UNIT - I

ELECTROSTATES
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023
1. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is
9 N/C. From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 16 N/C will be at a
distance of
(a) 1m (b) 2m (c) 3m (d) 6m
2. An isolated point charge particle produces an electric field E at a point 3 m away from it.
The distance of the point at which the field is E/4 will be
(a) 2m (b) 3m (c) 4m (d) 6m
3. An electric dipole of dipole moment 2 x 10–8 C-m in a uniform electric field experiences a
maximum torque of 6 x 10–4 N-m. The magnitude of electric field is
(a) 2.2 x 103 Vm–1 (b) 1.2 x 104 Vm–1
(c) 3 x 104 Vm–1 (d) 4.2 x 103 Vm–1

4. A point charge q0 is moving along a circular path of radius a, with a point charge - Q at
the centre of the circle. The kinetic energy of q0 is

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

5. A point P lies at a distance x from the midpoint of an electric dipole on its axis. The electric
potential at point P is proportional to
(a) 1/x2 (b) 1/x3 (c) 1/x4 (d) 1/x1/2
6. Assertion (A) : Work done in moving a charge around a closed path, in an
Electric field is always zero.
Reason (R): Electrostatic force is a conservative force.
7. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to
each other by a wire. Find the ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces.
OR
A parallel plate capacitor (A) of capacitance C is charged by a battery to voltage V. The
battery is disconnected and an uncharged capacitor (B) of capacitance 2C is connected
across A. Find the ratio of
(i) final charges on A and B.
(ii) total electrostatic energy stored in A and B finally and that stored in A initially.
8.
(a) Use Gauss' law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long
thin straight wire with uniform linear Charge density .
(b) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density . An electron
is revolving in a circle with a constant speed v such that t h e wire passes through t h e
ce ntre , and is perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the kinetic energy of the
electron in terms of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density on the wire.
 (c) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density

OR
A. Consider two identical point charges located at points (0, 0) and (a, 0).
(i) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric field is zero
?
(ii) Is there a point on the line joining them at which the electric potential is
zero ?
Justify your answers for each case.
B. State the significance of negative value of electrostatic potential energy of a system of
charges. Three charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle ABC of
side 2.0 m as shown in figure. Calculate the electric potential energy of the system
of three charges.

CBSE 2022

1. A negatively charged object X is repelled by another charged object Y. However an object Z is attracted to
object Y. Which of the following is the most possibility for the object Z?
(a) Positively charged only
(b) Negative charged only
(c) Neutral or Positively charged only
(d) Neutral or Negative charged only
2. In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became charged with
charges +3e, +5e and −3e respectively. All the three spheres came in contact simultaneously for a moment
and got separated. Which one of the following are possible values for the final charge on the spheres?
(a) +5e , –4e , +5e
(b) +6e , +6e , –7e
(c) –4e , +3.5e , +5.5e
(d) +5e , –8e , +7e
3. An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0 × 1018 electrons. The net charge on the object becomes –
(a) –0.80 C (b) +0.80 C
(c) +1.80 C (d) +0.20 C
4. The electric potential V at any point (x, y, z) is given by V = 3x 2 where x is in metres and V in volts. The
electric field at the point (1 m, 0, 2m) is –
(a) 6 V/m along –x axis (b) 6 V/m along +x axis
(c) 1.5 V/m along –x axis (d) 6 V/m along –x axis
5. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric field between two charged plates if a neutral
conductor is placed in between the plates?

6. A variable capacitor is connected to a 200 V battery. If its capacitance is changed from 2 to X , the
−2
decrease in energy of the capacitor is 2 × 10 J. The value of X is –
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
7. The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge 2q, at distance r is E. Then the magnitude of electric
field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R with total charge q at distance r/2
(r >>R) will be
(a) E/4 (b) 0
(c) 2E (d) 4E
8. A square sheet of side 'a' is lying parallel to XY plate at z = a. The electric field in the region is ⃗⃗⃗ ̂.
The electric flux through the sheet is
(a) (b)
(c) (d) 0
9. Three charges q , −q and q0 are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the charge
q0 at point O is
 (a) 0 (b)

√
(c) (d)
√
10. A + 3.0 nC charge Q is initially at rest at a distance of r1 = 10 cm from a + 5.0 nC charge q fixed at the
origin. The charge Q is moved away from q to a new position at r2 = 15 cm. In this process work done by
the field is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
11. Four objects W, X, Y and Z, each with charge +q are held fixed at four points of a
square of side d as shown in the figure. Objects X and Z are on the midpoints of the
sides of the square. The electrostatic force exerted by object W on object X is F.
Then the magnitude of the force exerted by object W on Z is
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

12. Two charges 14 C and −4 C are placed at (−12 cm, 0, 0) and (12 cm, 0, 0) in an external electric field
E=( ), where B = 1.2 × 106 N/(cm2) and r is in metres. The electrostatic potential energy of the
configuration is
(a) 97.9 J (b) 102.1 J
(c) 2.1 J (d) –97.9 J
13. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false
Assertion (A) : A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric field.
Reason (R) : On a negative charge a force acts in the direction of the electric field.
14. Equipotentials at a large distance from a collection of charges whose total sum is not zero are –
(a) Spheres (b) Planes
(c) Ellipsoids (d) Paraboloids
15. Four charges −q, −q, +q and +q are placed at the corners of a square of side 2 L is
shown in figure. The electric potential at point A midway between the two charges +q
and +q is –

(a) [ ] (b) [ ]
√ √
(c) [ ] (d) Zero
√
 CBSE 2020

1. A point charge is situated at an axial point of a small electric dipole at a large distance from it. The charge
experiences a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, the force acting on the charge will become(1)
(A) 2F
(B) F/2
(C) F/4
(D) F/8
2. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero, then we can infer(1)
(A) No net charge is enclosed by the surface.
(B) Uniform electric field exists within the surface.
(C) Electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface.
(D) Charge is present inside the surface.
3. An electric dipole consisting of charges + q and – q separated by a distance L is in stable equilibrium in a
uniform electric field ⃗⃗⃗ . The electrostatic potential energy of the dipole is
(A) qLE
(B) Zero
(C) – qLE
(D) -2qLE
4. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience
(A) a force but not a torque.
(B) a torque but not a force.
(C) always a force and a torque.
(D) neither a force nor a torque.
5. N small conducting liquid droplets, each of radius r, are charged to a potential V each. These droplets
coalesce to form a single large drop without any charge leakage. Find the potential of the large drop.
6. The space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is completely filled in two ways. In the first case,
it is filled with a slab of dielectric constant K. In the second case, it is filled with two slabs of equal
dimensions but dielectric constants K1 , K2 , respectively as shown in figure. The capacitance of the
capacitor is same in the two cases. Obtain the relationship between K, K1 , and K2. (2)

7.
(a) An electric field is uniform, and in the direction for positive x, and uniform with the same
magnitude but in the negative direction for negative x. It is given that E = 200 ̂ N/C for x > 0
and E = –200 ̂ N/C for x < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre
at the origin and its axis along the x-axis so that one face is at x = +10 cm and the other is at
x = –10 cm .
(i) What is the net outward flux through each flat face?
(ii) What is the net charge inside the cylinder?
(b) Using Gauss law , derive expression for electric field due to a spherical shell of uniform charge
distribution and radius R at a point lying at a distance x from the centre of shell , such that (5)
(i) 0 x R (ii) x R
8.
(a) Find the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 located at ⃗⃗⃗ and
⃗⃗⃗ , respectively in an external electric field ⃗⃗⃗ ?
(b) Draw equipotential surfaces due to an isolated point charge ( ) and depict the electric field lines.
(c) Three point charges , , are initially infinite distance apart. Calculate the work done in
assembling these charges at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. (5)

CBSE 2019

1. Draw equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole. (1)

2. Draw a pattern of electric field lines due to two positive charges placed a distance d apart. (1)
3. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges –Q and +3Q respectively. They are brought in contact with each
other and then separated by a distance d apart. Find the nature of the Coulomb force between them. (1)
OR
A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1 and outer radius R2. A charge Q is placed at the centre of the
shell. What will be the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, and (ii) outer surface of the shell ? (1)
4. Apply Gauss’s law to show that for a charged spherical shell, the electric field outside the shell is, as if the entire
charge were concentrated at the centre. (2)
OR
Two large parallel plane sheets have uniform charge densities and . Determine the electric field
(i) between the sheets, and
(ii) outside the sheets. (2)
5. In a network, four capacitors C1, C2 , C3 and C4 are connected as shown in the
figure.(3)
(a) Calculate the net capacitance in the circuit.
(b) If the charge on the capacitor C1 is 6 C, (i) calculate the charge on
the capacitors C3 and C4 , and (ii) net energy stored in the capacitors
C3 and C4 connected in series.

6. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities and –2 C/m2 are
arranged vertically with a separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for the electric field at points (i) to the
left of the first sheet, (ii) to the right of the second sheet, and (iii) between the two sheets.
OR
A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q.
(a) A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. Find out the surface charge density on the inner and outer
surfaces of the shell.
(b) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero; independent of the fact whether the shell is spherical
or not ? Explain. (3)
7. A 200 F parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 5 mm is charged by a 100 V dc source. It remains
connected to the source. Using an insulated handle, the distance between the plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of
thickness 5 mm and dielectric constant 10 is introduced between the plates. Explain with reason, how the (i)
capacitance, (ii) electric field between the plates, (iii) energy density of the capacitor will change ? (3)
8. (a) When a parallel plate capacitor is connected across a dc battery, explain briefly how the capacitor gets charged.
(b)A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ is charged to ‘V’ volt by a battery. After some time the battery is
disconnected and the distance between the plates is doubled. Now a slab of dielectric constant 1 < k < 2 is introduced
to fill the space between the plates. How will the following be affected ?
(i) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor.
(ii) The energy stored in the capacitor. Justify your answer in each case.
(c) The electric potential as a function of distance ‘x’ is shown in the figure. Draw a graph of the electric
field E as a function of x. (5)
 OR
(a) Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. Explain conditions
for stable and unstable equilibrium.
(b) Is the electrostatic potential necessarily zero at a point where the electric field is zero ? Give an example to
support your answer.

CBSE 2018

1. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side ‘a’
as shown in the figure.

(A) Resultant electric force on a charge Q, and

(B) potential energy of this system. (3)

OR

(A) Three point charges q, – 4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side ‘l’
as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force
acting on the charge q.

(B) Find out the amount of the work done to separate the charges at infinite distance. (3)
2. (a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ? A point charge q is at a distance of d/2 directly above the
centre of a square of side d, as shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric flux
through the square.

(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance ‘d’ from the centre of the square and the side of the square is
doubled, explain electric flux will be affected. how the the electric flux will be affected. (5)
 OR
(a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field ( ⃗⃗⃗ ) due to a straight uniformly charged infinite line
of charge density C/m.
(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of charge.
(c) Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance r1 to r2 (r2 > r1). (5)

CBSE 2017
1. Two identical parallel plate capacitor A and B are connected to a battery of V volts with the switch S closed. The
switch is now opened and the free space between the plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric
constant K. Find the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before and after the introduction of
the dielectric.

V A B

2. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point distance r from the centre of
the dipole on the axial line.
(b) Draw a graph of E versus r for .
(c) If the dipole were kept in a uniform external field E0, diagrammatically represent the position of the dipole in
stable and unstable equilibrium and write the expression for the torque acting on the dipole in both case.
OR
(a) Use Gauss’s theorem to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinitely large plane thin sheet with
surface charge density
(b) An infinitely large plane thin sheet has a uniform surface charge density . Obtain the expression for the
amount of work done in bringing a point charge q from infinite to a point, distance r , in front of the charged plane
sheet.
CBSE 2016

1. Find the expression of electric field due to charge spherical shell. Plot the graph of electric field with distance from
the centre of the shell.
2. What is the amount of work done in moving a point charge Q around a circular arc of radius 'r' at the centre of which
another point charge 'q' is located ?
3. (a) Distinguish , with help of a suitable diagram , the difference in the behaviour of a conductor and a dielectric placed
in external electric field. How does polarised dielectric modify the original external field?
(b)A capacitor of capacitance C is charged fully by connecting it to a battery of emf E. It is then disconnected from
the battery. If the separation of plates of the capacitor is now doubled, how will the following change
(i) charge stored by the capacitor.
(ii) Field strength between the plates.
(iii) energy stored by the capacitor. Justify your answer in each case.
OR
(a) Explain why , for any charge configuration, the equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric field at
that point. Draw a sketch of equipotential surface due to a single –q charge, depicting the electric field lines due to
the charge.
(b) Obtain the expression of work done to dissociate the system of three charges , and are placed at the
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’
 CBSE 2015

1. Define dielectric constant of a medium. What is it’s S.I unit?

2. Figure shows three circuits. Each consisting of a switch and two capacitors initially charged as indicated. After the
switch has been closed, in which circuit (if any ) will the charges on the left hand capacitor (i) increase (ii) decrease
(iii) remain same?

3. (a) State gauss’s law in electrostatics. Show that, with the help of a suitable example along with the figure , that the
outward flux due to a point charge ’q’ , in vacuum with in a closed surface, is independent of it’s size or shape and is
given by .
(b)Two parallel uniformly charged infinite plane sheets , ‘1’ and ‘2’ have charge densities and respectively.
Give the magnitude and direction of the ne electric field at a point
(i) in between the two sheets
(ii) outside near the sheet ‘1’
4. (a) Define electrostatics potential at a point . Write it’s S.I unit?
Three point charges q1 ,q2 and q3 are kept at vertices A, B and C of triangle respectively. Derive the expression for
the electrostatics potential energy of system. If AB = r12 , BC = r23 and AC = r13
(b) Depict the equipotential surface due to
(i) an electric dipole
(ii) two identical positive charges separated by a distance

CBSE 2014
1. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops?
2. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a potential V. It is then connected to another uncharged
capacitor having the same capacitance. Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined system to that stored
initially in the single capacitor.
3. Draw a labeled diagram of Van of Graaff generator. State its working principle to show how by introducing a small
charged sphere into a larger sphere, a large amount of charge can be transferred to the outer sphere. State the use of
this machine and also point out its limitations.
OR
(a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on dipole of dipole moment P in the presence of a uniform electric field
E.
(b) Consider two hollow concentric spheres, and enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively. (i) Find out the ratio
of the electric flux through them. (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere change if a medium of
dielectric constant is introduced in the space inside in place of air? Deduce the necessary expression.
 CBSE 2013
1. Two charges of magnitudes-3Q and +2Q are located at points (a,0) and (4a,0) respectively. What is the electric flux
due to these charges through a sphere for radius ‘5a’ with its centre at the origin?

2. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same are as that of plates of a parallel pate capacitor but has the
thickness d/3, where d is the separation between the plates. Find out the expression for its capacitance when the slab
is inserted between plates of the capacitor.
3. (a) Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector? Derive the expression for the electric field of dipole at a
point on the equatorial plane of the dipole.
(b) Draw the equipotential surface due to an electric dipole. Locate the points where the potential due to the dipole is
zero.
OR
Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical conducting
shell of radius R at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell. Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a
function of r (r being the distance from the centre of the shell)

CBSE 2012

1. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux passing through each face of the
cube?
2. A test charge ‘q’ is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path from A to B and then from B to C in
electric field E as shown in the figure. (i) Calculate the potential difference between A and C. (ii) At which point (of
the two) is the electric potential more and why?

3. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Show that the net force acting on it is zero. The dipole is aligned
parallel to the field. Find the work done rotating it through the angle of 1800
4. Deduce the expression for the electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor of capacitor ‘C’ and having charge ‘Q’. How
will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside the capacitor be affected when I completely filled with a
dielectric material of dielectric constant ‘K’?

CBSE 2011
1. A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 5 V. What is the potential at
the centre of the sphere?
2. Define electric dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit.
3. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 2pF. What will be their net capacitance if connected in
parallel? Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both connected to the same source.
4. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force F verses ,where r is the distance between the two charges of
each pair of charges: (1 ) and (2 ). Interpret the graphs obtained.
5. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of radius r
and length , its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Find the expression for the electric flux through the
surface of the cylinder.

CBSE 2010
1. Name of the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC-1 . Is it a scalar or a vector quantity?
2. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius and outer radius has a charge ‘Q’. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the
centre of the shell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, (ii) outer surface of the shell?
(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point x> from the centre of the shell.
3. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by E = ̂ , where is the surface charge
density and ̂ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction.
4. A network of four capacitors each of 12 capacitance is connected to a 500 V supply as shown in the figure.
Determine (a) equivalent capacitance of the network and (b) charge on each capacitor. 12

C2 = 12

C1=12 C3 = 12
C4 =12

CBSE 2009

1. What is the work done in moving test charge q through a distance of 1 cm along the equatorial axis of an
electric dipole?
2. Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains
constant along Z-direction. How are these surface different from a constant electric field along Z-direction?
3. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.
A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of radius R. If the radius is reduced to half, how would the
electric flux through the surface change?
4. Use Gauss’s law to derive the expression for the electric field between two uniformly charged large parallel
sheets with surface charge densities and – respectively.
OR
(a) A charge +Q is placed on a large spherical conducting shell of radius R. Another small conducting sphere of
radius r carrying charge ‘q’ introduced inside the large shell and is placed at its centre. Find the potential
difference between two points, one lying on the sphere and the other on the shell.
(b) How would the charge between the two sphere flow if they are connected by a conducting wire? Name the
device which works on this fact?
 UNIT - II

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Page | 1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023

1. A current of 0.8 A flows in a conductor of 40 for 1 minute. The heat produced in the
conductor will be
(a) 1445 J (b) 1536 J (c) 1569 J (d) 1640 J
2. A steady current of 8 mA flows through a wire. The number of electrons passing through
a cross-section of the wire in 10 s is
(a) 4 x 1016 (b) 5 x 1017
(c) 1.6 x 1016 (d) 1 x 1017

3. A conductor of 10 is connected across a 6 V ideal source. The power supplied by the

source to the conductor is
(a) 1.8 W (b) 2.4 W (c) 3.6 W (d) 7.2 W

4. A cell of emf E is connected across an external resistance R. When current 'I' is drawn
from the cell, the potential difference across the electrodes of the cell drops to V. The
internal resistance 'r' of the cell is
(a) ( )R (b) ( )

(c) ( )R (d) ( )R

5. The current in a device varies with time t as I= 6 t , where I is in mA and t is

in s. The amount of charge that passes through the device during t = 0 s to t = 3s is
(a) 10 mC (b) 18 mC (c) 27 mC (d) 54 mC
6. Pieces of copper and of silicon are initially at room temperature. Both are heated to
temperature T. The conductivity of
(a) both increases.
(b) both decreases.
(c) copper increases and silicon decreases.
(d) copper decreases and silicon increases.
7. Define current density and relaxation time. Derive an expression for resistivity of a
conductor in terms of number density of charge carriers in the conductor and relaxation
time.
8. Two cells of emf E 1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel,
with their terminals of the same polarity connected together. Obtain an expression for
the equivalent emf of the combination.
9. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length and cross- sectional area
A. Briefly explain how the current density j in the conductor will be affected if
(i) the potential difference V is doubled,
(ii) the conductor were gradually stretched to reduce its cross-sectional area to and
then the same potential difference V is applied across it.

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 CBSE 2022

1. Kirchhoff's first rule ΣI = 0 and second rule ΣIR = ΣE (where the symbols have their usual meanings) are
respectively based on –
(a) Conservation of momentum and Conservation of charge
(b) Conservation of energy and Conservation of charge
(c) Conservation of charge and Conservation of momentum
(d) Conservation of charge and Conservation of energy
2. The electric power consumed by a 220 V − 100 W bulb when operated at 110 V is
(a) 25 W (b) 30 W
(c) 35 W (d) 45 W
3. Which of the following has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity?
(a) Metal (b) Metal and Semiconductor
(c) Semiconductor (d) Metal and Alloy
4. A potential difference of 200 V is maintained across a conductor of resistance 100 Ω. The number of
electrons passing through it in 1s is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
5. In a dc circuit the direction of current inside the battery and outside the battery respectively are –
(a) Positive to Negative terminal and Negative to Positive terminal
(b) Positive to Negative terminal and Positive to Negative terminal
(c) Negative to Positive to terminal and Positive to Negative terminal
(d) Negative to Positive terminal and Negative to Positive terminal
6. A car battery is charged by a 12 V supply, and energy stored in it is 7.20 × 105 J. The charge passed
through the battery is –
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
7. If n, e, and m have their usual meanings, then the resistance of a wire of length l and cross-sectional
area A is given by –
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

8. Two sources of equal emf are connected in series. This combination is, in turn connected to an external
resistance R. The internal resistance of two sources are r 1 and r2 (r2 > r1). If the potential difference
across the source of internal resistance r2 is zero, then R equals to –
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

9. The equivalent resistance between A and B of the network shown in figure is

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 (a) 3R (b) R

(c) 2R (d) R

10. Case Study:

An experiment was set up with the circuit diagram shown in figure. Given that R 1 = 10 Ω,
R2 = R3 = 5 Ω, r = 0 Ω and E = 5 V

(i) The points with the same potential are –

(a) b , c , d (b) f , h , j
(c) d , e , f (d) a , b , j
(ii) The current through branch bg is –
(a) 1 A (b) A
(c) A (d) A
(iii)The power dissipated in R1 is –
(a) 2 W (b) 2.5 W
(c) 3 W (d) 4.5 W
(iv) The potential difference across R3 is -
(a) 1.5 V (b) 2 V
(c) 2.5 V (d) 3 V

CBSE 2020

1. A potentiometer can measure emf of a cell because

(A) the sensitivity of potentiometer is large
(B) no current is drawn from the cell at balance.
(C) no current flows in the wire of potentiometer at balance.
(D) internal resistance of cell is neglected.

2. Two resistors R1 and R2 of 4 ohm and 6 ohm are connected in parallel across a battery. The ratio of
power dissipated in them, P1 : P2 will be
(A) 4 : 9
(B) 3 : 2
(C) 9 : 4
(D) 2 : 3
3. The conductivity of a metal decreases with the increase in temperature on account of
(A) decrease in number density of electrons.
(B) decrease in resistivity.
(C) decrease in relaxation time.
(D) increase in mean free path.

Page | 4
4. Two unequal resistors are connected in series across a battery. Then the
(A) potential difference across each resistor is the same.
(B) current in the smaller resistor is larger.
(C) potential difference across the bigger resistor is greater.
(D) power dissipated in both resistors is the same.

5. The resistance of a metal wire increases with increasing temperature on account of

(A) decrease in free electron density.
(B) decrease in relaxation time.
(C) increase in mean free path.
(D) increase in the mass of electron.

6. Kirchhoff ’s first rule at a junction in an electrical network, deals with conservation of

(A) Energy
(B) Charge
(C) Momentum
(D) both energy and charge

7. Explain the principle of working of a meter bridge. Draw the circuit diagram for determination of an
unknown resistance using it.
8.
(a) Two cells of emf E1 and E2 have their internal resistances r1 and r2, respectively. Deduce an
expression for the equivalent emf and internal resistance of their parallel combination when
connected across an external resistance R. Assume that the two cells are supporting each other.
(b) In case the two cells are identical, each of emf E = 5 V and internal resistance r = 2 ohm,
calculate the voltage across the external resistance R = 10 ohm.

CBSE 2019

1. Why is the terminal voltage of a cell generally less than the emf of the cell ? (1)
2. (a)For the circuit shown in the figure, how would the balancing length be affected, if
(i) R1 is decreased
(ii) R2 is increased
the other factors remaining the same in the circuit ? Justify your answer in each case.

(b) Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter ? Give reason.

OR
State the underlying principle of meter bridge. Draw the circuit diagram and explain how the
unknown resistance of a conductor can be determined by this method. (3)
3. (a) Draw a graph showing the variation of current versus voltage in an electrolyte when an external
resistance is also connected.
(b) (i) The graph between resistance (R) and temperature (T) for Hg is shown in the figure (a). Explain
the behaviour of Hg near 4 K.

Page | 5
 (ii)In which region of the graph shown in the figure (b) is resistance negative and why ? (3)

4. Show, on a plot, variation of resistivity of (i) a conductor, and (ii) a typical semiconductor as a function
of temperature. Using the expression for the resistivity in terms of number density and relaxation time
between the collisions, explain how resistivity in the case of a conductor increases while it decreases in a
semiconductor, with the rise of temperature. (3)
5.
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, the method of measuring the internal resistance
of a cell.
(b) Give reason why a potentiometer is preferred over a
voltmeter for the measurement of emf of a cell.
(c) In the potentiometer circuit given below, calculate the
balancing length l. Give reason, whether the
circuit will work, if the driver cell of emf 5 V is replaced
with a cell of 2 V, keeping all other factors constant.

OR
(a) State the working principle of a meter bridge used to measure an unknown resistance.
(b) Give reason:
(i) why the connections between the resistors in a metre bridge are made of thick copper strips,
(ii) why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance length near the mid-point of the bridge
wire.
(c) Calculate the potential difference across the 4 resistor in the given electrical circuit, using
Kirchhoff ’s rules.(5)

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 CBSE 2018

1. Two electric bulbs P and Q have their resistances in the ratio of 1:2. They are connected
in series across a battery. Find the ratio of the power dissipation in these bulbs ? (2)
2. A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200 V
and internal resistance 38 as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the circuit. (2)

OR
In a potentiometer arrangement for determining the emf of a cell, the balance point of the
cell in open circuit is 350 cm. When a resistance of 9 is used in the external circuit of the
cell, the balance point shifts to 300 cm. Determine the internal resistance of the cell. (2)
3. (a) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit.
(b) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of a
wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between current density
and the applied electric field E. (3)

CBSE 2017

1. (a) The potential applied across a given resistor is altered so that the heat produced per second increases
by a factor of 9 .By what factor does the applied potential difference changes?
(b) In the figure shown , an ammeter A and a resistor of 4 ohm are connected to the terminals of the
source. The emf of the source is 12 V having an internal resistance of 2 ohm . calculate the ammeter and
voltmeter readings?

2. (i) State the principle of working of a meter bridge.

(ii) In a meter bridge balance point is found at a distance with resistances R and S as shown in the
figure. When an unknown resistance X is connected in parallel with the resistance S, the balance point
shifts to a distance l2 . Find the expression for X in terms of l1 , l2 and S.

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3. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and same radius are connected in series . Current I is passed
through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your answer.

CBSE 2016

1. Define mobility of a charge carrier. What is its relation with relaxation time?
2. When 5V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m , the drift speed of electrons is 2.5
X 10-4 m/s. If the electron density in the wire is 8 X 1028 m-3. Calculate the resistivity of the material of
wire
3. Two identical cells of emf 1.5 V each joined in parallel supply energy to an external circuit consisting of
two resistances of each joined in parallel. Avery high resistance voltmeter reads the terminal voltage
of cell to be 1.4 V. Calculate the internal resistance of each cell.

CBSE 2015

1. V – I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures and is as show in the figure. Which of
the two temperatures is higher and why? (Ans: )

2. A variable resistor R is connected across a cell of emf and

internal resistance r as shown in the figure. Draw a plot showing
the variation of (i) terminal voltage V and (ii) the current I, as a
function of R.

3. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How is the drift
velocity, vd, of charge carriers in the conductor affected when (i) V is halved, (ii) L is doubled and (iii) D
is halved ? Justify your answer in each case.

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 CBSE 2014

1. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area
2.5 carrying a current of 1.8 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be
9x . (Ans:5 X 10-4 m/s)
2. A cell of emf 'E' and internal resistance 'r' is connected across a variable resistor 'R'. Plot a graph
showing variation of terminal voltage 'V' of the cell versus the current ‘I’. Using the plot, show how the
emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined.
3. Answer the following :
(a) Why are the connections between the resistors in a meter bridge made of thick copper strips?
(b) Why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance point in the middle of the meter bridge wire?
(c) Which material is used for the meter bridge wire and why?
4. A resistance of R Ω draws current from a potentiometer. The potentiometer has a total resistance R0 Ω
Fig. A voltage V is supplied to the potentiometer. Derive an expression for the voltage across R when
the sliding contact is in the middle of the potentiometer.

CBSE 2013
1. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel with
each other across an external resistance R. What is the current through this resistances?
2. The graph shown in the figure represents a plot of current versus voltage for a given semiconductor.
Identify the region, if any, over which the semiconductor has a negative resistance.

3. Explain the term 'drift velocity' of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for the current
through a, conductor in terms of 'drift velocity'.

OR

Page | 9
 Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal
resistance of a cell.

4. Define the current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its S.I. unit. Figure shows two circuits each
having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V. When the galvanometers in each arrangement do not show
any deflection, obtain the ratio . (Ans: 3:2)

CBSE 2012

1. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of manganin have the same resistance. Which of
the two is thicker?
2. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the circuit
is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and E?

3. Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift velocity
of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical resistivity of the material.

CBSE 2011

1. In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with AJ = .

(i) The values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. What would be the new position of
balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balance position, how will the balance
point get affected ?

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2. In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential. use Kirchhoff's rules to determine the
potential at point B.

3. Two heating elements of resistance R1 and R2 when operated at a constant supply of voltage, V,
consume powers P1 and P2 respectively. Deduce the expressions for the power of their combination
when they are, in turn, connected in (i) series and (ii) parallel across the same voltage supply.

CBSE 2010
1. Two conducting wire X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a
battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of
electrons in the two wires.
2. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The reading on a high resistance
voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it, is 2.2 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected
to a resistance of 5 as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 1.8 V. Find the internal
resistance of the cell.

3. State Kirchhoff's rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents and in the circuit
diagram shown.

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 CBSE 2009

1. Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.

2. A wire of 15Ω resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into two equal
parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3.0 volt battery. Find the current drawn from
the battery.
3. (i) State the principle of working of a meter bridge.
(ii) In a meter bridge balance point is found at a distance with resistances R and S as shown in the
figure.
When an unknown resistance X is connected in parallel with the resistance S, the balance point shifts to
a distance l2 . Find the expression for X in terms of l1 , l2 and S.

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 UNIT - III

MAGNETISM

Page | 1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023

1. Beams of electrons and protons move parallel to each other in the same direction. They
(a) attract each other.
(b) repel each other.
(c) neither attract nor repel.
(d) force of attraction or repulsion depends upon speed of beams.
2. A long straight wire of radius 'a' carries a steady current 'I'.The current is uniformly
distributed across its area of cross-section. The ratio of magnitude of magnetic field
B1 at a/2 B2 at distance 2a is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
3.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is NOT the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Assertion (A) :Diamagnetic substances exhibit magnetism.
Reason (R) : Diamagnetic materials do not have permanent magnetic dipole
moment.
4. Briefly explain why and how a galvanometer is converted into an ammeter.

CBSE 2022

1. Two wires carrying currents I1 and I2 lie, one slightly above the other, in a
horizontal plane as shown in figure. The region of vertically upward strongest
magnetic field is

(a) I (b) II
(c) III (d) IV

2. Two parallel conductors carrying current of 4.0 A and 10.0 A are placed 2.5 cm apart in vacuum. The
force per unit length between them is –
(a) 6.4 X 10–5 N/m (b) 6.4 X 10–2 N/m
–4
(c) 4.6 X 10 N/m (d) 3.2 X 10–4 N/m
3. If an ammeter is to be used in place of a voltmeter, then we must connect with the ammeter a –
(a) Low resistance in parallel
(b) Low resistance in series
(c) High resistance in parallel
(d) High resistance in series

Page | 2
4. The magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying circular loop of radius R is B1. The magnetic field
at a point on its axis at a distance R from the centre of the loop is B2. Then the ratio (B1 / B2) is
(a) √ (b)
√
(c) √ (d) 2
5. A current carrying wire kept in a uniform magnetic field, will experience a maximum force when it is
(a) Perpendicular to the magnetic field
(b) Parallel to the magnetic field
(c) At an angle of 45o to the magnetic field
(d) At an angle of 60o to the magnetic field
6. The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at a place is 0.2 G whereas it's total magnetic field is
0.4 G. The angle of dip at the place is
(a) 30o (b) 45o
(c) 60o (d) 90o
7. A straight conducting rod of length l and mass m is suspended in a horizontal plane by a pair of flexible
strings in a magnetic field of magnitude B. To remove the tension in the supporting strings, the
magnitude of the current in the wire is
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

8. A proton and an alpha particle move in circular orbits in a uniform magnetic field. Their speeds are in
the ratio of 9 : 4. The ratio of radii of their circular orbits ( ) is

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

9. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) Magnetic field lines do not form closed loops
(b) Magnetic field lines start from north pole and end at south pole of a magnet
(c) The tangent at a point on a magnetic field line represents the direction of the magnetic field at
that point
(d) Two magnetic field lines may intersect each other
10. A bar magnet has magnetic dipole moment ⃗⃗⃗⃗ . Its initial position is parallel to the direction of uniform
magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . In this position, the magnitudes of torque and force acting on it respectively are –
(a) 0 and MB (b) MB and MB
(c) 0 and 0 (d) |⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ | and 0

Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false

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11. Assertion (A) : The poles of a bar magnet cannot be separated.
Reason (R) : Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
12. Assertion (A) : When radius of a current carrying loop is doubled, its magnetic moment becomes four
times.
Reason (R) : The magnetic moment of a current carrying loop is directly proportional to the area of the
loop.
13. Assertion (A) : Higher the range, lower is the resistance of an ammeter.
Reason (R) : To increase the range of an ammeter additional shunt is added in series to it.

CBSE 2020
1. The magnetic dipole moment of a current carrying coil does not depend upon
(A) number of turns of the coil.
(B) cross-sectional area of the coil.
(C) current flowing in the coil.
(D) material of the coil.
2. The magnetic field lines are _________ by a paramagnetic substance.
3. The magnetic field lines are ___________ by a diamagnetic substance.
4. The magnetic field and angle of dip at a place on the earth are 0·3 G and 30o , respectively. The value of
vertical component of the earth‟s magnetic field at the place is ___________
5. Two long straight parallel wires A and B separated by a distance d, carry equal current I flowing in same
direction as shown in the figure.

(a) Find the magnetic field at a point P situated between them at a distance x from one wire.
(b) Show graphically the variation of the magnetic field with distance x for 0 < x < d.

6.
(a) Write an expression of magnetic moment associated with a current (I) carrying circular coil of
radius r having N turns.
(b) Consider the above mentioned coil placed in YZ plane with its centre at the origin. Derive
expression for the value of magnetic field due to it at point (x, 0, 0).

7.
(a) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its expression.
(b) A galvanometer has resistance G and shows full scale deflection for current Ig.
(i) How can it be converted into an ammeter to measure current up to I0 (I0 > Ig) ?
(ii) What is the effective resistance of this ammeter ?

8.
(a) Derive the expression for the torque acting on the rectangular current carrying coil of a
galvanometer. Why is the magnetic field made radial ?
(b) An -particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV and moves along x-axis.
It enters in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 2  10–3 T acting along y-axis. Find the
radius of its path. (Take mass of -particle = 6·4  10–27 kg )

Page | 4
 CBSE 2019

1. A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V, subjected to a uniform magnetic field acting
normal to the velocity of the proton. If the potential difference is doubled, how will the radius of the
circular path described by the proton in the magnetic field change ? (1)
2. When a charge q is moving in the presence of electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields which are
perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the velocity v of the particle, write the relation
expressing v in terms of E and B. (1)
3. The magnetic susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1·2 X 105. At what temperature will its magnetic
susceptibility become 1·44 X 105 ? (1)
OR
The magnetic susceptibility of a given material is – 0·5. Identify the magnetic material. (1)

4. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 3 A. A proton P travels at 5 X 106 m/s parallel to the wire
0·3 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. Calculate the force which
the magnetic field due to the current carrying wire exerts on the proton. Also give its direction. (2)

5. A particle of charge q and mass m is moving with velocity ⃗⃗ in the positive x-direction.
(a) It is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B directed along negative z-direction. Explain briefly the
trajectory it would describe.
(b) When the particle is subjected simultaneously to both the magnetic and electric fields directed
along the z-axis and y-axis respectively, obtain the condition when the particle will go undeflected.
(3)
6.
(a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is converted into an ammeter.
(b) A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 ohm and it shows full scale deflection for a current of
4 mA. Convert it into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A. (3)
OR
(a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter.
(b) A voltmeter of a certain range is constructed by connecting a resistance of 980 ohm in series with a
galvanometer. When the resistance of 470 ohm is connected in series, the range gets halved. Find
the resistance of the galvanometer. (3)
7. Draw a labelled diagram of cyclotron. Explain its working principle. Show that cyclotron frequency is
independent of the speed and radius of the orbit. (3)
OR
(a) Derive, with the help of a diagram, the expression for the magnetic field inside a very long solenoid
having n turns per unit length carrying a current I.
(b) How is a toroid different from a solenoid ? (3)
8. Prove that the magnetic moment of the electron revolving around a nucleus in an orbit of radius r with
orbital speed v is equal to evr/2. Hence using Bohr‟s postulate of quantization of angular momentum,
deduce the expression for the magnetic moment of hydrogen atom in the ground state. (3)

Page | 5
 CBSE 2018
1. A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a region of uniform magnetic
field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular path with
higher frequency ? (1)
2. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned at 600 with a uniform external magnetic field of
0·44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment (i) normal to the
magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic field, and (b) the torque on the magnet in the final
orientation in case (ii). (3)
3. (a) An iron ring of relative permeability has windings of insulated copper wire of n turns per metre.
When the current in the windings is I, find the expression for the magnetic field in the ring.
(b) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0·9853. Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the
modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field. (3)

CBSE 2017

1. Write two properties of a material suitable for making

(a) a permanent magnet, and
(b) an electromagnet.
2. (a) State Biot – Savart law and express this law in the vector form.
(b) Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of radius R, carrying currents 1A and √ A
respectively, are placed concentrically and perpendicular to each other lying in the XY and YZ
planes. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the centre of the coils.

CBSE 2016

1. What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged particle ?

2. State Ampere's circuital law. Use this law to find magnetic field due to straight infinite current
carrying wire. How are the magnetic field lines different from the electrostatic field lines ?
OR
State the principle of a cyclotron. Show that the time period of revolution of particles in a cyclotron is
independent of their speeds. Why is this property necessary for the operation of a cyclotron ?

CBSE 2015

1. Deduce the expression for the torque ⃗⃗ acting on a planar loop of area ⃗⃗⃗ and carrying current I placed in
a uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ .If the loop is free to rotate, what would be its orientation in stable
equilibrium ?
2. A cyclotron‟s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz What should be the operating magnetic field for
accelerating protons ? If the radius of its „Dees‟ is 60 cm, calculate the kinetic energy (in MeV) of the
proton beam produced by the accelerator.
3. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and cross sectional area 1.6 × 10–4 m2 carrying a current of
4.0 A is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane. Find (i) the magnetic
moment associated with the solenoid, (ii) magnitude and direction of the torque on the solenoid if a
horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 × 10–2 T is set up at an angle of 30° with the axis of the solenoid.
4. (a) Why is the magnetic field radial in a moving coil galvanometer ? Explain how it is achieved.

Page | 6
 (b) A galvanometer of resistance „G‟ can be converted into a voltmeter of range (0-V) volts by
connecting a resistance „R‟ in series with it. How much resistance will be required to change its range
from 0 to V/2 ?
5. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1A is kept near an infinite long straight wire carrying a
current of 2A in the same plane as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net
force exerted on the loop due to the current carrying conductor.

OR
A square shaped plane coil of area 100 cm2 of 200 turns carries a steady current of 5A. It is placed in
a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acting perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Calculate the torque
on the coil when its plane makes an angle of 60° with the direction of the field. In which orientation
will the coil be in stable equilibrium ?

CBSE 2014

1. Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors, define one
ampere of current.
2. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of
(i) paramagnetic and
(ii) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain this distinguishing feature?
3. (a) Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle in a magnetic field and
show that it is independent of velocity or energy of the particle.
(b) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain, giving the essential details of its construction, how it is
used to accelerate the charged particles.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle and
working.
(b) Answer the following:
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.
4. Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force ⃗⃗ due to a charge moving with
velocity ⃗⃗ in a magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . What is the direction of the magnetic force?
5. Out of the two magnetic materials, „A‟ has relative permeability slightly greater than unity while „B‟ has
less than unity. Identify the nature of the materials „A‟ and „B‟. Will their susceptibilities be positive or
negative?
6. (a) State Ampere‟s circuital law, expressing it in the integral form.
(b) Two long coaxial insulated solenoids, S1 and S2 of equal lengths are wound one over the other as shown
in the figure. A steady current “I” flow through the inner solenoid S1 to the other end B, which is
connected to the outer solenoid S2 through which the same current “I” flows in the opposite direction
so as to come out at end A. If n1 and n2 are the number of turns per unit length, find the magnitude

Page | 7
 and direction of the net magnetic field at a point (i) inside on the axis and (ii) outside the combined
system.

CBSE 2013

1. (a) Using Biot-Savart‟s law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the vector form at a point on
the axis of a circular current loop.
(b) What does a toroid consist of ? Find out the expression for the magnetic field inside a toroid for N
turns of the coil having the average radius r and carrying a current I. Show that the magnetic field in the
open space inside and exterior to the toroid is zero.
OR
(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and magnetic
field in accelerating the charge. Hence derive the expression for the kinetic energy acquired by the
particles.
(b) An –particle and a proton are released from the centre of the cyclotron and made to accelerate.

(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency? Give reason to justify your
answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the two will have higher velocity at the exit
slit of the dees?
2. A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD carrying 5A is
held directly above AB at a height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire CD so that it
remains suspended at its position when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing in CD with
respect to that in AB. [Take the value of g = 10 ms–2]
3. What are permanent magnets? Give one example.
4. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic?
Bi, Al, Na, Cu, Ca and Ni
5. An ammeter of resistance 0.80 W can measure current up to 1.0 A.
(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current up to
5.0 A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt?
6. (a) Derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular current carrying loop suspended in a uniform
magnetic field.
(b) A proton and a deuteron having equal momenta enter in a region of uniform magnetic field at right
angle to the direction of the field. Depict their trajectories in the field.
OR
(a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment „m‟ is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to
the direction of uniform magnetic field „B‟. The moment of inertia of the needle about the axis
is „I‟. The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable position and then released. Prove that it
executes simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce the expression for its time period.

Page | 8
 (b) A compass needle, free to turn in a vertical plane orients itself with its axis vertical at a certain
place on the earth. Find out the values of
(i) horizontal component of earth‟s magnetic field and
(ii) angle of dip at the place.

CBSE 2012

1. A circular coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another
coil of radius R/2, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moments of the new
coil and the original coil.
2. The horizontal component of the earth‟s magnetic field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60°. What is
the value of vertical component of earth‟s magnetic field at equator?
3. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.6 × 10–5. Identify the type of magnetic material and state its
two properties.
4. (a) Write the expression for the force, ⃗⃗ , acting on a charged particle of charge „q‟, moving with a
velocity ⃗⃗ in the presence of both electric field ⃗⃗⃗ and magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . Obtain the condition under
which the particle moves undeflected through the fields.(b) A rectangular loop of size l × b carrying a
steady current I is placed in a uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . Prove that the torque ⃗⃗ acting on the loop is
given by ⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗ , where ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the magnetic moment of the loop.
OR
(a) Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer into (i) a voltmeter
and (ii) an ammeter.
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady current I1 and I2 are separated by a
distance „d‟. Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how the magnetic field due to
one conductor acts on the other. Hence deduce the expression for the force acting between the
conductors. Mention the nature of this force.
5. A circular coil of „N‟ turns and diameter „d‟ carries a current „I‟. It is unwound and rewound to make
another coil of diameter „2d‟, current „I‟ remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic
moments of the new coil and the original coil.
6. A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write the expressions for the
following: (i) the magnetic field at its centre (ii) the magnetic moment of this coil
7. Two identical circular wires P and Q each of radius R and carrying current „I‟ are kept in perpendicular
planes such that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of
the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils.

8. A rectangular loop of wire of size 4 cm × 10 cm carries a steady current of 2A. A

straight long wire carrying 5A current is kept near the loop as shown. If the loop
and the wire are coplanar, find
(i) the torque acting on the loop and
(ii) the magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to the current
carrying wire.

Page | 9
9. Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius r and carrying currents I and 2I respectively are
lying in parallel planes such that they have a common axis. The direction of current in both the loops is
clockwise as seen from O which is equidistant from the both loops. Find the magnitude of the net
magnetic field at point O.

CBSE 2011

1. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip 90°?

2. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero?
3. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earth‟s magnetic field zero?
4. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents.
5. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip
down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth‟s magnetic field at the place is
known at to be 0.4 G. Determine the magnitude of the earth‟s magnetic field at the place.
6. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge „q‟ moving with velocity ⃗⃗⃗ in a
magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ . Show that no work is done by this force on the charged particle.
OR
A steady current (I1) flows through a long straight wire. Another wire carrying steady current (I2) in the
same direction is kept close and parallel to the first wire. Show with the help of a diagram how the
magnetic field due to the current I1 exerts a magnetic force on the second wire. Write the expression
for this force.
7. (a) State the principle of the working of a moving coil galvanometer, giving its labelled diagram.
(b) “Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage
sensitivity.” Justify this statement.
(c) Outline the necessary steps to convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into an ammeter of a given
range.

OR
(a) Using Ampere‟s circuital law, obtain the expression for the magnetic field due to a long solenoid at
a point inside the solenoid on its axis.
(b) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern of the magnetic
field lines in the two cases.
(c) How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?

8. State Biot-Savart law, giving the mathematical expression for it. Use this law to derive the expression for
the magnetic field due to a circular coil carrying current at a point along its axis. How does a circular
loop carrying current behave as a magnet?
OR
With the help of a labelled diagram, state the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Explain clearly how it
works to accelerate the charged particles. Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy of
the particle. Is there an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle? Give reason.

Page | 10
 CBSE 2010

1. A beam of particles projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field along the +y-
axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?

2. Deduce the expression for the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting around the central
nucleus.
3. (a) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
(b) What is the importance of a radial magnetic field and how is it produced
(c) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter a high resistance in series is
required whereas in an ammeter a shunt is used?
OR
(a) Derive an expression for the force between two long parallel current carrying conductors.
(b) Use this expression to define S. I. unit of current.
(c) A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels with a speed v, parallel to the wire,
at a distance d from it in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. What is the
force experienced by the proton and what is its direction?

4. (i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?

5. Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external
magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field lines due to the two
substances?

6. Write the expression for the magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side „l‟ carrying a steady
current I in a vector form. In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long straight
conductor carrying a steady current I1 at a distance l as shown. Give reasons to explain that the loop will
experience a net force but no torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop.

Page | 11
7. A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius „a‟ carries a steady current „I‟. The current is
uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere‟s circuital law to calculate the magnetic
field at a point „r‟ in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.

8. State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons why a
galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current in a given circuit. Name any two factors on
which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends

CBSE 2009

1. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of uniform magnetic field.
What is the direction of the magnetic field?
2. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Increasing the current sensitivity
may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify.
3. Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain briefly how it works and how its is used to accelerate
the charged particles.
(i) Show that time period of ions in a cyclotron is independent of both the speed and radius of
circular path.
(ii) What is resonance condition? How is it used to accelerate the charged particles?
OR
A. Two straight long parallel conductors carry currents I1 and I2 in the same direction. Deduce the
expression for the force per unit length between them. Depict the pattern of magnetic field lines
around them.
B. A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a uniform magnetic field as shown in the
fig.
(i) What is the direction of the magnetic moment of the current loop?
(ii) When its the torque acting on the loop (a) maximum, (b) zero?

Page | 12
 UNIT - IV

EMI & A.C.

 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS
CBSE 2023
1. A series LR circuit with R = 10 and L = (100/ ) mH is connected across an ac source of
peak voltage = 100 V and frequency = 50 Hz. Calculate (a) impedance of the circuit (Z),
(b) phase angle ( ), and (c) voltage across the resistor.
2. A resistor of R = 50 , a capacitor of C = (25/ ) µF and an inductor of C = (4/ ) H are
connected in series across an ac source whose voltage (in volt) is given by
V = 70 sin (100 t). Calculate :
(a) the net reactance of the circuit,
(b) the impedance of the circuit
(c) the effective value of current in the circuit.
3. A series RC circuit with R = 200 and C = (50/ ) µF is connected across an ac source of
voltage V = 141sin (100 t) . Find
(a) impedance of the circuit
(b) phase angle, and
(c) voltage drop across the inductor
4.
(a)
(i) Define coefficient of self-induction. Obtain an expression for self-inductance of
a long solenoid of length , area of cross- section A having N turns.
(ii) Calculate the self-inductance of a coil using the following data obtained when an
AC source of frequency ( ) Hz and a DC source is applied across the coil.

OR
(b)
(i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe the principle and working of an ac
generator. Hence, obtain an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf
generated.
(ii) The coil of an ac generator consists of 100 turns of wire, each of are 0.5m 2 .The
resistance of the wire is 100 . The coil is rotating in a magnetic field of
0.8 T perpendicular to its axis of rotation, at a constant angular speed of
 60 radian per second. Calculate the maximum emf generated and power
dissipated in the coil.

5. Consider the experimental set up shown in the figure. This jumping ring experiment is an
outstanding demonstration of some simple laws of Physics. A conducting non-magnetic
ring is placed over the vertical core of a solenoid. When current is passed through the
solenoid, the ring is thrown off.

Answer the following questions:

(a) Explain the reason of jumping of the ring when the switch is closed in the circuit.
(b) What will happen if the terminals of the battery are reversed and the switch is
closed? Explain.
(c) Explain the two laws that help us understand this phenomenon.
OR
Briefly e xpla in various wa ys to increase the strength of magnetic field produced
by a given solenoid.

CBSE 2022
1. The self-inductance of a solenoid of 600 turns is 108 mH. The self-inductance of a coil having 500 turns
with the same length, the same radius and the same medium will be
(a) 95 mH (b) 90 mH
(c) 85 mH (d) 75 mH
2. The rms current in a circuit connected to a 50 Hz ac source is 15 A. The value of the current in the
circuit (1/600)s after the instant the current is zero, is –

(a) A (b) √ A
√
√
(c) A (d) 8 A
3. In a circuit the phase difference between the alternating current and the source voltage is . Which of the
following cannot be the elements of the circuit?
 (a) Only C (b) Only L
(c) L and R (d) L or C
4. The impedance of a series LCR circuit is –
(a) (b) √

(c) (d) √ ( )
5. When an alternating voltage is applied to a circuit, a current ( ) flows
through it. The average power dissipated in the circuit is
(a) (b)

(c) (d) Zero

√
6. The voltage across a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor connected in series to an ac source are 20 V, 15 V
and 30 V respectively. The resultant voltage in the circuit is
(a) 5 V (b) 20 V
(c) 25 V (d) 65 V
7. The current in the primary coil of a pair of coils changes from 7 A to 3 A in 0.04 s. The mutual inductance
between the two coils is 0.5 H. The induced emf in the secondary coil is –
(a) 50 V (b) 75 V
(c) 100 V (d) 220 V
8. A constant current is flowing through a solenoid. An iron rod is inserted in the solenoid along its axis.
Which of the following quantities will not increase?
(a) The magnetic field at centre
(b) The magnetic flux linked with solenoid
(c) The rate of heating
(d) The self-inductance of solenoid
9. A circuit is connected to an ac source of variable frequency. As the frequency of the source is increased, the
current first increases and then decreases. Which of the following combinations of elements is likely to
comprise the circuit?
(a) L, C & R (b) L and C
(c) L and R (d) R and C
10. A coil of area 100 cm is kept at an angle of 30∘ with a magnetic field of 10 −1 T. The magnetic field is
2

reduced to zero in 10−4 s. The induced emf in the coil is –

(a) √ V (b) √ V
(c) 5.0 V (d) 50.0 V
11. A 15 Ω resistor, an 80 mH inductor and a capacitor of capacitance C are connected in series with a 50 Hz ac
source. If the source voltage and current in the circuit are in phase, then the value of capacitance is
(a) 100 (b) 127
(c) 142 (d) 160
12. A 300 Ω resistor and a capacitor of ( ) F are connected in series to a 200 V − 50 Hz ac source. The
current in the circuit is –
(a) 0.1 A (b) 0.4 A
(c) 0.6 A (d) 0.8 A
13. The core of a transformer is laminated to reduce the effect of
(a) Flux leakage (b) Copper loss
(c) Hysteresis loss (d) Eddy current
14. Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct
answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false

Assertion (A) : A step-up transformer cannot be used as a step-down transformer.

Reason (R) : A transformer works only in one direction.

CBSE 2020
1. The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length and area of cross-section. The
self-inductance of the solenoid will become ___________ times.
2. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize ___________ currents in the core of a transformer.
3. A resistance R and a capacitor C are connected in series to an ac source V = V0 sin t.
(a) Obtain the expression for the instantaneous current (I) in the circuit.
(b) Show graphically variations of V and I as a function of t.
4. A resistance R and a capacitor C are connected in series to an ac source V = V0 sin t.
(a) The peak value of the voltage across the (i) resistance and (ii) capacitor.
(b) The phase difference between the applied voltage and current. Which of them is ahead ?

5. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source V = V0 sin t.

Find the
(a) peak value of the voltage drops across R and across L,
(b) phase difference between the applied voltage and current. Which of them is ahead ?
(c)
6.
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the working of a step-up transformer. Give reasons to
explain the following :
(i) The core of the transformer is laminated.
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings.
(b) A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and resistance 0·1 ohm rests on two smooth parallel rails of
negligible resistance AA‟ and CC‟. It can slide on the rails and the arrangement is positioned between
the poles of a permanent magnet producing uniform magnetic field B = 0·4 T. The rails, the rod and the
magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions as shown in the figure. If the ends A and C
of the rails are short circuited, find the
(i) external force required to move the rod with uniform velocity v = 10 cm/s, and
(ii) power required to do so.
 CBSE 2019
1. The figure shows a rectangular conducting frame MNOP of resistance R placed partly in a perpendicular
magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ and moved with velocity ⃗⃗ as shown in the figure. (3)

Obtain the expressions for the

(a) force acting on the arm „ON‟ and its direction, and
(b) power required to move the frame to get a steady emf induced between the arms MN and PO.

2. A capacitor (C) and resistor (R) are connected in series with an ac source of voltage of frequency 50 Hz.
The potential difference across C and R are respectively 120 V, 90 V, and the current in the circuit is 3 A.
Calculate
(i) the impedance of the circuit (ii)
(ii) the value of the inductance, which when connected in series with C and R will make the power
factor of the circuit unity. (3)
3. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source.

(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Calculate the impedance of the circuit and amplitude of current at resonance.
(c) Show that potential drop across LC combination is zero at resonating frequency. (3)
4.
(a) What do you understand by „sharpness of resonance‟ for a series LCR resonant circuit ? How is it
related with the quality factor „Q‟ of the circuit ? Using the graphs given in the diagram, explain the
factors which affect it. For which graph is the resistance (R) minimum ?
 (b) A 2 F capacitor, 100 resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an ac source. Find the
frequency of the ac source for which the current drawn in the circuit is maximum. If the peak value of
emf of the source is 200 V, calculate the(i) maximum current, and (ii) inductive and capacitive reactance
of the circuit at resonance. (5)
5.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of an ac generator. Explain its working and obtain the expression for the
instantaneous value of the emf in terms of the magnetic field B, number of turns N of the coil of area A
rotating with angular frequency . Show how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating
in a magnetic field.
(b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with angular speed of
50 rad s–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 3·0 X 10–2 T.
(i) Calculate the maximum and average emf induced in the coil.
(ii) If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 , calculate the maximum current in the coil and
the average power loss due to Joule heating. (5)
6.
(a) Derive an expression for the induced emf developed when a coil of N turns, and area of cross-section A,
is rotated at a constant angular speed in a uniform magnetic field B.
(b) A wheel with 100 metallic spokes each 0·5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane
normal to the horizontal component of the Earth‟s magnetic field. If the resultant magnetic field at that
place is 4 X10–4 T and the angle of dip at the place is 30o, find the emf induced between the axle and the
rim of the wheel. (5)
7.
(a) Derive the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor when a current I develops in it.
Hence, obtain the expression for the magnetic energy density.
(b) A square loop of sides 5 cm carrying a current of 0·2 A in the clockwise direction is placed at a distance
of 10 cm from an infinitely long wire carrying a current of 1 A as shown.
Calculate (i) the resultant magnetic force, and (ii) the torque, if any, acting on the loop. (5)
 CBSE 2018
1. The teachers of Geeta‟s school took the students on a study trip to a power generating station, located nearly
200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long
distance to their city, in the form of alternating current (ac) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in
the city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listened
to the teacher and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage.
(a) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for
power dissipation in this device.
(b) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances
as an alternating current rather than a direct current.
(c) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta. (4)
2.
(a) State the principle of an ac generator and explain its working with the help of a labelled diagram.
Obtain the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of cross-sectional area A,
rotating with a constant angular speed „ ‟ in a magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗ , directed perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.
(b) An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to east with a velocity of 900 km/hour. Calculate the
potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of 20 m. The horizontal
component of the Earth‟s magnetic field is 5 X 10–4 T and the angle of dip is 300 . (5)

OR
A device X is connected across an ac source of voltage V = V0 sin . The current through X is given as
I = I0 sin [ ]
(a) Identify the device X and write the expression for its reactance.
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation
graphically.
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X. (5)

CBSE 2017
1. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation describes below :

2. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane where current I
in the wire is increasing steadily?
3. What is the direction of induced current in coil PQ and CD?

4. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two
long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other.
OR
Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the expression for the energy stored in an inductor connected
across a source of emf.
5. A device 'X' is connected to an ac source V = V0 sin t. The variation of voltage, current and power in
one cycle is shown in the following graph :

(a) Identify the device 'X'.

(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power consumed in the
circuit ? Justify your answer.
(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the ac source ? Show graphically.
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of an ac generator. Obtain the expression for the emf induced in the
rotating coil of N turns each of cross-sectional area A, in the presence of a magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
(b) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed 5.0 ms–1
at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field, 0.3 × 10–4 Wb m–2. Find
the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rod.
 CBSE 2016

1. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor, show that the average power supplied by the
source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A bulb is connected in series with a variable capacitor and an A.C. source as shown. What happens to
the brightness of the bulb when the key is plugged in and capacitance of the capacitor is gradually reduced

2. (a) When a bar magnet is pushed towards (or away) from the coil connected to a galvanometer, the pointer
in the galvanometer deflects. Identify the phenomenon causing this deflection and write the factors on which
the amount and direction of the deflection depends. State the laws describing this phenomenon.
(b) Sketch the change in flux, emf and force when a conducting rod PQ of resistance R and length l moves
freely to and fro between A and C with speed υ on a rectangular conductor placed in uniform magnetic field
as shown in the figure.

OR
In a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source of voltage v = vm sinωt, use phasor diagram to derive
an expression for the current in the circuit. hence obtained the expression for the power dissipated in the
circuit. Show that power dissipated at resonance is maximum.

CBSE 2015

1. A planar loop of rectangular shape is moved within the region of a uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular
to its plane. What is the direction and magnitude of the current induced in it ?
2. Sunita and her friends visited an exhibition. The policeman asked them to pass through a metal detector.
Sunita‟s friends were initially scared of it. Sunita, however, explained to them the purpose and working of
the metal detector.
Answer the following questions :
(a) On what principle does a metal detector work ?
(b) Why does the detector emit sound when a person carrying any metallic object walks through it ?
(c) State any two qualities which Sunita displayed while explaining the purpose of walking through the
detector.
3. (a) State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction.
(b) Explain, with the help of a suitable example, how we can show that Lenz‟s law is a consequence of the
principle of conservation of energy.
(c) Use the expression for Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers of a conductor to obtain the expression
for the induced emf across the conductor of length l moving with velocity v through a magnetic field B
acting perpendicular to its length.
OR
(a) Using phasor diagram, derive the expression for the current flowing in an ideal inductor connected to
an a.c. source of voltage, V = Vo sin ωt. Hence plot graphs showing variation of (i) applied voltage and
(ii) the current as a function of ωt.
(b) Derive an expression for the average power dissipated in a series LCR circuit.

CBSE 2014

1. Why is the use of AC voltage preferred over DC voltage? Give two reasons.
2. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction
of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown.

3. Define the term „mutual inductance‟ between the two coils.

Obtain the expression for mutual inductance of a pair of long coaxial solenoids each of length l and radii
r1 and r2 (r2 >> r1). Total number of turns in the two solenoids are N1 and N2 respectively.
4. A voltage V = V0 sin ωt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the average power
dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is
(i) no power dissipated even though the current flows through the circuit,
(ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit?
5. Define the term self-inductance of a solenoid. Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an
inductor of self-inductance L to build up a current I through it.
6. (a) A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity „v‟ in a direction perpendicular to its
length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. Derive the
expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod.
(b) How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force acting on the free charge
carriers of the conductor? Explain.
 CBSE 2013

1. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when

(i) distance between the coils is increased and
(ii) number of turns in the coils is increased?
2. The motion of copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet.
What is the cause of this damping?
3. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on. Why? Give
reason.
4. (a) For a given a.c., i = im sin ωt, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a complete
cycle is
(b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V a.c. supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
5. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is directed
perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards left
with a velocity of 10 ms–1, calculate the emf induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 W
(assuming that other arms are of negligible resistance) find the value of the current in the arm.

6. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 50 cm long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a plane normal to
the horizontal component of the Earth‟s magnetic field. The Earth‟s magnetic field at the plane is 0.4 G and
the angle of dip is 60°. Calculate the emf induced between the axle and the rim of the wheel. How will the
value of emf be affected if the number of spokes were increased?

CBSE 2012

1. What is the direction of induced current in coil PQ and CD?

2. Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a transformer.
3. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric energy over
long distances done with the use of transformers?
4. A light bulb is rated 100 W for 220 V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb;
(ii) the rms current through the bulb
OR
An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314 t is connected across a pure resistor of 50 W. Find
(i) the frequency of the source.
(ii) the rms current through the resistor.
5. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression for the
impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of the source,
explaining the nature of its variation.

CBSE 2011
1. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation describes below :

2. State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a transformer be used to step up or step down a d.c.
voltage? Justify your answer.
3. Mention various energy losses in a transformer.
4. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents.
5. State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram. The coil of an a.c. generator having
N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity ω . Deduce the expression for the
alternating e.m.f. generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation in this device?
OR
(a) Show that in an a.c. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current by in phase.
(b) A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling with speed v at right angles
to the horizontal component of Earth‟s magnetic field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the e.m.f. induced in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f.?
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential?
 CBSE 2010

1. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its SI units.

2. Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular speed in
the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in the two coils. Justify
your answer.
3. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field to a field-free region with
a constant velocity „v‟ as shown in the figure. Explain in which loop do you expect the induced emf to be
constant during the passage out of the field region. The magnetic field is normal to the loops.

4. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the expression
for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal
transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils? How is the transformer used in large
scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances?
5. State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the
conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The
field extends from x = 0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r.
When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is then moved backward to x = 0 with
constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch the variations of these
quantities with distance 0 x 2b.
 CBSE 2009

1. (i) State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction.

(ii) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage difference developed
between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earth‟s magnetic field at the location has a
magnitude of 5 X 10- 4 T and the dip angle of 30°?
2. (a) What are eddy currents? Write their two applications.
(b) Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in which arm RS of length ' l' is movable. The loop is
kept in a uniform magnetic field „B‟ directed downward perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS
is moved with a uniform speed „v‟.

Deduce an expression for :

(i) the emf induced across the arm „RS‟,
(ii) the external force required to move the arm, and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.

3. (a) State Lenz‟s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. “The Lenz‟s law is a consequence of the
principle of conservation of energy.” Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids but having different radii
and different number of turns.
4. (i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf.
(ii) A 15 capacitor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance and the rms
current.
 UNIT - V

E.M. WAVES
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS
CBSE 2023
1. ⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ represent the electric and the magnetic field of an electro-magnetic wave
respectively. The direction of propagation of the wave is along
(a) ⃗⃗⃗ (b) ⃗ (c) ⃗ ⃗⃗ (d) ⃗⃗ ⃗

2. The ratio of the magnitudes of the electric field and magnetic field of a plane
electromagnetic wave is
(a) c (b) (c) 1 (d)

3. An electromagnetic wave is produced by a charge

(a) moving with a constant velocity
(b) moving with a constant speed parallel to a magnetic field
(c) moving with an acceleration
(d) at rest
4.

(a) How are infrared waves produced ? Why are these waves referred to as heat waves ?
Give any two uses of infrared waves.
OR
(b) How are X-rays produced ? Give any two uses of these.

CBSE 2022
1. Electromagnetic waves of wavelengths , and are Used in radar systems, in water purifiers
and in remote switches of TV, respectively.
(i) Identify the electromagnetic waves, and
(ii) Write one source of each of them.

CBSE 2020

1. Write the mathematical form of Ampere-Maxwell circuital law.

2. Differentiate between conduction current and displacement current.
3. How is displacement current produced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor during charging ?
4. (a) Write the expression for the speed of light in a material medium of relative permittivity and relative
magnetic permeability . (b) Write the wavelength range and name of the electromagnetic
waves which are used in (i) radar systems for aircraft navigation, and (ii) Earth satellites to observe the
growth of the crops.
 CBSE 2019

1. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in RADAR ? Give its frequency range.
2. How are electromagnetic waves produced by accelerating charges ?
3. A capacitor made of two parallel plates, each of area ‘A’ and separation ‘d’ is charged by an external dc
source. Show that during charging, the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current
charging the capacitor.
4. The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why ?
5. Illustrate by giving suitable examples, how you can show that electromagnetic waves carry both energy and
momentum.
6. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A each and separation d, is being charged by an ac source. Show that
the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor.
7. How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges ? What is the source of the energy
associated with the em waves ?

CBSE 2018
1. Name the electromagnetic radiations used for (a) water purification, and (b) eye surgery. (1)
2. (A) Why are infra-red waves often called heat waves ? Explain.
(B) What do you understand by the statement, ‘‘Electromagnetic waves transport momentum’’ ? (2)

CBSE 2017

1. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum ?. (1)

2. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as (2)
A. 10–12 m < < 10–8 m
B. 10–3 m < < 10–1 m
Write one use for each.

CBSE 2016

1. How are electromagnetic waves produce ? What is the source of energy of these waves ? Write
mathematical expressions for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating along the
z-axis. Write any two important properties of electromagnetic waves .(3)
 CBSE 2015
1. How are electromagnetic waves produced ? What is the source of the energy carried by a propagating
electromagnetic wave ? Identify the electromagnetic radiations used
(i) in remote switches of household electronic devices; and
(ii) as diagnostic tool in medicine. (3)

CBSE 2014

1. To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency 5 × 1019 Hz belong? (1)
2. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to generalise
Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due to displacement current.? (2)

CBSE 2013

1. Welders wear special goggles or face masks with glass windows to protect their eyes from electromagnetic
radiations. Name the radiations and write the range of their frequency. (1)
2. A capacitor, made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and separation d, is being charged by an
external ac source. Show that the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current
charging the capacitor. (2)

CBSE 2012

1. What are the directions of electric and magnetic field vectors relative to each other and relative to the
direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves? (1)
2. A capacitor of capacitance of ‘C’ is being charged by connecting it across a dc source along with an
ammeter. Will the ammeter show a momentary deflection during the process of charging? If so, how would
you explain this momentary deflection and the resulting continuity of current in the circuit? Write the
expression for the current inside the capacitor. (2)

CBSE 2011

1. How are radio waves produced?. (1)

OR
How are microwaves produced?
OR
How are X-rays produced?
2. A parallel plate capacitor is being charged by a time varying current. Explain briefly how Ampere’s circuital
law is generalized to incorporate the effect due to the displacement current. (2)
 CBSE 2010
1. Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum whose wavelength lies in the range of 10-10 m. Give its one use.
(1)
OR
Which of the following has the shortest wavelength:
Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays
OR
Arrange the following in descending order of wavelength:
X-rays, Radio waves, Blue light, Infrared light
2. Draw a sketch of a plane electromagnetic wave propagating along the z-direction. Depict clearly the
directions of electric and magnetic fields varying sinusoidally with z. (2)

CBSE 2009

1. Name the EM waves used for studying crystal structure of solids. What is its frequency range? (1)
2. Answer the following questions :
(a) Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground while X-ray astronomy is possible only from
satellites orbiting the Earth. Why?
(b) The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why? (2)

CBSE 2008

1. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following wavelengths belong: (1)
A. 10-1 m
B. 10-12 m
2. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves ? Draw a diagram showing the
propagation of an electromagnetic wave along the x-direction, indicating clearly the directions of the
oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated with it. (2)
 UNIT - VI

OPTICS

1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS
CBSE 2023
1. A ray of monochromatic light propagating in air, is incident on the surface of water. Which of
the following will be the same for the reflected and refracted rays ?
(a) Energy carried (b) Speed
(c) Frequency (d) Wavelength

2. A beam of light travels from air into a medium. Its speed and wavelength in the medium are
1.5 X 108 m/s and 230 nm respectively. The wavelength of light in air will be
(a) 230 nm
(b) 460 nm
(c) 345 nm
(d) 690 nm
3. A ray of monochromatic light propagating in air, is incident on the surface of water. Which of
the following will be the same for the reflected and refracted rays ?
(a) Energy carried (b) Speed
(c) Frequency (d) Wavelength

4. A ray of light of wavelength 600 nm propagates from air into a medium. If its wavelength in
the medium becomes 400 nm, the refractive index of the medium is
(a) 1.4
(b) 1.6
(c) 1.5
(d) 1.8
5. A ray of light travels a distance of 12.0 m in a transparent sheet in 60 ns. The refractive
index of the sheet is
(a) 1.33 (b) 1.50
(c) 1.65 (d) 1.75
6.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is NOT the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

Assertion (A) : In Young's double slit experiment all fringes are of equal width.
Reason (R) : The fringe width depends upon wavelength of light ( ) used, distance of
screen from plane of slits (D) and slits separation (d).

2
7. In the given figure the radius of curvature of curved face in the plano-convex and the
plano-concave lens is 15 cm each. The refractive index of the material of the lenses is 1.5.
Find the final position of the image formed.

8. In a Young's double slit experiment, the separation between the two slits is d and distance
of the screen from the slits is 1000 d. If the first minima falls at a distance d from the central
maximum, obtain the relation between d and .
9. A point object in air is placed symmetrically at a distance of 60 cm in front of a concave
spherical surface of refractive index 1.5. If the radius of curvature of the surface is
20 cm, find the position of the image formed.
10. A ray of light is incident on a glass prism of refractive index µ and refracting
angle A. If it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face, obtain a relation between
the angle of incidence, angle of prism and critical angle.
11. A ray of light is refracted by a glass prism. Obtain an expression for the refractive index of
the glass in terms of the angle of prism A and the angle of minimum deviation .
12. The power of a thin lens is +5 D. When it is immersed in a liquid, it behaves like a
concave lens of focal length 100 cm. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid. Given
refractive index of glass = 1.5.
13. What happens to the interference pattern when two coherent sources are
(a) infinitely close, and
(b) far apart from each other
14. Define critical angle for a given pair of media and total internal reflection. Obtain the relation
between the critical angle and refractive index of the medium.
15.
(a) State Huygen's principle. With the help of a diagram, show how a plane wave is
reflected from a surface. Hence verify the law of reflection.
(b) A concave mirror of focal length 12 cm forms a three times magnified virtual image
of an object. Find the distance of the object from the mirror.

OR
(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the image formation by a refracting
telescope. Define its magnifying power. Write two limitations of a refracting
telescope over a reflecting telescope.

3
 (ii) The focal lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope
are 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm respectively. Find the tube length of the microscope for
obtaining a magnification of 300.

CBSE 2022
1. In a diffraction pattern due to a single slit, how will the angular width of
central maximum change, if
(i) Orange light is used in place of green light,
(ii) the screen is moved closer to the slit
(iii) the slit width is decreased ?
Justify your answer in each case.
2. (a) Write two necessary conditions for total internal reflection.
(b) Two prisms ABC and DBC are arranged as shown in figure.

The critical angles for the two prisms with respect to air are 41.1° and 45°
respectively. Trace the path of the ray through the combination.
3.
(a) An object is placed in front of a converging lens. Obtain the conditions under which
the magnification produced by the lens is (i) negative and (ii) positive.
(b) A point object is placed at 0 in front of a glass sphere as shown in figure. Show the
formation of image by the sphere.

4. In a Young's double slit experiment using light of wavelength 600 nm, the slit separation
is 0.8 mm and the screen is kept 1.6 m from the plane of the slits. Calculate :
a. the fringe width

4
 b. the distance of (a) third minimum and (b) fifth maximum, from the central
maximum.

5. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 600 nm and 500 nm is used in a Young's
double slit experiment. The slit separation is 1.0 mm and the screen is kept 0.60 m
away from the plane of the slits. Calculate :
(a) the distance of the second bright fringe from the central maximum for wavelength
500 nm, and
(b) the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both
the wavelengths coincide.
6. Monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm is incident from air on a water surface. The
refractive index of water is 1.33. Find the (i) wavelength, (ii) frequency and (iii) speed, of
reflected and refracted light.
7. How is the spacing between fringes in a double slit experiment affected if :
(i) The slit separation is increased,
(ii) the colour of light used is changed from red to blue,
(iii) the whole apparatus is submerged in a oil of refractive index 1.2 ? Justify your answer in
each case.
8. (i) State two conditions for two light sources to be coherent.
(ii) Give two points of difference between an interference pattern due to double slit and a diffraction
pattern due to a single slit .
9. A compound microscope consists of two converging lenses. One of them, of smaller aperture and
smaller focal length is called objective and the other of slightly larger aperture and slightly larger
focal length is called eye -piece. Both the lenses are fitted in a tube with an arrangement to vary the
distance between them. A tiny object is placed in front of the objective at a distance slightly greater
than its focal length. The objective produces the image of the object which acts as an object for the
eye-piece. The eye piece, in turn produces the final magnified image.

(i) In a compound microscope the images formed by the objective and the eye-piece are
respectively
(A) virtual, real
(B) virtual, virtual
(C) real, virtual
(D) real, real
(ii) The magnification due to a compound microscope does not depend upon
(A) the aperture of the objective and the eye-piece
(B) the focal length of the objective and the eye-piece
(C) the length of the tube
(D) the colour of the light used
(iii) Which of the following is not correct in the context or a compound microscope ?
(A) Both the lenses are of short focal lengths.
(B) The magnifying power increases by decreasing the focal lengths of the two lenses.

5
 (C) The distance between the two lenses is more than ( Fo + Fe ).
(D) The microscope can be used as a telescope by interchanging the two lenses.
(iv) A compound microscope consists of an objective or 10X and an eye-piece of 20X.The
magnification due to the microscope would be
(A) 2 (B) 10 (C) 80 (D) 200

(v) The focal lengths or objective and eye-piece of a compound microscope me1.2 cm and
3.0 cm respectively. The object is placed at a distance of 1.25 cm from the objective. If the
final image is formed at infinity, the magnifying power of the microscope would be
(A) 100 (B) 160 (C) 200 (D) 250

CBSE 2020
1. The resolving power of a telescope can be increased by increasing
(A) wavelength of light
(B) diameter of objective.
(C) length of the tube.
(D) focal length of eyepiece.
2. A biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1·47 is immersed in a liquid. It becomes invisible and
behaves as a plane glass plate. The refractive index of the liquid is
(A) 1·47
(B) 1·62
(C) 1·33
(D) 1·51
3. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the light of
(A) red colour.
(B) blue colour.
(C) yellow colour.
(D) green colour.
4. Larger aperture of objective lens in an astronomical telescope.
(A) increases the resolving power of telescope.
(B) decreases the brightness of the image.
(C) increases the size of the image.
(D) decreases the length of the telescope.
5. The focal length of the objective of a compound microscope is
(A) greater than the focal length of eyepiece.
(B) lesser than the focal length of eyepiece.
(C) equal to the focal length of eyepiece.
(D) equal to the length of its tube.
6. A ray of light on passing through an equilateral glass prism, suffers a minimum deviation equal to the angle
of the prism. The value of refractive index of the material of the prism is ___________ .
7. Define wavefront of a travelling wave. Using Huygens principle, obtain the law of refraction at a plane
interface when light passes from a denser to rarer medium.

6
 OR
Using lens maker’s formula, derive the thin lens formula = for a biconvex lens.
8. Give reasons for each of the following :
(a) The intensity of light at some points on the screen in Young’s double slit experiment is zero.
(b) The intensity of light transmitted by a polaroid is less than the intensity of the unpolarised light
incident on it.
(c) In the single slit diffraction experiment, some coloured fringes around the central white maximum
are observed on the screen when one uses a source of white light.

9. In a single slit diffraction experiment, light of wavelength illuminates the slit of width ‘a’ and the
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen.
(a) Show the intensity distribution in the pattern with the angular position .
(b) How are the intensity and angular width of central maxima affected when
(i) width of slit is increased, and
(ii) separation between slit and screen is decreased ?
10. What is the effect on the interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment due to each of the following
operations ? Justify your answers.
(a) The screen is moved away from the plane of the slits.
(b) The separation between slits is increased.
(c) The source slit is moved closer to the plane of double slit.
11.
(a) Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is formed at infinity.
Write the expression for the resolving power of the telescope.
(b) An astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal length 20 m and eyepiece of focal length
1 cm.
(i) Find the angular magnification of the telescope.
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the Moon, find the diameter of the image formed by the
objective lens. Given the diameter of the Moon is 3·5  106 m and radius of lunar orbit is
3·8  108 m.
12.
(a) An object is placed in front of a concave mirror. It is observed that a virtual image is formed. Draw
the ray diagram to show the image formation and hence derive the mirror equation = .
(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a plano-convex lens with its spherical surface of radius of
curvature 20 cm. If the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1·5, find the position and nature
of the image formed.

7
 CBSE 2019
1. Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope showing image formation in the normal adjustment
position. Write the expression for its magnifying power. (2)
2. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show image formation by a compound microscope and write the expression
for its resolving power. (2)
3. Explain giving reason, how the magnifying power of a compound microscope depends on the
(i) wavelength of incident light, and
(ii) focal length of the objective lens. (2)
4. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a convex lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam at
15 cm from P. At what point does a beam converge if the convex lens has a focal length 10 cm ? (2)
5. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real and three
times the size of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the mirror. (2)
6. Under which conditions can a rainbow be observed ? Distinguish between a primary and a secondary
rainbow. (2)
7. Explain the following : (2)
(a) Sky appears blue.
(b) The Sun appears reddish at (i) sunset, (ii) sunrise.
8. The figure shows a modified Young’s double slit experimental set-up. (2)
Here SS2 – SS1 = .

(a) Write the condition for constructive interference.

(b) Obtain an expression for the fringe width.
9. A triangular prism of refracting angle 600 is made of a transparent material of refractive index √ . A ray
of light is incident normally on the face KL as shown in the figure. Trace the path of the ray as it passes
through the prism and calculate the angle of emergence and angle of deviation. (3)

10. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation of a distant object by a refracting telescope. Write the
expression for its angular magnification in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses used. State the important
considerations required to achieve large resolution and their consequent limitations. (3)

8
11. (a) Plot a graph for angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
(b) Derive the relation for the refractive index of the prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and
angle of prism. (3)
12. Explain, with the help of a diagram, how plane polarized light can be produced by scattering of light from
the Sun. Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised
light of intensity I is incident on P1. A third polaroid P3 is kept between P1 and P2 such that its pass axis
makes an angle of 450 with that of P1. Calculate the intensity of light transmitted through P1, P2 and P3. (5)
13. (a) Why cannot the phenomenon of interference be observed by illuminating two pin holes with two sodium
lamps ?
(b) Two monochromatic waves having displacements y1 = a cos t and y2 = a cos ( t + ) from two
coherent sources interfere to produce an interference pattern. Derive the expression for the resultant
intensity and obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
(c) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the diffraction taking
place at a single slit of aperture 2 X 10–6 m. If the distance between the slit and the screen is 1·5 m, calculate
the separation between the positions of the second maxima of diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.
(5)
14. (a) Using the ray diagram for a system of two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 in contact with each other,
show that the two lens system can be regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, where

Also write the relation for the equivalent power of the lens combination.
(b) Determine the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in the figure. (5)

15. (a) Explain, using a suitable diagram, how unpolarized light gets linearly polarized by scattering.
(b) Describe briefly the variation of the intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet kept between
two crossed polaroids is rotated. Draw the graph depicting the variation of intensity with the angle of
rotation. How many maxima and minima would be observed when varies from 0 to ? (5)
16. (a) When a convex lens of focal length 30 cm is in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20 cm, find
out if the system is converging or diverging.
(b) Obtain the expression for the angle of incidence of a ray of light which is incident on the face of a prism
of refracting angle A so that it suffers total internal reflection at the other face. (Given the refractive index of
the glass of the prism is .)

9
 CBSE 2018
1. (a) Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can be linearly polarised by reflection from a
transparent glass surface.
(b) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism having
refractive index 3/2 , placed in water of refractive index 4/3 . Will this ray suffer total internal reflection on
striking the face AC ? Justify your answer. (3)

OR

(a) If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young’s experiment is covered with glass, so that
the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the maximum and minimum
intensity of the fringe in the interference pattern.
(b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of monochromatic light ? (3)

2. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive index 1·5, is placed on a
layer of liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical needle with its tip on the
principal axis of the lens is moved along the axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle
itself. The distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and
repeating the experiment, the distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive index of the
liquid in terms of x and y. (3)

3.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real, inverted and
magnified image of the object.
(b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification.
(c) Explain two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope. (5)
OR

10
 (a) Define a wavefront. Using Huygens’ principle, verify the laws of reflection at a plane surface.
(b) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does
this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band ? Explain.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at
the centre of the obstacle. Explain why. (5)

CBSE 2017
1. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is replaced by
red light ? Give reason. (1)
2. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference. Hence, state two difference
between interference and diffraction patterns. [2]
OR
Unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid P1. When this polarised beam passes through another
polaroid P2 and if the pass axis of P2 makes angle with the pass axis of P1, then write the expression
for the polarised beam passing through P2. Draw a plot showing the variation of intensity when varies
from 0 to 2 .
3. (a) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. If for water is
1.33, find the wavelength, frequency and speed of the refracted light. [3]
(b) A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same radius
of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal length is 20 cm.
4. (a) Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation of the image by an astronomical telescope in normal
adjustment [3]
(b) You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct an astronomical telescope ? Give reason.

5. (a) Define wavefront. Use Huygens' principle to verify the laws of refraction.
(b) How is linearly polarised light obtained by the process of scattering of light ? Find the Brewster angle
for air – glass interface, when the refractive index of glass = 1.5 [5]
OR
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two thin convex lenses in
contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this combination in terms of the focal lengths of the
lenses.
(b) A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum deviation
when the angle of incidence is th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism.

11
 CBSE 2016
1. Why can't we see clearly through fog ? Name the phenomenon responsible for it. [1]
2. A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC as shown in the figure and
emerges from the other refracting face AC as RS such that AQ = AR. If the angle of prism A = 600 and
refractive index of material of prism is √ , calculate angle . [2]

3. (i) Derive Snell's law on the basis of Huygen's wave theory when light is travelling from a denser to a rarer
medium
(ii) Draw the sketches to differentiate between plane wavefront and spherical wavefront. [3]
4. (i) A screen is placed at a distance of 100 cm from an object. The image of the object is formed on the
screen by a convex lens for two different location of the lens separated by 20 cm. Calculate the focal length
of the lens used.
(ii) A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens-both the lenses being of equal focal
length. What is the focal length of the combination ? [3]
5. (a) Why does unpolarised light from a source show a variation in intensity when viewed through a polaroid
which is rotated ? Show with the help of a diagram, how unpolarised light from sun gets linearly polarised
by scattering.
(b) Three identical polaroid sheets P1, P2 and P3 are oriented so that the pass axis of P2 and P3 are inclined at
angles of 600 and 900 respectively with the pass axis of P1. A monochromatic source S of unpolarized light
of intensity I0 is kept in front of the polaroid sheet P1 as shown in the figure. Determine the intensities of
light as observed by the observer at O, when polaroid P3 is rotated with respect to P2 at angles θ = 300 and
600. [5]

OR

12
 (a) Derive an expression for path difference in Young's double slit experiment and obtain the conditions for
constructive and destructive interference at a point on the screen.
(b) The intensity at the central maxima in Young's double slit experiment is I0. Find out the intensity at a
point where the path difference is and .

CBSE 2015

1. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical angle of
incidence depend on the colour of light ? (1)
2. Define a wavefront. Using Huygens’ principle, draw the shape of a refracted wavefront, when a plane wave
is incident on a convex lens. (2)
OR
3. (a) When a wave is propagating from a rarer to a denser medium, which characteristic of the wave does not
change and why ?
(b) What is the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the two media of refractive indices and ?
4. A ray of light is incident normally on the face AB of a right-angled glass prism of refractive index = 1·5. The
prism is partly immersed in a liquid of unknown refractive index. Find the value of refractive index of the liquid
so that the ray grazes along the face BC after refraction through the prism. (3)

5. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are separated by a distance of 1·5 mm and the screen is
placed 1 m away from the plane of the slits. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 650 nm and 520
nm is used to obtain interference fringes. Find
(a) the distance of the third bright fringe for = 520 nm on the screen from the central maximum.
(b) the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths
coincide. (3)
6. (a) A point-object is placed on the principal axis of a convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R,
which separates the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2 > n1). Draw the ray diagram and deduce the
relation between the distance of the object (u), distance of the image (v) and the radius of curvature (R) for
refraction to take place at the convex spherical surface from rarer to denser medium.
(b) Use the above relation to obtain the condition on the position of the object and the radius of curvature in
terms of n1 and n2 when the real image is formed.
OR
(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the formation of image by a compound microscope in normal
adjustment. Derive the expression for its magnifying power.
(b) How does the resolving power of a microscope change when

13
 (i) the diameter of the objective lens is decreased,
(ii) the wavelength of the incident light is increased ? Justify your answer in each case. (5)

CBSE 2014

1. A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.5 in immersed in water of refractive
index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Give reason. (2)
2. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-angled prism
ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays are respectively .
Trace the path of these rays after entering through the prism.

3. A convex lens of local length 20 cm is placed coaxially with a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm at a
distance of 50 cm apart from each other. A beam of light coming parallel to the principal axis is incident on
the convex lens. Find the position of the image by this combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the
formation of the image.
4. (a) Using the phenomenon of polarisation, show how transverse nature of light can be demonstrated.
(b) Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of
intensity I0 is incident on P1. A third polaroid P3 is kept in between P1 and P2 such that its pass axis makes
an angle of 30° with that of P1. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P1, P2 and P3 .
5. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, describe briefly how bright and dark fringes are obtained on the
screen kept in front of a double slit. Hence obtain the expression for the fringe width.
(b) The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in the Young’s double slit experiment is 9 : 25. Find
the ratio of the widths of the two slits.
OR
(a) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single narrow slit illuminated
by a monochromatic source of light. Hence obtain the conditions for the angular width of secondary maxima
and secondary minima.
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the diffraction taking
place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10–6 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate
the separation between the positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.

14
 CBSE 2013
1. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f2. Find the focal
length of the combination.
2. Draw a labeled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write the expression
for it. Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting type telescope.
3. A parallel beam of light of 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on
a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the
screen. Calculate the width of the slit.
4. (a) What is linearly polarized light? Describe briefly using a diagram how sunlight is polarised.
(b) Unpolarised light is incident on a polaroid. How would the intensity of transmitted light change when
the polaroid is rotated?
5. One day Chetan’s mother developed a serve stomach ache all of a sudden. She was rushed to the doctor who
suggested for an immediate endoscopy test and gave an estimate of expenditure for the same. Chetan
immediately contacted his class teacher and shared the information with her. The class teacher arranged for
the money and rushed to the hospital On realizing that Chetan belonged to a below average income group
family, even the doctor offered concession for the test fee. The test was conducted successfully.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(a) Which principal in optics is made use of in endoscopy?
(b) Briefly explain the values reflected in the action taken by the given situation?
(c) In what way do you appreciated the response of the doctor on the given situation?

CBSE 2012
1. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in three different media A, B and C are
respectively. In which medium, will the velocity of light be minimum?
2. In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this
affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
3. An object AB is kept in front of a convex mirror as shown in the figure.

(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s reflecting
surface is painted block?
(iii)
4. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its advantages over the reflecting telescope.

15
5. You are given three lenses each of focal length 20cm. An object is kept at 40 cm in front of L1
, as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus ‘I’ of . Find the separations between
.

6. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, derive the condition for

(i) constructive interference and
(ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen

(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800 nm and 600 nm is used to obtain the interference
fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment on a screen placed 1.4 m away. If the two slits are
separated by 0.28 mm, calculate the least distance from the central bright maximum where the bright
fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
OR
(a) How does an unpolarised light incident on a polaroid get polarised? Describe briefly, with the help of a
necessary diagram, the polarisation of light by reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid ‘C’ be placed
between them so that the intensity of polarised light transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8th of the
intensity of unpolarised light incident on A?

CBSE 2011

1. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive index 1.6. It is
immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. Calculate its new focal length.
2. Use the mirror equation to show that
(a) An object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
(b) a convex mirror, always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object.
(c) An object is placed between pole and the focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged
image.
3. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn , in (i) a medium of refractive index
1.6, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.3.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?

16
4. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of focal length 10
cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power of the compound
microscope. Also calculate the length of the microscope.
OR
A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15m. If an eyepiece
lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular magnification of the telescope. If this telescope is
used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens? The
diameter of the moon is and the radius of the lunar orbit is .
5. State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference. In Young’s double slit
experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive
interference. Hence, deduce the expression for the fringe width. How does the fringe width get affected, if
the entire experimental apparatus of Young is immersed in water?
OR
(a) State Huygen’s principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen
due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from a monochromatic source of light is incident
normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the central fringe.
(c) If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would you
observe in the diffraction pattern?

CBSE 2010

1. A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens both the lenses being of equal focal
lengths. What is the focal length of the combination?
2. The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the length of the object. If the
focal length of the lens is 20 cm, calculate the object and image distances.
3. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in speed imply
a decrease in the energy carried by the light wave? Justify your answer.
4. (i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. Explain briefly its
working.
(ii) An astronomical telescope used two lenses of power 10D and 1D. What is its magnifying power in
normal adjustment?
OR
(i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope. Explain briefly its working.
(ii) Why must both objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths?
5. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the focal length and nature of the lens
required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size of the object.
6. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0.15 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic light of
wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringe, (ii) dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits?

17
7. How does an unpolarised light get polarised when passed through polaroid? Two polaroids are set in crossed
positions. A third polaroid is placed between the two making an angle with the pass axis of the first
polaroid. Write the expression of the intensity of light transmitted from the second polaroid. In what
orientations will the transmitted intensity be
(i) minimum and (ii) maximum?

CBSE 2009

1. Two thin lenses of power +4D and -2D in contact. What is the focal length of the combination?
2. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Plot a
graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
3. Define the term ‘linearly polarised light. When does the intensity of transmitted light become maximum,
when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids?
4. (i) State the principal on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
5. In Young’s double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 630 nm illuminates the pair of slits
and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8.1 mm.
Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference pattern in which the two consecutive
bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the wavelength of light from the second source. What is the
effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light?
6. (a) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an astronomical telescope for a
distant object.
(ii) Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type telescope.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a concave lens of focal length
10cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens, find the position of the final image formed by
the combined system.
OR
(a) With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror.
(b) The near point of a hypermetropic person is 50 cm from the eye. What is the power of the lens
required to enable the person to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from the eye?

18
 UNIT - VII

DUAL NATURE

1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023

1. Which one of the following metals does not exhibit emission of electrons from its
surface when irradiated by visible light ?
(a) Rubidium (b) Sodium
(c) Cadmium (d) Caesium
2. A photon of wavelength 663 nm is incident on a metal surface. The work function of
the metal is 1.50 eV. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photo electrons is
(a) 3.0 x 10–20 J
(b) 6.0 x 10–20 J
(c) 4.5 x 10–20 J
(d) 9.0 x 10–20 J
3. The energy of a photon of wavelength 663 nm is
(a) 6.64 x 10–20 J –19
(b) 5.18 x 10 J
–19
(c) 3.0 x 10 J (d) 2.0 x 10–20 J

4. Figure shows the variation of photoelectric current measured in a photo cell circuit
as a function of the potential difference between the plates of the photo cell when light
beams A, B, C and D of different wavelengths are incident on the photo cell. Examine
the given figure and answer the following questions:

(a) Which light beam has the highest frequency and why ?
(b) Which light beam has the longest wavelength and why ?
(c) Which light beam ejects photoelectrons with maxim um momentum and
why ?
OR
What is the effect on threshold frequency and stopping potential on
increasing the frequency of incident beam of light ? Justify your answer.

2
 CBSE 2022

1. ( i) Name the factors on which photoelectric emission from a surface depends.

(ii) Define the term ‘threshold frequency' for a photosensitive material.
2.
(a) Calculate the frequency of a photon of energy of 6.5 X 10–19 J.
(b) Can this photon cause emission of an electron from the surface of Cs of work function
2.14 eV ? If yes, what will be maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron?
3. The work function of a metal is 2.31 eV. Photoelectric emission occurs when light of
frequency 6.4 x 1014 Hz is incident on the metal surface. Calculate: (i) the energy of the
incident radiation, (ii) the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron and (iii) the
stopping potential of the surface.

4. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 100 V.

Find :
a. the wavelength associated with
b. the momentum of and
c. the velocity required by, the electron.

CBSE 2020

1. Photons of energies 1 eV and 2 eV are successively incident on a metallic surface of work function 0·5
eV. The ratio of kinetic energy of most energetic photoelectrons in the two cases will be
(A) 1 : 1
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 1
(D) 1 : 4
2. The variation of the stopping potential (Vo) with the frequency ( ) of the light incident on two different
photosensitive surfaces M1 and M2 is shown in the figure. Identify the surface which has greater value of
the work function.

3.
(a) Write two main observations of photoelectric effect experiment which could only be explained
by Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(b) Draw a graph showing variation of photocurrent with the anode potential of a photocell.

3
 CBSE 2019

1. Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current versus intensity of light. (1)
2. A photon and a proton have the same de-Broglie wavelength . Prove that the energy of the photon is
(2m c/h) times the kinetic energy of the proton. (2)
3. A photon emitted during the de-excitation of electron from a state n to the first excited state in a
hydrogen atom, irradiates a metallic cathode of work function 2 eV, in a photo cell, with a stopping
potential of 0·55 V. Obtain the value of the quantum number of the state n. (2)
4. (a) State briefly, with what purpose was Davisson and Germer experiment performed and what inference
was drawn from this.
(b) Obtain an expression for the ratio of the accelerating potentials required to accelerate a proton and an
-particle to have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. (3)
5. (a) An electron and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the two has
(i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(ii) lesser momentum ? Justify your answer in each case.
(b) How is the momentum of a particle related with its de-Broglie wavelength ? Show the
variation on a graph. (3)

CBSE 2018

1. Draw graphs showing variation of photoelectric current with applied voltage for two
incident radiations of equal frequency and different intensities. Mark the graph for the
radiation of higher intensity. (1)
2. If light of wavelength 412·5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which ones
will show photoelectric emission and why ? (2)
Metal Work Function (eV)
Na 1·92
K 2·15
Ca 3·20
Mo 4·17

CBSE 2017

1. Name the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation. (1)
2. Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein's photoelectric equation can be established. Write two
features of photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by wave theory. (3)

4
 CBSE 2016

1. A proton and an α particle are accelerated through the same potential difference. Which one of the two
has (i) greater de-Broglie wavelength, and (ii) less kinetic energy ? Justify your answer. (2)
2. State two important properties of photon which are used to write Einstein's photoelectric equation.
Define (i) stopping potential and (ii) threshold frequency, using Einstein's equation and drawing
necessary plot between relevant quantities. (3)

CBSE 2015

1. Define the terms ‘stopping potential’ and ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to photoelectric effect. How
does one determine these physical quantities using Einstein’s equation ? (2)
2. When the electron orbiting in hydrogen atom in its ground state moves to the third excited state, show
how the de Broglie wavelength associated with it would be affected. (3)

CBSE 2014

1. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of work-function? Justify your
answer. (1)

2. An electron microscope used electrons accelerated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the de Broglie
wavelength associated with the electrons. Taking other factors, such as numerical aperture etc. to be
same, how does the resolving power of an electron microscope compare with that of an optical
microscope which used yellow light? (3)

CBSE 2013

1. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having charge ’q’
and mass ‘m’ when it is accelerated by a potential V. (1)

5
2. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of photons on
which this equation is based. Briefly explain the three observed features which can be explained this
equation. (3)

CBSE 2012

1. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has grater de Broglie wavelength and
Why? (1)
2. Define the terms (i) ‘cut –off voltage’ and (ii) ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to the phenomenon of
photoelectric effect. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation shows how the cut-off voltage and threshold
frequency for a given photosensitive material can be determined with the help of a suitable plot/graph.
(3)

CBSE 2011

1. Define the term ‘stopping potential in relation to photoelectric effect. (1)

2. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for two different
frequencies, of incident radiation having the same intensity. In which case will the stopping
potential be higher? Justify your answer. (3)

CBSE 2010

1. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in photoelectric
effect, which can be explained on the basis of the above equation. (2)
2. An and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio of their de
Broglie wavelengths. (2)
CBSE 2009

1. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3 eV. What is its stopping potential? [ ]
2. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger-Marsden experiment. How did the scattering of
-particles of a thin foil of gold provide an important way to determine an upper limit on the size of the
nucleus? Explain briefly. (3)

6
 UNIT - VIII

ATOMS & NUCLEI

1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023

1. A hydrogen atom makes a transition from n = 5 to n = 1 orbit. The wavelength of

photon emitted is 'A. The wavelength of photon emitted when it makes a transition from n =
5 to n = 2 orbit is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
2. The radius of nucleus is R. The radius of nucleus will be
(a) R (b) ( ) R

(c) ( ) (d) ( )
3. The curve of binding energy per nucleon as a function of atomic mass number has a
sharp peak for helium nucleus. This implies that helium nucleus is
(a) Radioactive
(b) Unstable
(c) easily fissionable
(d) more stable nucleus than its neighbours

4. Specify the transition of electron in the wavelength of the line in the Bohr model of hydrogen
atom which gives rise to the spectral line of highest wavelength.
(a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
(c) n = 4 to n = 1 (d) n = 4 to n = 2
5.
(a) What is meant by ionisation energy ? Write its value for hydrogen atom.
OR
(b) Define the term, mass defect. How is it related to stability of the nucleus ?
6.
(a) Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion giving a n example of each.
(b) Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission and fusion on the basis of binding
energy per nucleon curve.
OR
(a) How is the size of a nucleus found experimentally? Write the relation between
the radius and mass number of a nucleus.
(b) Prove that the density of a nucleus is independent of its mass number.

2
 CBSE 2022

1. State Bohr’s postulate to explain stable orbits in a hydrogen atom. Prove that the speed with
which the electron revolves in nth orbit is proportional to (1/n).
2. (a) James Chadwick, in 1932, studied the emission of neutral radiations when Beryllium.
Nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles. He concluded that emitted radiations were
neutrons and not photons Explain. (b) Two nuclei may have the same radius, even though
they contain different number of protons and neutrons. Explain.
3. (i) Distinguish between isotopes and isobars.
(ii) Two nuclei have different mass numbers A1 and A2. Are these nuclei necessarily the
isotopes of the same element ? Explain.
4. (a) The energy of hydrogen atom in an orbit i.e. – 1.51 eV. What are kinetic and potential energies
of the electron in this orbit ?
(b)The electron in a hydrogen atom is typically found at a distance of about 5.3 X 10–11 m from the
nucleus which has a diameter of about 1.0 X 10–11 m. Assuming the hydrogen at.om to be a sphere of
radius 5.3 X 10–11 m, what fraction of its volume is occupied by the nucleus?
5. A narrow beam of protons, each having 4.1MeV energy is approaching a sheet of lead
(Z =82).Calculate :
(i) the speed of a proton in the beam, and
(ii) the distance of its closest approach

CBSE 2020

1. Which of the following statements is not correct according to Rutherford model ?

(A) Most of the space inside an atom is empty.
(B) The electrons revolve around the nucleus under the influence of coulomb force acting on them.
(C) Most part of the mass of the atom and its positive charge are concentrated at its centre.
(D) The stability of atom was established by the model.

2. According to Bohr’s atomic model, the circumference of the electron orbit is always an ___________
multiple of de Broglie wavelength.
OR
In -decay, the parent and daughter nuclei have the same number of _____________ .
3. The nuclear radius of is 3·6 fermi. Find the nuclear radius of
OR
A proton and an electron have equal speeds. Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths associated with them.
4. Define the term ‘Half-life’ of a radioactive substance. Two different radioactive substances have half-lives
T1 and T2 and number of undecayed atoms at an instant, N1 and N2, respectively. Find the ratio of their
activities at that instant.
5. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive the expression for the radius of nth orbit of the revolving electron in a
hydrogen atom.

3
6. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive the expression for the velocity of revolving electron in nth orbit in a
hydrogen atom
7. Define activity of a sample of a radioactive substance. The value of the disintegration constant of a
radioactive substance is 0·0693 h–1. Find the time after which the activity of a sample of this substance
reduces to one-half that of its present value.
8. Explain, how the process of emission of photoelectrons is different from the process of emission of -
particles.
9. The nucleus , initially at rest, decays into by emitting an -particle

The binding energies per nucleon of the parent nucleus, the daughter nucleus and -particle are 7·8 MeV,
7·835 MeV and 7·07 MeV, respectively. Assuming the daughter nucleus to be formed in the unexcited state
and neglecting its share in the energy of the reaction, find the speed of the emitted -particle. (Mass of -
particle = 6·68  10–27 kg)

CBSE 2019

1. The wavelength of light from the spectral emission line of sodium is 590 nm. Find the kinetic energy at
which the electron would have the same de-Broglie wavelength. (2)
2. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by an electron beam of 12·5 eV energy. Find out the
maximum number of lines emitted by the atom from its excited state. (2)
3. Draw a plot of -particle scattering by a thin foil of gold to show the variation of the number of the scattered
particles with scattering angle. Describe briefly how the large angle scattering explains the existence of the
nucleus inside the atom. Explain with the help of impact parameter picture, how Rutherford scattering
serves a powerful way to determine an upper limit on the size of the nucleus. (3)
4. Why is it difficult to detect the presence of an anti-neutrino during -decay ? Define the term decay constant
of a radioactive nucleus and derive the expression for its mean life in terms of the decay constant. (3)
5. (a) State two distinguishing features of nuclear force. (b) Draw a plot showing the variation of potential
energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Mark the regions on the graph where the force
is (i) attractive, and (ii) repulsive. (3)
6. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the radius of the nth orbit in which the electron is
revolving in hydrogen atom. How does de-Broglie’s hypothesis explain the stability of hydrogen atom ?
Explain. (3)
7. (a) Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation. Also indicate the regions where the force is (i) attractive and (ii) repulsive.
(b) Write two characteristic properties of nuclear force. (3)
8. (a) Draw the energy level diagram for the line spectra representing Lyman series and Balmer series in the
spectrum of hydrogen atom.
(b) Using the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen atom, calculate the largest and shortest
wavelengths of the emission lines of the Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (Use the value of
Rydberg constant R = 1·1 X 107 m–1) (3)

4
 CBSE 2018

1. Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy.
Which of the two -- the parent or the daughter nucleus -- would have higher binding energy per
nucleon ? (1)
2. (a) State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie’s hypothesis
explain the stability of these orbits ?
(b) A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level.
Estimate the frequency of the photon. (3)
3. (a) Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
(b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 10 years. How long will it take for the activity to reduce to
3·125% ? (3)
CBSE 2017

1. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to excite a gaseous hydrogen atom at room temperature. Determine the
wavelengths and the corresponding series of the lines emitted. (2)
2. Asha's mother read an article in the newspaper about a disaster that took place at Chernobyl. She could not
understand much from the article and asked a few questions from Asha regarding the article. Asha tried to
answer her mother's questions based on what she learnt in Class XII Physics (4)
(a) What was the installation at Chernobyl where the disaster took place ? What, according to you, was the
cause of this disaster ?
(b) Explain the process of release of energy in the installation at Chernobyl.
(c) What according to you, were the values displayed by Asha and her mother ?
Solution
(a) "Oh April 1986, the world's worst nuclear accident happened at the chernobyl. Plant near pripyat ukrain
in the soviet union. An explosion and fire in the No. 4 reactor sent radioactivity into the atmosphere
(b) the value displayed by the Asha is that she is caring and having helping nature towards here mother. the
value displayed by Asha's mother is that she has no idea the out burst take place in chemobyl (ukrain) but
she has the curiosity about the incident that take place on April 26, 1986, at the chernobyl plant near
Priyat, Ukrain, in the soviyat union.

CBSE 2016

1. When is Hα line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained ? Calculate the frequency of the
photon emitted during this transition. [2]
OR
Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted when electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from
n = ∞ to n = 1. (2)
2. (a) Derive the mathematical expression for law of radioactive decay for a sample of a radioactive nucleus.
(b) How is the mean life of a given radioactive nucleus related to the decay constant ? (3)

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 CBSE 2015

1. When the electron orbiting in hydrogen atom in its ground state moves to the third excited state, show how
the de Broglie wavelength associated with it would be affected. (2)
2. Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 4·5 MeV strikes a
nucleus of Z = 80, stops and reverses its direction. (2)
3. (a) The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon
as a function of mass number A. The letters A, B, C, D and E
represent the positions of typical nuclei on the curve. Point out,
giving reasons, the two processes (in terms of A, B, C, D and E),
one of which can occur due to nuclear fission and the other due to
nuclear fusion. (3)

(b) Identify the nature of the radioactive radiations emitted in each step of the decay process given
below.

CBSE 2014

1. Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear -decay? (1)

2. Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in hydrogen
atom. What is the significance of total negative energy possessed by the electron? (2)
OR
Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius of electron orbit.
Hence obtain the expression for Bohr’s radius.
3. For the past some time, Aarti had been observing some erratic body movement, unsteadiness and lack of
coordination in the activities of her sister Radha, who also used to complain of severe headache
occasionally. Aarti thoroughly examined Radha and diagnosed that she has a brain tumour.
(a) What, according to you, are the values displayed by Aarti?
(b) How can radioisotopes help a docyor to diagnose brain tumour? (4)

CBSE 2013

1. Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S.I. unit. (2)
2. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when electron in
hydrogen atom undergoes transition from higher energy state ( ) to the lower state,
( )
When electron in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state identify the spectral series
to which the emission lines belong. (5)

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 OR
(a) Draw the plot of blinding energy per nucleon ( ) as a function of mass number A. Write two important
conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission.
(c) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing . Why is the detection of neutrinos found
very difficult ? (5)

CBSE 2012

1. Draw a plot of potential energy per of nucleon as a function their separations. Mark the regions where the
nuclear force is (i) attractive and (ii) repulsive. Write any two characteristic features of nuclear forces. (3)
2. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of , when
an -particle of energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest and reverse its direction.
How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the -particle is doubled?
(3)
OR
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 . If electron makes a transition from an energy level-
0.85 to -3.4 , calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To which series of hydrogen
spectrum does this wavelength belong? (3)
CBSE 2011

1. Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear force. (1)

2. (a) Using de Broglie’s hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohr’s second postulate of
quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
(b)The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 . What are the potential energies of the electron in
this state ? (3)
CBSE 2010

1. Define ionization energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom? (1)
2. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write two important
conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear forces. (2)
OR
Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of
nuclei, . How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range
using the property that nuclear force is short-ranged? (2)

3. (a) Write symbolically the , decay process of . (3)

(b) Derive an expression for the average life of a radionuclide. Give its relationship with the half-life.

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 CBSE 2009

1. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio . What is the ratio of their nuclear radii? (1)
2. (a) The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total mass of its constituents – neutrons
and protons. Explain.
(b) Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation. (2)
3. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger – Marsden experiment. How did the scattering of -particles
by a thin foil of gold provide and important way to determine an upper limit on the size of the nucleus?
Explain briefly. (3)

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 UNIT - IX

SEMICONDUCTORS

1
 FOURTEEN YEARS BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE 2023

1. In an extrinsic semiconductor, the number density of holes is 4 x 1020 m–3•If the number
density of intrinsic carriers is 1.2 x 1015 m–3, the number density of electrons in it is
(a) 1.8 x 109 m–3 (b) 2.4 x 1010 m–3
(c) 3.6 x 109 m–3 (d) 3.2 x 1010 m–3
2. The formation of depletion region in a p-n junction diode is due to
(a) movement of dopant atoms (b) diffusion of both electrons and holes
(c) drift of electrons only (d) drift of holes only
3. The formation of depletion region in a p-n junction diode is due to
(a) movement of dopant atoms (b) diffusion of both electrons and holes
(c) drift of electrons only (d) drift of holes only
4. Which one of the following elements will require the highest energy to take out an
electron from them ?
Pb, Ge, C and Si
(a) Ge (b) C
(c) Si (d) Pb
5. A semiconductor device is connected in series with a battery, an ammeter and a resistor.
A current flows in the circuit. If the polarity of the battery is reversed, the current in the
circuit almost becomes zero. The device is
(a) intrinsic semiconductor
(b) n-type semiconductor
(c) p-type semiconductor
(d) p-n junction diode
6. Draw energy band diagram for an n-type and p-type semiconductor at T > 0 K.
7. Answer the following giving reasons :
(a) A p-n junction diode is damaged by a strong current.
(b) Impurities are added in intrinsic semiconductors.
8. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a full wave rectifier gives output rectified
voltage corresponding to both halves of the input ac voltage.

CBSE 2022

1. What is meant by doping of an intrinsic semiconductor? Name the two types

of atoms used for doping of Ge/Si.
2. Name the extrinsic semiconductors formed when a pure germanium is doped with (i) a
trivalent and (ii) pentavalent impurity. Draw the energy band diagrams of extrinsic
semiconductors so formed.
3. Explain the formation of the barrier potential in a p- n junction.
4. Briefly explain how emf is generated in a solar cell. Draw its I-V characteristics.
5. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode and its I-Vcharacteristics.
(b) How can a photodiode be used to measure the light intensity?

2
6. Draw the energy band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and Insulators.
Which band determines the electrical conductivity of a solid? How is the electrical conductivity
of a semiconductor affected with rise in its temperature?Explain.

CBSE 2020
1. How does an increase in doping concentration affect the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction diode
?
2. Why cannot we use Si and Ge in fabrication of visible LEDs ?
3. Explain the terms ‘depletion layer’ and ‘potential barrier’ in a p-n junction diode. How are the (a) width
of depletion layer, and (b) value of potential barrier affected when the p-n junction is forward biased ?
4. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier using two p-n junction diodes. Explain its working and
show input and output voltage variations.
5.
(a) Draw circuit diagram and explain the working of a Zener diode as a dc voltage regulator with the
help of its I-V characteristic.
(b) What is the purpose of heavy doping of p- and n-sides of a Zener diode ?
6. With the help of a simple diagram, explain the working of a silicon solar cell, giving all three basic
processes involved. Draw its I-V characteristic.

CBSE 2019

1. Draw the I-V characteristics of a Zener diode. (1)

2. Identify the semiconductor diode whose V-I characteristics are as shown. (1)

3. Give reason to explain why n and p regions of a Zener diode are heavily doped. Find the current through
the Zener diode in the circuit given below : (Zener breakdown voltage is 15 V) (3)

4. Prove that in a common-emitter amplifier, the output and input differ in phase by 1800 .
In a transistor, the change of base current by 30 A produces change of 0·02 V in the base -emitter voltage
and a change of 4 mA in the collector current. Calculate the current amplification factor and the load
resistance used, if the voltage gain of the amplifier is 400. (3)

3
5. The output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common emitter configuration is as shown in the
figure. (2)

(a) Find the emitter current at VCE = 10·0 V and Ib = 40 A, and

(b) Current gain ‘ ’ at this point.

6. How is a light emitting diode fabricated ? Briefly explain the basic processes involved in the emission of
spontaneous radiation from it. Write two advantages of LED lamps over the incandescent low power
lamps. (3)
7. Draw the energy band diagram of (i) n-type, and (ii) p-type semiconductors at temperature T > 0 K.
In the case of n-type Si-semiconductor, the donor energy level is slightly below the bottom of
conduction band whereas in p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is slightly above the top of
valence band. Explain, giving examples, what role do these energy levels play in conduction and valence
bands. (3)
8. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier. Explain its working principle. Show the input
waveforms given to the diodes D1 and D2 and the corresponding output waveforms obtained at the load
connected to the circuit. (3)

CBSE 2018

1. (a) A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to convert alternating current into direct current.
Draw the labelled circuit diagram she would use and explain how it works.
(b) Give the truth table and circuit symbol for NAND gate. (3)
2. Draw the typical input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how
these characteristics can be used to determine (a) the input resistance (ri), and (b) current amplification
factor ( ). (3)
CBSE 2017

1. (a) In the following diagram, is the junction diode forward biased or reverse biased ?

(b) Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier and state how it works. (3)

2. (a) Write the functions of the three segments of a transistor. [3]

(c) The figure shows the input waveforms A and B for 'AND' gate. Draw the output waveform and
write the truth table for this logic gate.

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 CBSE 2016

1. (i) Distinguish between a conductor and a semi conductor on the basis of energy band diagram.
(ii) The following figure show the input waveforms (A, B) and the output waveform (Y) of a gate.
Identify
the gate, write its truth table and draw its logic symbol. (3)

2. (i) Name two important processes that occur during the formation of an p-n junction.
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier along with the input and output waveforms. Briefly
explain how the output voltage/current is unidirectional. (3)

CBSE 2015

1. The outputs of two NOT gates are fed to a NOR gate. Draw the logic circuit of the combination of gates.
Write its truth table. Identify the gate equivalent to this circuit.
OR
You are given two circuits (a) and (b) as shown in the figures, which consist of NAND gates. Identify
the
logic operation carried out by the two. Write the truth tables for each. Identify the gates equivalent to
the two circuits. (3)

(a)

(b)

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2. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw
its input and output waveforms. Which characteristic property makes the junction diode suitable for
rectification ? (3)

CBSE 2014

1. Write any two distinguishing features between conductors, semiconductors and insulators on the basis of
energy band diagrams. (3)
2. Draw a circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor amplifier in CE configuration. Under what condition does the
transistor act as an amplifier? (2)
3. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of p-n junction diode as a half-wave rectifier. (2)

CBSE 2013

1. In the circuit shown in the figure, identify the equivalent gate of the circuit and make its truth table.
(i) or (ii) or (ii) (2)

2. Draw typical output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these
characteristic can be used to determine output resistance. (2)
3. Draw V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving reasons:
A. Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a critical
voltage.
B. Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region. (3)

CBSE 2012

1. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how the flow of current carriers in a p-n-p transistor
is regulated with emitter-base junction forward biased and base-collector junction reverse biased.
(2)

2. Describe briefly, with the help of a diagram, the role of the two important processes involved in the
formation of a p-n junction. Name the device which is used as a voltage regulator. Draw the necessary
circuit diagram and explain its working.
OR

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 (a) Explain briefly the principle on which a transistor-amplifier works as an oscillator. Draw the
necessary circuit diagram and explain its working.
(b) Identify the equivalent gate for the following circuit and write its truth table. (5)

CBSE 2011

1. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is (i) forward biased, (ii) reverse
biased? (1)
2. You are given a circuit below. Write its truth table. Hence, identify the logic operation carried out by this
circuit. Draw the logic symbol of the gate it corresponds to. (i) or (ii) or (ii) (3)

3. Draw a labelled diagram of a full wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show the input-
output waveforms. (3)

CBSE 2010
1. (i) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.

(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs . (2)

2. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward bias, (ii) reverse bias. How are these
circuits used to study the V-I characteristics of a silicon diode? Draw the typical V-I characteristics.
(b) What is a light emitting diode (LED)? Mention two important advantages of LEDs over conventional
lamps.
OR

7
 (a) Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the input and output characteristic of an n-p-n transistor in
CE configuration. With the help of these characteristic define (i) input resistance, (ii) current
amplification factor. (5)
(b) Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram how an n-p-n transistor is used to produce self-
sustained oscillations. (5)

CBSE 2009

1. Given the logic symbol of NAND gate. (1)

2. Given a circuit diagram emitter amplifier using an n-p-n transistor. Draw the input and output
waveforms of the signal. Write the expression for its voltage gain. (3)
3. (i) With the help of circuit diagrams, distinguish between forward biasing and reverse biasing of a p-n
junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b) reverse bias. (3)