KORBEL FOUNDATION COLLEGE,INC

Purok Spring, Brgy Morales, Koronadal City

BS in Social Work
SY 2021-2022

SUBJECT CODE: SWCA2

Subject Name: SOCIAL WORK ASSESSMENT 2
Module Number: 3
Topic: The Filipino Personality and Social Work
Instructor: Bella D. Lechonsito, RSW

INTRODUCTION

We started the review on the personality theories in Module 2, bringing back

Freud introducing us ID, EGO and Superego. Let us walk through with two
behavioral scientists in this module, Carl Gustav Jung and Carl Rogers. The
theories and concepts they espoused is seen as bases of most if not all of Social
Work belief and principles.

LECTURE/DISCUSSION:

JUNG’S ANALYTIC THEORY

Carl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875. His father was a pastor in a
Swiss Reform Church. He obtained a medical degree and became an assistant in a
mental hospital and psychiatric clinic in Zurich thus he embarked a career in
Psychiatry.

Basic Concepts:
 Jung viewed humans as a combination of teleology and causality.
 Teleology with causality means human behavior is conditioned not only by
individual and racial history (causality) but also aims and aspirations
(teleology). Both the past as actuality and the future as potentiality guide
one’s present behavior.
  Personality is prospective in the sense that it looks ahead to the person’s
future line of development and retrospective in the sense that accounts of
the past.
 The emphasis is on the racial origin of personality. It means humans are
born with many predispositions that have been bequeathed to them by
their ancestors; these predispositions guide their conduct and determine in
part what they will become conscious of and respond to their own world or
experience.

THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Jung referred to the psyche as the total personality. It consist of a number of

differentiated and interacting systems. These are the following;

a. Ego – is the conscious mind. It is made up of conscious perceptions,

memories, thoughts and feelings. The ego is responsible for a person’s
feeling of identity and continuity, and from the viewpoint of the Individual
person it is regarded as being at the center of consciousness.
b. Personal unconscious – is the region adjoining the ego. It consists of
experiences that were ones conscious but which have been repressed,
suppressed and forgotten, or ignored and of experiences that were too
weak in the first place to make a conscious impression upon the person.

Complexes are organized group or constellation of feelings, thought, perceptions

and memories that exist in the personal unconscious.

Example: Mother complex is derived in part from the racial experiences with
mothers and in the part from the child experiences experiences form his/her
mother. Someone whose personality is dominated by their mother has a strong
mother complex. Their thoughts, feelings and actions are guided by the
conception of the mother, what she says and what she feels will mean a great
deal to the person and her image be uppermost in his mind.

c. Collective unconscious is the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited

from one’s ancestral past, a past that includes not only racial history of
 humans as a separate specie but their pre-human and animal ancestry as
well. It is the inherited racial species of the whole structure of personality.

1. Archetypes are universal thoughts from that contains a large element

of emotion. This thought creates images or visions that correspond in
normal waking life to some aspect of the conscious situation.

2. Persona is the mask adopted by the person in response to the

demands of social convention and tradition and to his/her archetypal
needs. The purpose of the mask is to make a definite impression to
others and it often not necessarily conceals the real nature of the
person. It is the public personality, those aspects which one displays to
the world of that public opinion fastened on the individual exists
behind the social façade.

3. Anima and animus . Anima is the feline archetype in man while the
masculine archetype in woman is called Animus. These archetypes,
although they maybe conditioned by the sex chromosomes and sex
glands, are the products of racial experience of man with woman, with
man who has become feminized and by living with man, woman has
become masculinized.

4. Shadow consist of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their

evolution from lower form of life. As an archetype , the shadow is
responsible for our conception of original sin when it is projected
outward, it becomes devil or enemy.

d. Self - considered being the equivalent to the psyche or total personality. It

is the midpoint of personality. It holds this system together and provide the
personality with unity, equilibrium and stability.

e. Attitudes – these are orientation of personality referred to as extroversion

and introversion. The extraverted attitude orients the person towards the
external objective worlds while the introverted attitude orients the person
toward the inner subjective world.
 Four Fundamental Psychological Functions

1. Thinking is ideational and intellectual, by thinking, humans try to

comprehend the world and themselves
2. Feelings is the evaluation function, it is value of things whether positive or
negative, with reference to the subject
3. Sensing is the perceptual or reality function. It yields concrete facts and
representation of the world
4. Intuition is perception by way of unconscious processes and subliminal
contents. The intuitive person goes beyond facts and feelings and ideas and
their search for the essence of reality.

The Dynamics of Personality.

 Psychic Energy is the manifestation of life energy that is the enemy of

organism as a biological system. Jung’s term for life of energy is libido.
 Psychic Value is the amount of psychic energy invested in the element of
personality
 The Principle of Equivalence – if the energy expended in bringing about a
certain condition, that amount expended will appear elsewhere in another
system.
 The Principle of Energy – the distribution of energy from the psyche seeks
and equilibrium or balance.

CARL ROGERS

Carl Rogers was born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois and died February 4 ,
1987.He was the middle child in a large, close –knit family where hard work and
highly conservative Protestant Christianity were about equally revered. He
became interested in scientific agriculture then later exposed to a liberal
philosophy viewpoint of religion. He was introduced to clinical psychology and
later became an intern at the Institute of Child Guidance. After obtaining his
Doctor’s degree in Psychology, he joined the staff of Rochester Guidance Center
and later became its director.
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into ‘YOU”
and “your” perception of “your” experiences. This view argues that you are free
to choose your own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and
reinforces. Issues dealing with self- esteem, self-fulfillment and needs are
paramount. The major focus is to facilitate personal development. Two major
theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Carl Rogers feels that each person operates from a unique frame of reference in
terms of building Self regard on his or her self –concept. Self-concept is one’s own
belief about oneself. This belief stems in part from the notion of unconditional
Positive regard and conditional Positive Regard.
Unconditional positive regards occurs when individuals especially parents
demonstrates unconditional love. Conditional positive regards is when that love
seems to only come when certain condition are met. Roger’s theory states that
psychological healthy people enjoy life to the fullest, hence they are seen fully
functioning people.

CORE PERSONALITY

Core tendency is the tendency to actualize one’s inherent potentialities. This

potential exists in all living organisms, even in plants. Humans possess an
additional form that is the attempt to self actualized.

Core Characteristics

Self: the person’s conscious sense of who and what he/she is. Is available
awareness, although not always in awareness.

 Gradually emerges through experiences with verbal labels such as “I” or

“Me”
 Phenomenological reality is a person’s private perception of reality
(whether or not it agrees with objective reality) An experience is the
 highest authority, if you are not good looking or smart, this is part of your
concept regardless of reality.
 Need for Positive Regard is the universal need for acceptance, love and
approval from others, particularly important during infancy.
 Need for Positive Self-regard is when acceptance and approval come from
within the individual and forms part of self-concept.

DEVELOPMENT

Rogers does not specify any development stage, but does make some comments.
Of basic importance is the fact that one’s inherent potentialities are genetically
determined, while the self concept is socially determined. Thus there is a
possibility of a differences between the two. The important influencers are:
1. Conditional Positive Regards is the granting of love and approval only
when behaving in accordance with the parent’s wishes or when parents
withdraw love if the child misbehaves.
 Incongruence is when there is split in organism experiences and self –
concept. Incongruence prevents self-actualization and leads to defensive
behavior. Major defenses: Denial ( repression), Distortion
 Unconditional Positive Regard refers to the gaining of love and approval
regardless of individual’s behavior. Does not mean lack of restraint. If the
child runs in front of the truck, stop him and tell him its dangerous, but
don’t spank him and tell him he is bad, evil boy. (Rogers is against
punishment as a means of controlling behavior).
 Congruence is when the self concept is in agreement with inherent
potentialities and there are minimal conditions of worth. Leads to openness
to experience and development of a fully functioning person.

Periphery of Personality
Roger’s discusses only two broad types: one where the self-actualizing tendency is
vigorously functioning and one where is not.
Fully functioning Person – the ideal has received unconditional positive regard,
has few conditions of worth and has congruence between self and potentialities.
Characteristics:
a. Openness to experience – opposite of defensiveness. It is reflective and
much emotional depth (for both pleasure and pain)
b. Existential living – living fully in each and every moment. The absence of
rigidity is flexible, adaptable and spontaneous.
c. Organism trusting –
 Intuitive living – the ability to accept information from all bases
 Experience is the highest authority. If it feels right, it probably is
better than conscious thought – very different from Freud;
d. Experiential Freedom – the freedom to choose among alternatives
e. Creativity – the ability to produce new and effective ideas and things.

Maladjusted Person has received conditional positive regard and develops

condition of worth. There is incongruence between self and potentialities.
Characteristics:
a. Defensive living – not open to experience
b. Live according to pre conceived plans- generally laid down by parents
c. Disregards organisms- not intuitive
d. Feels manipulated- not free to choose
e. Common and conforming

Other comments:
f. Comparison of ideals. There is a certain of selfishness in Roger’s theory.
One critic has called Humanistic Psychology “ the narcissism of culture” that
we are lost in self love that we fail to relate outside reality. Example:
compare the following ideal adjective of Adler and Rogers;
 Adler – responsible ,capable, committed, effective, adaptable to
social realities, social interest;
  Rogers – experiential richness, flexibility, range of living,
immediacy, change spontaneity
g. Four characteristics of successful therapist. Rogers believe that these
characteristics of the person doing the therapy where more important than
the therapist’s philosophy or technique. Incidentally, reports support this
position.

Congruence: Good therapist cannot be phony; they must be able to relate to

others honestly and sincerely. They do not have to be perfect, but they cant be
defensive when relating with others. Cannot play games with client.

Empathy : Must be able to put yourself in your client’s shoes. Must be accurate
empathy- not just ” Yeah, I know what you are telling . . .”
Learn from clients; Good therapist shut up and listen. Therapy is a two way
process and the therapist should benefit from the therapy too. Rogers always did
12-20 hours of therapy/week.

Unconditional Positive Regard One must genuinely like the client. You do not have
to approve his/her behavior, but must separate the sins from the sinner.
(Incident, in seeking out of therapist, make sure you get this feeling )

THE PERSON CENTERED APPROACH

While Maslow is more of a theorist , Carl Rogers was more of a therapist. His
professional goal was more on helping people change and improve their lives. He
was a true follower of humanistic ideation and is often considered the person
who gave psychotherapy its basic humanistic undertones.
Rogers believe in several key concepts that he believe must be present in order
for a healthy change to take place. His approach to treatment is called Client’s or
Person centered Therapy because it sees the individual rather than the therapist
or the treatment process as the center of effective change. This basic concepts
include:
1. Unconditional Positive Regard : the therapist must believe that people are
basically good and must demonstrate this belief to client. Without
unconditional positive regard, the client will not disclose certain
information, could feel unworthy and may hold unto negative aspects of
self. Accepting the client’s innate worth while does not mean accepting all
actions the client may exhibit.
2. Non-Judgemental attitude: Along with seeing the personas worthy, the
therapist should never pass judgement on the individual. Rogers believe
that people are competent in seeking their mistakes and knowing what
needs to change even if they may not initially admit it. He also believed that
by judging a person, you are more likely to prevent disclosure.
3. Disclosure: Disclosure refers to the sharing of personal information. Unlike
psychoanalysis and many approaches to therapy, Rogers believed that in
order for the client to disclose, the therapist must do the same. Research
has shown that we share information at about same level as the other
person. Therefore, remaining secretive as the therapist encourages the
client to hold back important information.
4. Reflection: Rogers believed that key to understanding the self was not
interpretation, but rather reflection. By reflecting a person’s words in a
different manner, you can accomplish two things: 1) it shows the client that
you are paying attention, thinking about what he/she is saying and
understanding the underlying thoughts and feelings. 2) it allows the client
to hear their own thoughts in a different way. Many have said that their
beliefs become more real once someone else present back them up;

By following these concepts, therapy becomes self exploration where the

therapist is the guide rather than the director. The client according to Rogers, has
the answer and direction. It is the therapist’s job to help them find it.
SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION

Rogers believed that human have a fundamental need to realize their potentials,
a need to what he referred to as self-actualization. We use the need as basis for
evaluating our experiences in life – those that enhance our development are seen
as positive experiences differently and thus come to develop different sets of
values.
Key Concepts
 Relationship is the keystone of the therapeutic process
 Individuals have the capacity for self- understanding and growth. Clients
have potential to use help in a climate of trust and respect established
 Helping professional’s genuineness, emphatic understanding and
acceptance are necessary conditions for effective helping relationships
 A helping profession is not viewed as an authority who knows best
 A helping professional focuses on understanding client
 Approach to helping is not directive, clients take lead and defines problem

VIEW OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Centers of emergence of individual’s self-concept and his/her ability to maximize
potentials (self-actualization) and respect shown by developing individual.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
High value placed on the client’s personal meaning of experiences. It is important
to understand the client’s personal systems of meaning and to clarify the change
the individual is seeking.
It is felt that different values and beliefs may hamper the relationship; social
worker should be able and willingly, openly discuss this with the client;
APPLICATION TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
 Compatible with Social Work theories
 Commitment to self-determination and worth of the individual
 Beliefs in the client ability to change, to move forward from maladjustment
toward a greater well-being
 Therapeutic conditions espoused by this theory should be part of all social
works interactions with client
 However Social work should examine own beliefs and attitudes about self-
worth individuals in the population she or he is working with.

ASSESSMENT:
Students will be able to use the knowledge on theories and concepts presented in
analyzing cases of clients and be able to facilitate resolving client’s problems and
issues. A case summary will be given.

References:
Leonora S. de Guzman, et al. Review Notes in Social Work, SSWAP. Manila, 1978
Thelma Lee Mendoza, SW220 Social Human Behavior and Social Change Unit,
IPOU an UP, 1995
Oscar P. Ferrer, SW/CD 201 Philippine Social Reality and Development. IPOU and
UP, 1996
Isabel Panopio, et al. General Sociology, Focus on the Philippines, Kon,Inc, Quezon
City, 1995
Social Work Review Notes, ADDU 2019
Calvin S. Hall and Gardner Linszey, Theories of Personality