Gc 2 Wk 3 Slm 3

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
SECOND SEMESTER – QUARTER 3

SLM 3: Ways of Expressing Solution Concentration
Learning objectives:
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
a. Identify the different ways of expressing the concentration of a solution;
b. Carry out stoichiometric calculations involving reactions in solution.; and
c. Recognize the importance of understanding the different ways of expressing solution
concentration.
In Chemistry, solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of solute, the dissolved matter in a solution and
solvent, a substance capable of dissolving other substances. The quantity of solute present in a given quantity of
solvent or solution is called concentration.
Several methods can be used to quantitatively express the concentration of the solution. These include
percent by mass, percent by volume, percent mass by volume, mole fraction, molarity, molality and parts per million
(ppm).
Ways of Expressing Solution Concentration

1. Percent by Mass (m/m). It is referred as the mass of solute, in grams(g), present in 100 g of solution.
Example 1. A sample of 0.446 g sodium chloride (NaCl) is dissolved in 27.3 g water (H 2O). What is the percent by
mass of NaCl?
2. Percent by Volume(v/v). It is referred as the volume of solute present in 100 mL of solution.
Example 2. A 1.75-L bottle wine contains 560 mL of ethanol. What is the v/v percent concentration of ethanol?
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General Chemistry 2 SLM 3: Ways of Expressing Solutions
3. Percent mass by volume(m/v). It is referred as the mass of solute, in g, present in 100 mL of solution.
Example 3. If 30.0 g calcium chloride, CaCl2, is present in 0.5000 L of aqueous solution, what is its concentration in
terms of mass/volume percent?
4. Parts Per Million, ppm. This unit of concentration is referred as the parts of a component per million parts (10 6 or
1,000,000) of the solution and is usually used if the quantity of solute present in a solution is very small.
Example 4. If there is 1.102 mg of silver (Ag) in 696 g of solution, what is the concentration of Ag in ppm?
5. Molarity. It is another unit of concentration defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.
Example 5. What is the molarity of a solution containing 37.4 g of NaCl in 6.8 liters solution?
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6. Molality. It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent.
Example 6a. Calculate the molality of a sulfuric acid solution containing 48.8 g of sulfuric acid in 396 g of water.
Example 6b. Calculate the molality of a 10.0 % CaCl2 by weight. (Atomic mass: Ca = 40.08 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol)
7. Mole Fraction. It is a unitless quantity that expresses the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the
total number of moles of the solution.
Example 7. A solution is prepared by adding 400.8 g ethanol, C2H5OH to 287.8 g H2O. Calculate the mole fractions of
these two components. (Molar masses: C2H5OH = 46.07 g/mol; H2O =18.02 g/mol)
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Solution Stoichiometry
Understanding solution concentration is important because it gives a concrete idea on how much solute and
solvent are necessary to prepare such solution. Also, in stoichiometric calculation, solution concentration can be
used as a conversion factor to determine the amount of product that can be produced in a chemical reaction.
Example 8. Determine the mass, in grams, of solid Mg(OH)2 that can be produced if 90.0 mL of a 1.26 M
Mg(NO3)2 solution completely reacts with excess NaOH. (Atomic mass: Mg = 24.31 g/mol; O = 16.00 g/mol; N = 14.01
g/mol; Na = 22.99 g/mol; H = 1.008 g/mol)
Solution:
• Before you will answer the problem, try to recall your previous lesson on the following:
✓ Writing chemical formula, the crisscross method.
✓ Types of chemical reaction, such as, combination, single replacement, double replacement.
• To calculate the amount of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, produced, first, we must write the
balance chemical equation.
• Then, calculate moles of Mg(NO3)2.
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• Next, calculate the mass of Mg(OH)2.
Example 9. Calculate the mass, in grams, of 6.00% H2O2 solution is needed to produce 132.6 g of O 2 (g).
Solution:
• Write the balanced chemical equation
• Calculate moles O2.
• Calculate mass of H2O2 solution.
References:
Omaguing, Agustina. (2020). General Chemistry 2 - Grade 12. Dumaguete City: Department of Education -
Schools Division of Negros Oriental.
Self - Learner’s Module for General Chemistry 2. Region-V DepEd., Rawis, Legaspi City
Raymond Chang. Chemistry, tenth edition, The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
New York, 2008.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2. Commission on Higher
Education, 2016
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

SECOND SEMESTER – QUARTER 3

Ways of Expressing Solution Concentration

2. Percent by Volume(v/v). It is referred as the volume of solute present in 100 mL of solution.

• Then, calculate moles of Mg(NO3)2.

• Calculate moles O2.

• Calculate mass of H2O2 solution.

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