common understanding of a digital library within the framework
of western theorizing.
A wide range of electronic library problems is discussed in the context of multitasking understanding
of the librarianship role in the public and university areas. Approach differences are pointed out in
account of university tasks specifity.
As a solution, the authors propose a new approach for constructing smart library by identifying and
fixing the purposes of the user. Approach reverses the paradigm of library consciousness, indicating
that the primary role in the library is given to the reader that is at odds with most of the current thinking
about the library as a space, funds and staff. The text discloses an approach in which relying on
modern technology makes possible to significantly reduce its importance and bring into researcher’s
focus the needs and the role of the reader.
Keywords: electronic library, smart library, library, library services.
Research area: pedagogy, economics.

Introduction development of conceptual construct , including

Electronic library (EL) development, the introduction of new terms and definitions.
which became possible with the advent of high- Herein, the EL definition changes and updates in
performance software and hardware systems, accordance with the evolution of the understanding
communication channels and specialized of EL goals, its objects and purpose. For more
application software, caused explanatory activity accurate and comprehensive definition of EL
in this area. Theoretical studies and generalization researchers employ a variety of approaches such
of practical implementation of EL development as classification and generalization of the known
projects contributed to the formation and definitions [10], generalization of the various

© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved

* Corresponding author E-mail address: r_baryshev@bk.ru

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 Ruslan A. Baryshev, Olga I. Babina… Electronic Library: Genesis, Trends. From Electronic Library to Smart Library

definitions, highlighting some of the key features of the Internet new virtual environment [24,
of EL (technology, purpose, funds and others) [16], 25]. The basis for the formation of modern
and also classification of the most well-known EL approaches to library development is the concept
definitions within functional, technological and of “information society” and associated changes
resource-technological approaches [6]. in social and economic systems.
EL definitions at various times were The term “information society” was
suggested by researchers Alexander Antopolsky, implemented in scientific use in the early ‘60s
Constantin Vigursky [33], Evgeni Gorny [35], almost simultaneously in the US and Japan
Yakov Shraiberg, Felix Voroisky, Tatiana by Fritz Machlup [18] and Tadao Umesao, the
Maistrovich and many others. authors, who have become widely known for their
Definition “electronic library” is often used studies of the knowledge-intensive industries
as a synonym for virtual library and digital dynamics. Japanese researchers had a great
library. However, experts place in question influence on the development of the “information
equvalence of these definitions. Thus Yury society” concept. The term “information
Stolyarov, well-known theorist of librarianship, society”, introduced by Tadao Umesao, received
defining the term “virtual library”, wrote that worldwide recognition after the publication
“this expression is metaphorical, non-strict, of a book by Yoneji Masuda [19]. Russian
conditional”, continuing: “...it has synonyms: scientists Nikita Moiseev, Anatoly Rakitov,
automated, electronic, computer, online.” [28]. Georgy Smolyan, Dmitry Chereshkin made
Eduard Sukiasyan, expert in the field of library contribution to comprehension of the information
terminology, noting the differences in terms of society features. Significant contribution to the
“digital library” and “electronic library”, stated: understanding of the postindustrial society in
“...the term “electronic library” is the most the context of Russian conditions was made by
practical for defining such libraries” [30]. Vladislav Inozemtsev [12]. Starting from the
Updating of EL definition reflects prevalent second half of the 80s, American researchers
in different periods of libraries development began to focus on the role and importance of
understanding of the role and the purpose of EL, knowledge rather than information, which gave
ways to interact with the traditional library. To rise to a whole range of new definitions of modern
a great extend definition differences are due to society, including such definitions as “knowledge
specific expertise of information technology society”, “knowledgeable society”.
integration into library activity, adaptation of “Information society” formation is based
current library activity to changing reader needs, on the advances in information technology. The
and education technology development. It may development of this area has a significant impact
be noted that the most intense changes in the on the EL activity and requires consideration
EL area, reflected in the EL definition as well, during planning of changes in libraries. Analysis
almost always coincided with significant changes of the IT development allows identifying the
in information and communication technologies, main trends in the field of modern information
such as transition to ideas and principles of and telecommunication technologies. According
the Internet 2.0. The concept of Internet 2.0, to IDC, the main growth drivers in 2015 will be
announced by Tim O’Reilly in 2005, inspired cloud and mobile technologies, social networks
researchers to formulate definitions and principles and Big Data [11]. All indicated trends determine
of Library 2.0, which allows considering features the prospects of EL. The penetration of the
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“information society” in professional sphere approaches to EL activity. At the same time, the
and everyday life creates new standards of most important EL component, indicating the
information resources search and providing. need for data structuring, has not lost but increased
New standards of Internet portals user interface the urgency due to the recent appearance of many
stimulate the transfer of the most successful and non-text data types. Integration of useful changes
popular solutions from the space of Internet to the in the library activity is not always successful.
library space. For example, practical embodiment of Library
2.0, integrating achievements of Web 2.0, has
Current state of the problem proved to be extremely difficult. This is due to the
Currently, EL often exists in the form of fact that technological innovations, implemented
additional structure of functioning traditional in the Web 2.0, could not be fully integrated
library. For which reason the EL is associated with into the library, being a contrary to some of the
the presence of an electronic catalog in a library. basic library criteria and, above all, the need
However, some time ago, in the framework of to organize the data on the basis of strict rules
understanding EL occurred detachment from and regulations, which are necessary to describe
the physical infrastructure, required to serve resources.
readers, and emphasis has shifted toward the Underrun of the changes in the library from
virtual part in the defined concept. Electronic changes in the “environment” could lead to the
resources, medium access and features of virtual isolation of libraries in social space. A new step
reader service became the main defining aspects in the adaptation of libraries to external changes
of EL entity [17]. Intensive and systematic and demands of readers is required. We can state
development of distance education, using its own that the background to create libraries of new
information resources, reduces the motivation of qualitative level has formed. We denote it as a
students to search for additional study materials. smart library.
Changes of library “environment”, occurred over
the past ten years, are obvious and significant. Research methodology
The development of the Internet as a means of Research in this sphere is based on
obtaining necessary information resources by a fundamental works of Yury Stolyarov, Anatoly
modern person greatly complicates the activity Vaneev, Nikolay Kartashov [29, 34, 13], which
of traditional libraries and electronic libraries, put forward and analyzed the concept of a
based on those. The constant availability of library as a system and its functions as a whole;
online knowledge dictates requirements for the in the methodology area of open and electronic
organization of readers-library interaction with learning are used known works of Andrey
account of the latest technological innovations. Andreev, Vladimir Tikhomirov [1, 31]. Among
Currently an obvious need for personalizing the the works on the problems of positioning libraries
library service has been formed. in the educational environment as well as the
There is a crisis of not only traditional organization of university library work could be
libraries, but EL, created on their basis. EL, as mentioned publications by Tatiana Eremenko,
well as a traditional library, implements the Galina Kudryashova, Svetlana Galaktionova [5,
main function – the function of providing the 15, 7]. Application-specific questions of library
reader with necessary information. This function activity are covered in research papers in the field
realization requires addition and correction of of electronic library organization, automated
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library systems and Internet-based systems and a relatively new term – “Smart Library”.
by authors: Yakov Shraiberg, Felix Voroisky, Smart library is more general concept, based on
Andrey Zemskov, Alexander Antopolsky, Tatiana a statement of the fact that the main place in a
Maistrovich, Constantin Kolossov [37, 36, 2, 9, library devoted to service and consumer, not
8]. infrastructure, personnel, funds and so on as it
Papers in the field of smart education reflect was some time ago. This concept is characterized
the new paradigm of western education, so- by a tendency to structure a library by function
called “The Learning Explosion”. The following types with division of those functions that can
technologies are used in the organization of be implemented using existing software and
modern education: virtual classroom, social hardware systems and those that are to be partially
media, online communities, Wiki-resources, or fully supported by library staff.
mobile applications, podcasts, blogs, research Smart library, as a concept, reflects
websites [23]. Fragments of knowledge, pieces of the response to such processes as universal
information, obtained from a variety of sources, informatization and internetization. On the
are integrated into the new base system. Virtual one hand, these processes lead to “information
classroom creates educational environment in tsunami”, which cannot be repelled by a person,
the virtual space in order to improve access to and on the other hand, give rise to a user’s need
advanced educational practices through remote for point “rubbish-free” information, which can
interaction between students and teachers. Wiki- only be provided by analytically trained librarians
resources form an adaptive help system. Research and / or “smart” information systems. It may be
sites provide a practical usage of knowledge noted that at present the “correct” smart library
skills. services are becoming in-demand.
Contribution to studies of the information The definition of smart library could be
society was made by Russian researchers Nikolay pre-formulated in terms of library services in a
Moiseev, Anatoly Rakitov, Georgy Smolyan, Ivan following way: “smart library” is a set of various
Melyuhin [21, 26, 27, 20]. electronic resources, accompanied by specialized
library services, which are provided by the use of
Discussion information and communication technologies.
Noteworthy attempts were made in last 5-7 Smart library is a new quality of a library
years to study features of EL with an emphasis in which the expert usage of hardware, services
on reader service and maintenance procedures, and Internet leads to qualitative changes in the
as well as the definition of the EL essence user-librarian interaction, allowing acquisition
through the introduction of terms defining the of new effects for better service. Smart library
library with relation to the organization of these organizes the “smart” work based on the
services. J. Needham and M.Alley analyze “smart” infrastructure, taking into account
library services and outline following services, the needs of users, who play an important role
which can be provided by library to users in in the development of library smart culture.
the information space: request/inquiry, book Technology in the smart library, previously based
circulation, representation and visibility, alerting, on information and knowledge, is transformed
syndication, mobile websites, communication, into technologies, based on interaction and
reservations, notes and records [22]. In this field exchange of experience – smart technology.
of research are “Network” and “Mobile” library, Smart library, using technological innovation and
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the Internet, provides users with the opportunity enriched with semantic links, allows
to acquire knowledge on the basis of the system scientometric measurement based on the
multidimensional vision of knowledge. classification of relations between its data
Following ideas form the basis of smart objects, provides new opportunities for
library concept: the analysis of scientific knowledge body
– Creating of smart environment – certain and new forms of interactive science
services and technological developments activities. Content formation is based on
have reached a high level, allowing expert opinions (e.g., in a university, it is
the development of environment, based on recommendations of teachers).
which begins to approach the natural Usage of information recommended for
intelligence; reading for the formation on the basis
– Mobile access – availability of all digital of “collective creativity” in the social
service types anywhere in the world. network;
These services should be aimed at each – Smart detection of knowledge. Usage of
user individually; information on citation for generating new
– New knowledge creation – on the basis of knowledge. Formation of new ontological
collective creativity, with the involvement relations, building new ontology.
of expert groups, using social networks; – Smart interface (organization of
– Active content – simply placing the interaction with the user). Interface that
content in the repository is not enough for allows interaction with users, the analysis
it to become active. All objects must be of user actions to record and replicate
interconnected. In turn, the quality of the “successful” search strategies.
repository must be monitored due to the – Smart services (e.g., personal
introduction of such systems as e-metrics, informing). Selective Dissemination
and work as a team [31]. of Information (SDI) allows systematic
– Adaptivity – the formation of a customized receiving of signaling information
service set for user requests. Large number on new publications and documents
of sources, the maximum diversity of by permanent and one-time requests
media (audio, video, graphics), the ability formulated by users. Differentiated
to quickly and easily adjust to the level Services for Authority (DOA) contributes
and needs of a user. to leaders’ reasoned decisions on specific
Smart library creation is only possible on issues, problems, questions.
the basis of new information and communication – Mobile applications usage. Providing
technologies and library technology. Such summary information via mobile devices
technologies contain the following: and applications.
– Smart technology of content formation, All of these technologies are not new,
semantic structuring of the content but well tested in different application areas.
of scientific digital libraries on the However, most of these technologies are not
basis of ontology [14]. Organization of in use in librarianship. Personal account, the
scientific electronic libraries information widely used technology, makes these solutions
resources, providing their semantic more promising. Creating a reader personal
structuring. Content of electronic library, account, including even 30 % of the services
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provided by the library, will propel a library to necessary for teaching the reader will be included
the next level of service. Experts of Scientific into the system (personal account) [3, 4].
Library of Siberian Federal University have
started to develop a number of services which, Conclusion
if successfully implemented, will create a smart The transition to smart library will eliminate
library in SFU. As a first step, the developers some of the risks and disadvantages of existing
create a reader personal account with reference library systems. The implementation of a fully
to it those services, the need for which is functional smart library is possible through the
already known. Basic service features providing consistent implementation of individual smart
studying literature to students on the basis of his/ mechanisms and / or smart functions. For instance,
her academic disciplines. It is a complicated task, providing personalized information resources via
which requires download of a data set, including personal account. This work is currently going on
data on academic subjects for the next few years. in Siberian Federal University and the results can
On the basis of these plans electronic resources be measured as positive.

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 Ruslan A. Baryshev, Olga I. Babina… Electronic Library: Genesis, Trends. From Electronic Library to Smart Library

Электронная библиотека: генезис, тренды

от электронной библиотеки к смарт-библиотеке

Р.А. Барышев, О.И. Бабина,

П.А. Захаров, В.П. Казанцева, Н.О. Пиков
Сибирский федеральный университет
Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный 79

Статья предлагает к обсуждению основные тренды в развитии электронных библиотек и

предпосылки к переходу на новый качественный уровень – к смарт-библиотекам. Представлен
исторический обзор формирования понятия «электронная библиотека» как в России, так и
за рубежом. Отдельно выделяется многозначность термина «электронная библиотека» в
России, в качестве синонима к которому выступает большинство терминов в нашей стране.
При этом в рамках западного теоретизирования они часто укладываются в единое понимание
цифровой библиотеки.
Обсуждается широкий спектр проблем электронных библиотек в разрезе многозадачности
понимания роли библиотечного дела в публичной и вузовской среде. Отмечаются различия в
подходах ввиду специфики вузовских задач.
В качестве решения авторы предлагают новый подход построения умной библиотеки
на основе выявления и фиксации целей потребителя. Подход переворачивает парадигму
библиотечного сознания, указывая, что главная роль в библиотеке отводится читателю,
что идет в разрез со многими текущими размышлениями о том, что библиотека – это в
первую очередь площади, фонды и персонал. В тексте раскрывается подход, когда, опираясь
на современные технологии, можно существенно уменьшить значение последних и ввести в
фокус исследователя потребности и роль читателя.
Ключевые слова: электронная библиотека, смарт-библиотека, библиотека, библиотечные
услуги.
Научная специальность: 13.00.00 – педагогические науки, 08.00.00 – экономические науки.