2024

In an experiment to study independent inheritance of two separate traits: shape and colour of seeds,
the ratio of the different combinations in F2 progeny would be (A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 2 : 1 (C) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(D) 9 : 1 : 1 : 3

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independent-inheritance-two-separate-traits-shape-and-colour-seeds

2023

The statement that correctly describes the characteristic(s) of a gene is :

1. In individuals of a given species, a specific gene is located on a particular chromosome.

2. A gene is not the information source for making proteins in the cell.

3. Each chromosome has only one gene located all along its length.

4. All the inherited traits in human beings are not controlled by genes.

In cattle, having horns is a recessive trait (h) to not having horns (H). When cattle with homs are
crossed with cattle that do not have horns, the number of offspring having horns was equal to those
not having homs. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to be true?

a. Both parents are homozygous dominant.

b. One parent is homozygous dominant.

c. Both parents are heterozygous.

d. One parent is heterozygous.

Assertion (A) : Genes inherited from the parents decide the sex of a child. Reason (R) : X
chromosome in a male child is inherited from his father.

In order to trace the inheritance of traits Mendel crossed pea plants having one contrasting
character or a pair of contrasting characters. When he crossed pea plants having round and yellow
seeds with pea plants having wrinkled and green seeds, he observed that no plants with wrinkled
and green seeds were obtained in the F1 generation. When the F1 generation pea plants were
cross-bred by self-pollination, the F2 generation had seeds with different combinations of shape
and colour also.

(a) Write any two pairs of contrasting characteristics of pea plant used by Mendel other than those
mentioned above.

(b) Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits.

(c) State the ratio of the combinations observed in the seeds of F2 generation (in the above case).
What do you interpret from this result ?

OR

(c) Given below is a cross between a pure violet flowered pea plant (V) and a pure white flowered
pea plant (v). Diagrammatically explain what type of progeny is obtained in F1 generation and
F2 generation :
Pure violet flowered plant (VV) x Pure white flowered plant (vv)

2021

What is variation ? List two main reason that may lead to variation in a population .

(a) Name the two types of gametes produced by men.

(b) Does a male child inherit X chromosome from his father? Justify.

(c) How many types of gametes are produced by a human female ?

(i) In a cross between violet flowered plants and white flowered plants, state the characteristics of
the plants obtained in the F1 progeny.

(ii) If the plants of F1 progeny are self-pollinated, then what would be observed in the plants of
F2 progeny ?

(iii) If 100 plants are produced in F2 progeny, then how many plants will show the recessive trait ?

(i) In a cross between violet flowered (VV) plants and white flowered (vv) plants, the plants obtained
in the F1 progeny will bear purple flowers as purple flower is dominant trait. Genotype of the
F1 progeny will be heterozygous (Vv).

(ii) If the plants of F1 progeny are self-pollinated, the plants in F2 generation will be purple flowered
and white flowered in a ratio of 3:1

(iii) If 100 plants are produced in F2 progeny, then 25 plants will show the recessive trait.

A cross was made between green-stemmed tomato plants denoted by (GG) and purple-stemmed
tomato plants denoted as (gg) to obtain F1 progeny.(a) What colour of the stem would you expect
in their F1 progeny and why ?
(b) Give the percentage of purple-stemmed plants if F1 plants are allowed to self-pollinate to
produce F2 progeny.
(c) Write the ratio between GG and gg plants in the F2 progeny ?

2020

Assertion (A): The sex of a child in human beings will be determined by the type of chromosome
he/she inherits from the father. Reason (R): A child who inherits the 'X' chromosome from his
father would be a girl (XX), while a child who inherits a 'Y' chromosome from the father would be a
boy (XY).

(a) Why did Mendel carry out an experiment to study inheritance of two traits in garden-pea ?

(b) What were his findings with respect to inheritance of traits in and generation ?

(c) State the ratio obtained in the generation in the above mentioned experiment.
a) Mendel carried out an experiment to study the inheritance of two traits in garden pea because of
the following:

 traits are easily observable in peas,

 the life cycle is short as compared to others,

 a large number of offsprings and cross-pollination was easy as compared to others.

A green stemmed rose plant denoted by GG and a brown stemmed rose plant denoted by gg
are allowed to undergo a cross with each other. (a) List your observations regarding : (i)
Colour of stem in their F1 progeny (ii) Percentage of brown stemmed plants in F2 progeny if
plants are self pollinated. (iii) Ratio of GG and Gg in the F2 progeny. (b) Based on the findings
of this cross, what conclusion can be drawn?Try to explain with a diagram 3

(a) Why is the progeny always of tall plants when a tall pea plant is crossed with a
short pea plant?

(b) How is progeny obtained by self-pollination of F1 progeny different from

progeny ? Give reason for this observation.

(c) State a conclusion that can be drawn on the basis of this observation.

a) The cross between tall and short pea plant produces the tall progeny. The tall progeny is
present in heterozygous condition and the tall trait is dominant that expresses itself and
suppresses the expression of the short trait.

b) In the F2 progeny, one-quarter of the plants are short and rest are tall. It has 1:2:1 ratio of
TT, Tt And tt trait combinations.

c) From these observations we conclude that in f1 generation all plants are tall but in f2
generation, one-third of the progeny will be tall and rest will be short, as the phenotypic
ratio of the tall and short plant will be 3:1.

2019

Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny was obtained by
Mendel in F1 and F2 generations when he crossed the tall and short plants? Write the ratio
he obtained in F2 generation plants.

In a pea plant, the trait of flowers bearing purple colour (PP) is dominant over white colour
(PP). Explain the inheritance pattern of F1 and F2 generations with the help of a cross
following the rules of inheritance of traits. State the visible characters of F1 and F2
progenies.

With the help of Mendel’s experiments show that

(i) traits may be dominant or recessive, and

(ii) traits are inherited independently.
2014

All the variations in a species do not have equal chances of survival. Why? 1

According to .Survival of the fittesť, only the species which can adapt themselves to the environment
can survive. Selection of the variants occurs by the different environmental factors. This forms the
basis for evolution. Also, when a new change or variation occurs it means that the DNA constitution
and the bodily cell apparatus also undergo genetic changes which result in the formation of a new
variant. However, this change in the DNA might not be able to survive in the new environment. So,
the DNA may get damaged and may stop functioning regularly which will affect the survival of the
variant. The variations or the changes that are helpful and help in the evolution of the species will
survive while the others will perish.

What is a gene

What is heredity?