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    Republic of Iraq

    Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research


    Southern Technical University
    Thi-QarTechnical College
    Electromechanical Systems Engineering Department

    Automation &Control

    Lecture 1
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    Mechatronic Systems
    Mechatronic Systems Introduction
    As products and technological operations become increasingly complex to meet demands
    on performance, reliability, and cost and In addition to being interdisciplinary in nature
    involving synergistic interaction of many engineering fields and applied sciences,
    through the use the technologies for mechanics, electrics and electronics, hydraulic and
    pneumatic with information technologies and computer technologies together to achieve
    the system goals which cannot be achieved through a purely engineering system alone as
    mechanical or electrical ..... etc. This made Mechatronics emerge as a new branch
    of engineering. Therefore best define of mechatronic is:

    Mechatronics engineering is multidisciplinary engineering field that combines between


    the techniques of the mechanical, electronic, electrical and information technology
    to form both functional interaction and spatial integration in the components and
    systems”. as shown in figure (1) .The main objective of the mechatronics is to
    create a smart systems and the smart equipment’s , that which it can aware of their
    surroundings and can make decisions working to increasing the efficiency in the work
    with high effectiveness.

    Figure (1)

    2
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    The mechanism of work of Mechatronics systems as follows: system takes and deals with
    variables from the surrounding environment, and process them to generate response
    output signals, and convert them, for example, into forces, movements and actions , as shown
    in scheme (2).

    Figure (2)

    1. Introduction to the Automated control System:


    A control system is a set of mechanical or electronic devices that regulates other devices or
    systems by way of control loops. Typically, control systems are computerized. Control
    systems are a central part of production and distribution in many industries.

    Automation is becoming involved in a different fields of the human life like business,
    banking and office works for operating equipment of systems , steering of vehicles,
    aircraft, ships, and other applications , but are mainly involved in the industrial field.

    3
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    What are the main types of control systems?

    There are two types of control systems commonly used: open-loop and closed-loop
    systems.

    Open loop

    These control systems operate with human input. The control action is independent of
    the output. In household use, a washing machine is an example of an open-loop system
    because someone needs to make selections among the settings for it runs. A time-based
    traffic light system is an industrial example of an open-loop control system, where
    traffic engineers must decide the timing for the stop, go and caution lights.

    Figure (3). an open-loop control system


    Closed loop

    These systems can be actively managed or set to operate autonomously. They use
    feedback signals from the system to provide automatic control and maintain specific
    settings or a desired state without human intervention.

    A thermostat is an example of a closed-loop system. It turns a heating system on and off


    based on signals it receives from sensors that monitor air temperature. Temperature
    control is a particularly important part of maintaining a proper data center environment.
    Figure 2 also depicts a feedback control system. The control system needs feedback
    data to control the device.

    Figure (4). an Closed-loop control system


    4
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    Automation or automatic control can be defined as the technology by which a process or


    procedure is perform with minimal human intervention or the operation have be
    completely automated i.e. without any human intervention.

    The object of the automation systems is use of various control systems for operating
    equipment’s and processes with the best use of available resources, material, money and
    machines and the human workers function is limited to machine supervisory control,
    corrective adjustment, and retooling of the automated machine for product changes.
    The term ‘automation’ brings together two ideas: the notion of the machines which is
    designed to perform mechanically processes, and the notion of an automatic control
    system to direct them. Automation has been achieved by various means including
    mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices, sensors and computers,
    usually in combination.

    2. The applications of Automation systems:


    There are many applications of automation systems in our lives and the following are some of
    them:
    Automation applications in Industrial & production operations.

    Robotic Assembly Lines.

    Transportation Applications:- Automation systems use in various ways in the


    transportation fields and their services, include airline, vehicles and trains reservation as well
    control the traffic management, automatic pilots in aircraft and control the
    locomotives motion.

    Building automation:- A building automation system is a system, or set of systems, that


    provide automated control and monitoring within a building.

    Management the Power stations & electrical transformers.


    Automated Security System:- these systems are integrations of computation,
    networking, physical processes networks monitor with feedback loops.

    Space Applications:- the automation systems management the works of space stations
    through controls the energy, data transmission between satellite and earth or between two
    satellites..... etc.
    Automation Banking:- Provide some of the advantages in this field like the security:
    where the automation banking enhances the security in data processing for costumers ,
    Banking online Services and banking services ( ATM : Automated teller machine).....etc.

    5
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    3.What is Industrial Automation?


    Industrial automation is the using a set of scientific and engineering techniques
    with controlling systems to handling with machineries, industrial processes and
    productivity to enable automatic operation for these processes and machinery
    without the need for human workers.

    1. Why Industrial Automation?


    Industrial automation improves the rate of production through superior control of
    production. It helps to produce bulk by significantly reducing product processing
    time with better quality. In addition to the safety of operators during work.

    2. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrial Automation

    The Advantages of Industrial Automation:


    1.Increasing in the productivity.
    2.Improving the quality of the product.
    3.Control of the production cost.
    4.Reduction in the time of production.
    5.Increase in accuracy and repeatability for the work.
    6.Better safety to the human.

    The Disadvantages of Industrial Automation


    1.Causing more pollution.
    2.High initial costs for construction.
    3.Increase in the unemployment.
    4.Increase in the unpredictable costs through the working like improves the automation
    system, maintenance and training.

    What does an Automation Engineer do?

    1. The Automation Engineer sets up the automation of a manufacturing operation


    complete . The aim is to streamline the manufacturing process and make it as
    efficient as possible.
    2. The Automation Engineer capable of dealing with modern technologies and their
    applications including: the automatic control systems and artificial intelligence
    techniques

    6
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    3.The automation engineer must understand the process and its needs to select the
    appropriate instruments to monitor and control all the necessary variables.
    4.Choose and programming a controller and ensuring the proper communication
    between the actuators and control unit with electrical or mechanical parts and
    finally monitoring the automation processes on an ongoing basis.

    4.The basic classification of industrial automation:


    From a practical standpoint, there are three major types of industrial automation: fixed
    automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation

    1. Fixed automation (Hard automation):


    This type of automation is used when the volume of production is very high and
    therefore it is appropriate to design specialized equipment to process this
    product effectively and at high production rate.
    Example: Automobile industry, steel rolling, paper production. The characteristics of this
    type of automation are:
     This control system is designed to perform a specific task.
     Functions of control circuit are fixed and permanent and it’s difficult to
    accommodate changes in the control system design. For this it’s called hard
    automation.
    7
    Introduction to Mechatronic Systems

    4.2. The Programmable Automation:


    This type of automation is effective when the manufacturing volume is relatively low
    (i.e., it changes from a few to a thousand) This form of automation was began with the
    arrival of the computer .Industry robots and other controller-based systems fall under
    this type of automation, the characteristics of this type of automation are:
    It is flexible because of a computer control,
    This type of automation has the capability handle variations in the equipment and
    sequence of operations to accommodate the new product configurations.

    4.3. Flexible automation (Soft automation):


    This type of automation is used for mid volume production size. It possesses some of
    the features of both fixed automation and programmable automation. The relative
    positions of the three types of automation for different production volumes and
    product varieties are depicted in the figure (3).

    Figure (5)

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