RESEARCH METHODOLOY

other hand, in the case of Conclusion-oriented research, the researcher is free to choose the
problem, redesign the enquiry as it progresses and even change conceptualization as he/she
wishes to. An operation research is a kind of decision-oriented research, where in scientific
method is used in providing the departments, a quantitative basis for decision -making with
respect to the activities under their purview.

Steps in Research Process

Research process contains a series of closely related activities which has to carry out by a
researcher. Research process requires patients. There is no measure that shows your research is
the best. It is an art rather than a science. Following are the main steps in social or business
research process.
1. Selection of Research Problem
2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Sampling
6. Data collection
7. Data Analysis
8. Hypothesis Testing
9. Generalization and Interpretation
10. Preparation of Report
Selection of Research Problem
The selection of topic for research is a difficult job. When we select a title or research statement,
then other activities would be easy to perform. So, for the understanding thoroughly the problem
it must have to discuss with colleagues, friend, experts and teachers. The research topic or
problem should be practical, relatively important, feasible, ethically and politically acceptable.
Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey
After the selection of research problem, the second step is that of literatu re mostly connected
with the topics. The availability of the literature may bring ease in the research. For this purpose
academic journals, conference and govt. reports and library must be studied.

DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 9

 RESEARCH METHODOLOY
Making Hypothesis
The development of hypothesis is a technical work depends on the researcher experience. The
hypothesis is to draw the positive & negative cause and effect aspects of a problem. Hypothesis
narrows down the area of a research and keep a researcher on the right path.
Preparing the Research Design
After the formulation of the problem and creating hypothesis for it, research Design is to prepare
by the researcher. It may draw the conceptual structure of the problem. Any type of research
design may be made, depend on the nature and purpose of the study. Daring R. Design the
information about sources, skill, time and finance is taken into consideration.
Sampling
The researcher must design a sample. It is a plan for taking its respondents from a specific areas
or universe. The sample may be of two types:
1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-probability Sampling
Data collection
Data collection is the most important work, is researcher. The collection of information must be
containing on facts which is from the following two types of researcher.
Primary Data Collection: Primary data may be from the following.
1. Experiment
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Interview
Secondary data collection: it has the following categories:
1. Review of literature
2. Official and non-official reports
3. Library approach
Data Analysis
When data is collected, it is forwarded for analysis which is the most technical job. Data analysis
may be divided into two main categories.
Data Processing: it is sub-divided into the following.

DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 10

 RESEARCH METHODOLOY
Data editing, Data coding, Data classification, Data tabulation, Data presentation, Data
measurement
Data Exposition: Date Exposition has the following sub-categories.
Description, Explanation, Narration, Conclusion/Findings, Recommendations/Suggestions
Hypothesis Testing
Research data is then forwarded to test the hypothesis. Do the hypothesis are related to the f acts
or not? To find the answer the process of testing hypothesis is undertaken which may result in
accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Generalization and Interpretation
The acceptable hypothesis is possible for researcher to arrival at the process of generalization or
to make & theory. Some types of research has no hypothesis for which researcher depends upon
on theory which is known as interpretation.
Preparation of Report
A researcher should prepare a report for which he has done is his work. He must keep in his
mind the following points:
Report Design in Primary Stages
The report should carry a title, brief introduction of the problem and background followed by
acknowledgement. There should be a table of contents, grapes and charts.
Main Text of the Report
It should contain objectives, hypothesis, explanations and methodology of the research. It must
be divided into chapters and every chapter explains separate title in which summary of the
findings should be enlisted. The last section would be clearly of conclusions to show the main
theme of the R-study.
Closing the Report
After the preparation of report, the last step in business research process contains of
bibliography, references, appendices, index and maps or charts for illustration. For this purpose
the information should more clearer.

Ethics in Business Research

Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our
relationship with others.

DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 11

 RESEARCH METHODOLOY
As in other aspects of business, all parties in research should exhibit ethical behavior.
The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffered adverse
consequences from research activities.
However, unethical activities are pervasive and include violating non-disclosure agreement,
breaking respondent confidentiality, misrepresenting results, deceiving people, invoicing
irregularities, avoiding legal liability, and more.
⚫ As research is designed, several ethical considerations must be balanced:
⚫ Protect the rights of the participant or subject.
⚫ Ensure the sponsor receives ethically conducted and reported research
⚫ Follow ethical standards when designing research
⚫ Protect the safety of the researcher and team
⚫ In general, research must be designed so a respondent does not suffer physical harm,
discomfort, pain, embarrassment, or loss of privacy. Begin data collection by explaining
to respondent the benefits expected from the research.
⚫ Explain that their rights and well-being will be adequately protected and say how that
will be done. Be certain that interviewers obtain in the inform consent of the respondent.
The use of deception is questionable; when it is used, debrief any respondent who has
been deceived.
Limitations of Social Science Research
⚫ The question of objectivity has been central to the methodological debates of the social
sciences from the beginning. It means the willingness and ability to examine evidence
dispassionately. It is the first condition of research.
Limits of social science
a) Social scientist is part of human society and their judgments are subjective and coloured by
researchers own experience.
b) The subject matter of social science research is too complex. All propositions are limited
particular social groups and contexts.
c) All members of the society have different values, social researcher will unconsciously
influenced by their values.

DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 12

 RESEARCH METHODOLOY
d) Social scientist fails to achieve objectivity because the respondents are human beings have
certain human problems. e.g. refusal of respondent, improper understanding, reluctance etc,. All
these problems cause biases and invalidate the research findings and conclusions.

DR. VAISHALI PAGAIRA 13