Penta Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for

Wireless Communication, C and X band

Applications

Abstract:
Abstract— This paper presents a patch antenna which produces penta band. Several
rectangular patches have been arranged in C and zig-zag formation, having one slot cut out
from the main patch. The design is of volume 15x20x1.6 cubic mm. The ground is identical to
the base of the substrate without any defect. Frequency bands produced by the prototype are
Band1: (4.016 - 4.155 GHz)/ 4.085GHz, Band 2: (4.508 - 4.679 GHz)/ 4.593GHz, Band 3:
(6.799 - 7.148 GHz)/ 6.973GHz, Band 4: (7.456 - 7.673 GHz)/ 7.564GHz, Band 5: (9.571 -
9.865GHz)/ 9.718GHz, these bands fall under S, C and X band applications in accordance with
IEEE.
The significance of the following design is that it produces a good dip and has
miniaturized dimensions. It covers a wide range of wireless applications like weather radar,
bluetooth headphones, surveillance, Terrestrial communications and networking. The study
drove us to a conclusion that if a patch is regular it will produce less radiation also multi band
characteristics are achieved by uniting multiple rectangular patches.

Introduction:
Patch antennas play a very significant role in today’s world of wireless
communication systems. The prospect of this design is to obtain a small size, light
weight and low cost miniaturized antenna with good antenna characteristics and
ease of integration using feed networks.

● In the past years , many wireless communication technologies have

emerged such as Wireless local Area Network(WLAN) , Wireless
interoperability for microwave access, Wireless Broadband etc.
● RF communication systems are becoming more and more compact; hence
the antennas used in RF communication systems need to be compact in
size, easily integrated with RF circuitry and responsive to the desired
polarization with large bandwidth and high gain.
 ● Also today’s communication system requires multiple switching
frequencies and to accomplish this need multiband antennas are required.

Tools And Software Used:

The design and simulation of Penta microstrip patch antennas involve
various tools and software, including:

 Antenna analysis tools: These tools are used to calculate various

antenna parameters such as input impedance, radiation patterns,
directivity, gain, and bandwidth. Some commonly used antenna
analysis tools for Penta microstrip patch antennas are Ansoft HFSS,
CST Microwave Studio, and FEKO.
 CAD tools: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software is used to draw the
antenna geometry and create a 3D model for simulation. Some
commonly used CAD tools for Penta microstrip patch antennas are
SolidWorks, AutoCAD, and ANSYS.
 Optimization tools: These tools are used to optimize the antenna
performance by adjusting the antenna geometry or parameters. Some
commonly used optimization tools for Penta microstrip patch antennas
are MATLAB, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Genetic
Algorithm (GA).
 Simulation tools: Electromagnetic (EM) simulation software is used to
simulate the antenna performance in different operating conditions.
Some commonly used simulation tools for Penta microstrip patch
antennas are Ansoft HFSS, CST Microwave Studio, and FEKO.
 Test and measurement equipment: These tools are used to validate
the simulated results of the Penta microstrip patch antenna by
performing experiments in a controlled environment. Some commonly
used test and measurement equipment for Penta microstrip patch
antennas are network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, and signal
generators.
 The selection of tools and software depends on the specific
requirements of the Penta microstrip patch antenna design and the
expertise of the designer.
  MATLAB: A programming language and software environment used
for designing and simulating various types of antennas, including
microstrip patch antennas.

Antenna Dimensions:
Figure 5 shows the final design of our antenna having ground wg x lg (15x20 sq. mm) identical
to the base of substrate of dimension Wsub X Lsub X Hsub (15mmx20mmx1.6mm). Some L
shaped and I shaped patches of nonidentical dimensions are united on the top surface of the
substrate. The calculation has been done under the given formulas:

Wp = c/2fr (2/∈r + 1) 1/2

εreff=(∈reff+1)/2+(∈reff−1)/2[1+12h/wp]1/2
Leff = c/2fr(∈ reff )-1/2
ΔL=0.412h[(∈reff+0.3)(wp/h+0.264)]/[∈reff−0.258)(wp/h +0.8)]
Lp =Leff − 2ΔL
Where, c = 3 × 108 m/s denotes the speed of light.

FR4 epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and of thickness 1.6mm is used as the substrate. The
final united patch is fed by a transmission line of size Lf X Wf (3.5mmX1.5mm) and the whole
design is kept in a radiation box of dimension 45mmX60mmX6.4mm. The measurements of
patches are labeled in Fig.5.

Results and Discussion:

The antenna presented in this paper has been designed in HFSS 13.0, An analysis is done of
return losses, radiation pattern and current distribution pattern. Further in this article,
development of the antenna in different stages is shown with respective return losses. First
stage is shown in fig.1 with return loss in fig.2.
 Fig.1. Antenna designed Initially

Fig.2. Return loss (S11) plot of the initial design

At first several rectangular patches are united in the formation of zig-zack which helps
us to graph one band of -34.1dB at 6.9 GHz. Now the patch directly connected to the
feed line is extended to develop the second stage which can be seen in fig.3 with return
loss in fig.4.
 Fig.3. second stage design

Fig.4. Return loss (S11) plot of second stage

Due to this amendment done in the first stage we can see the formation of new multiple
frequency bands in the S11 graph. For the final stage, a patch in the shape of C is
made having a hollow rectangular patch shown in fig.5 with return loss in fig.6.
Fig.5: Final design

Fig.6: Return loss (S11) plot for final design

The final arrangement results in penta bands in the S11 graph at (4.016 - 4.155 GHz)/
4.085GHz, (4.508 - 4.679 GHz)/ 4.593GHz, (6.799 - 7.148 GHz)/ 6.973GHz, (7.456 - 7.673
GHz)/ 7.564GHz, (9.571 - 9.865GHz)/ 9.718GHz that fall under wireless, C and X applications
provided by IEEE. The final united patch and the ground has been assigned the perfect E
boundary and the port and the vacuum box are assigned lumped port and radiation boundary
respectively, and the ground covers the bottom of the substrate perfectly. The solution setup for
the above analysis has solution frequency of 2.4 GHz and the maximum delta S is 0.02 with
number of passes count as 6, the sweep type is kept fast in frequency sweep setup.

The current distribution pattern analysis which shows the electron flow in the patch is shown
below in a. Fig.7.1, Fig.7.2, Fig.7.3, Fig.7.4 and Fig.7.5 at the frequency 4.085GHz, 4.593GHz,
6.973GHz, 7.564GHz and 9.718GHz respectively.
Fig.7.1. Current distribution at 4.085GHz

Fig.7.2. Current distribution at 4.593GHz

Fig.7.3. Current distribution at 6.973GHz

Fig.7.4. Current distribution at 7.564GHz

..
Fig.7.5. Current distribution at 9.718GHz

On observing the above analysis, we can conclude that the patch is more conducting at
6.973GHz and 4.593GHz as we can see the greenish portion in Fig.7.2 and in Fig.7.1. To study
radiations of the patch, 2-D radiation patterns are produced at frequencies 4.085GHz,
4.593GHz, 6.973GHz, 7.564GHz and 9.718GHz shown in Fig.8.1, Fig.8.2, Fig.8.3, Fig.8.4 and
Fig.8.5 respectively.
 Fig.8.2. Radiation patterns at 6.973GHz

Comparative Analysis:

In 2013, Syed Imran Hussain Shah,Shahid Bashir and Ghazala Sahib proposed a
miniaturized Iniaturized Penta-band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Portable
Communication Systems of size 28mmX33mm where as in comparison our design is
more compact with dimension 15mmX20mm.

The miniaturized antenna has been fed by coaxial feeding which is hard to design
whereas in our prototype the antenna is fed by feedline technique which is easy to
design and produces the same number of bands.

Conclusion and Result:

 A miniature design of microstrip patch antenna has been proposed in this article which is
excited with a simple feedline strip. The prototype has good conductivity and a fair
radiation flow. The antenna works well for wireless communication, satellite
communication and radar applications. The multiple rectangular patches help to gain
multi band characteristics.
 The design and optimization of the Penta microstrip patch antenna require careful
consideration of several factors, such as substrate material, patch size, feed point
location, and ground plane dimensions.
 The Penta microstrip patch antenna has been successfully used in various wireless
communication systems such as WLAN, WiMAX, and RFID systems. The antenna's
performance has been evaluated using several parameters such as return loss, VSWR,
gain, radiation patterns, and efficiency, and it has been found to perform well in terms of
these parameters.
  In conclusion, the Penta microstrip patch antenna is a popular and effective choice for
wireless communication applications due to its compact size, low profile, and good
radiation characteristics. Its design and optimization require careful consideration of
various factors, and several techniques can be used to optimize its performance.

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