The Life, Customs, and Practices of Ancient Israel in the Patriarch Period.

Introduction
1.1 Sources from Archaeology
1.1.1 Mari Text
1.1.2 Nuzi Text
1.1.3 Ras Shamra Text (Ugarit)
1.2 Patriarchs
1.2.1 The Wandering Arameans
1.3 Social Practices of Patriarchs
1.4 Cultural Practices of Patriarchs
1.4.1 Birthright
1.4.2 Exchange or Sell Birthright
1.4.3 Slave Adoption
1.4.4 Wife-Sister Marriage
1.4.5 Marriage
1.4.6 Teraphiam (Household gods)
1.5 Religious Practices of Patriarchs
1.6 Lifestyle of Patriarchs
1.6.1 Government
1.6.2 Housing
1.6.3 Food
1.6.4 Cultivation
1.6.5 Family life
1.6.6 Travel and Trade
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction

This writer wants to explain the life and customs and practices of ancient Israel people in the
patriarch period. We know that the patriarch’s period started from Genesis chpater12-50. Here
writer explains not only biblical text and also some extra-biblical sources like Mari, Nazi, and Ras
Shamra texts, found by biblical archeologists. We know that the bible was written after the
patriarch’s period before we have only traditional understanding like myths, legends, tales, sagas,
heroic epics, and oral transmission stories passed from generation to generation. With the help of
these mythical stories, we cannot find exact evidence, so here with the help of biblical
archaeological texts writer explained about patriarch’s period lifestyle and cultural and religious
practices of the ancient Israel people in patriarch’s time.

1.1 Sources from Archaeology

To study ancient people, we have only the resource of the biblical archeological findings because
the bible is based on myths like stories and also legends (traditional folk stories) and history this
is translated by oral traditions then after so many centuries later they wrote their stories for their
descendants. This is the way they remembered their history. But in the modern period, people try
to find out the exact history in the light of evidence with the help of archeology. Especially biblical
archeologists found so much evidence that is connected with this patriarch period. In the ancient
near east location, most archeological findings were helpful to find out the original setting of the
history of ancient people. In the ancient near east, there are several places’ excavations and
discoveries in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt in 20th-century BEC. These excavations
led to the new birth of ‘Biblical Archeology’. During this time, they found ‘houses, palaces and
also storage houses, graveyards, and small objects like coins, weights, tools, and toys. Because of
these findings, biblical archeologists found this object belongs to people who lived in the ancient
period. Mainly they found written documents like “clay tablets, papyrus, and other texts”. This
evidence gives information about the lifestyle, customs, and practices of tribes or clans, religious
and cultural, social status, and languages of these people.1

1
Alfred J. hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament (Baker Books: Michigan, 2001), 16.
1.1.1 Mari Text

The French archaeologists mainly examined the ancient city of Mari on the Euphrates River in
1933–1934, more than thirty archaeological finds have been made there. Similar to Ebla, thousands
of clay tablets more than 20,000 in total have been found. These tablets include information from
the middle of the third millennium to the early eighteenth century B.C.E., the period when Mari
was later destroyed by Hammurabi, king of Babylon, in around 1765 B.C.E. As with the Ebla
tablets, the Mari tablets' main usefulness so far appears to be in providing context for the Hebrew
ancestral period (about 2000–1750 B.C.E.)2.

1.1.2 Nuzi Text

Nuzi was a Hurrian administrative center not far from the Hurrian capital at Kirkuk in northern
Iraq. The Nuzi texts are ancient documents found during an excavation of Nuzi an
ancient Mesopotamia city southwest of Iraq, located near the Tigris River. More than 6,500
cuneiforms (an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia) and fragments (a
piece of broken writings). The texts are mainly lawful and business documents. These tablets have
been described as showing parallels between the Bible and Hurrian culture such as ‘making a slave
an heir and using a proxy for a barren wife’. This evidence provides the political, legal, economic,
religious, and social structures.3 According to these written documents they found that some
practices followed in the patriarchs period like ‘adoption for childless couples’ (Gen 21:2),
‘children by proxy’ (Gen 16, 21:1), ‘inheritance rights’ (Gen 25:29), ‘marriage arrangements’
(Gen 28 and ‘levirate marriage’ (Gen 38; Dt 25:5), ‘deathbed blessings’(Gen 27 and 48),
‘household gods’ (Gen 31:14), 'tablets of sistership’, (Gen 12:10, 20:1 and Isaac (Gen 26:7) said
their wives were their sisters4.

2
“Encyclopedia.com” https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-
baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/mari#2587513290, accessed on 27th Jan 2023.
3
Mark W. Chavalas, Nuzi (Nuzi Tablets) - Biblical Studies - Oxford Bible Nuzi (Nuzi Tablets) - Biblical
Studies - Oxford Bibliographies iographies, accessed on 27th Jan 2023.
4
‘The Shiloh Excavations’, Amazing Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Nuzi Tablets - Associates
for Biblical Research (biblearchaeology.org), accessed on 28th Jan 2023.
1.1.3 Ras Shamra Text (Ugarit)

The Ugaritic texts are a collection of ancient written documents (clay tablets) discovers in 1928
onwards in Ras Shamra in Syria these documents were written in the northwest Semitic language.
Nearly 1,500 texts and other documents were found in this area. In this place, some scholars found
these tablets were revealed these related to religious and mythological epic poetry and literature
and their language is very similar to Hebrew. According to ‘Virrolleaud’ he is a French scholar,
he said that “The vocabulary of Ras Shamra is the same as that of the bible books, these documents
dealt with Canaanite ‘Baal’ religious beliefs and practices.5

1.2 Patriarchs

The term patriarchs are derived from two Greek words ‘pater’ and ‘arche’ which means the male
head of a family, clan, or tribe. In other words, patriarchs are the founding father of a nation or
tribe. The eldest male in the family they were taking care of the whole family in both legal and
economic and religious responsibility in their family. In the book of Genesis, the patriarchs of the
Israelites can be seen as ‘Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and other sons of Jacob. The earliest chapters
show that the people of Israel were not the first people on the earth, using archaeological studies
to show that several civilizations lived. Abraham's history begins most probably in 2000 BCE.
Israel's ancestors come from developed civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. The first largest
state in Mesopotamia was established by the Akkadians.6 The patriarchs lived seminomadic lives
in the land like fertile places. They need suitable places for tending their sheep and cultivating
land, so from Ur in Mesopotamia to Egypt they traveled with their clans. They don’t have settled
or permanent places but they wandered to greener places for tending sheep and cultivation.7

5
‘Ras Shamra Tablets’, Ras Shamra Tablets | Biblical Trhttps://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/ras-
shamra-tabletsaining, accessed on 28th Jan 2023.
6
C.F. Pfeiffer, “Patriarch”, Pictorial Encyclopaedia of the Bible, edited by Merrill C. Tenney, vol. 4
(Michigan: Zondervan, 1975): 620-621.
7
R. Alan Cole, “Patriarchs, Period of the”, Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible, edited by Walter A. Elwell
(Baker book house: Michigan,1988), 1620-1621.
1.2.1 The wandering Arameans

This is another name for patriarchs, Abraham looked for a wife for his son Isaac, and he sent a
servant to the land of Aram to find Rebekah (Gen; 25:20). Abraham's relatives are mentioned in
genesis as Arameans (Gen 22:20; 28:5). Laban, Jacob’s father-in-law, is called an Aramean
in (Gen 31:10). Jacob himself is called “a wandering Aramean” in (Duet 26:5) since both his
mother and his grandfather were from Mesopotamia and therefore considered Arameans by the
Hebrew. Another view according to Gen 10:22 Arameans are decedents of Shem (eldest son of
Noah) and traditional ancestors of the Hebrews. The Arameans were nomads and wilderness
lifestyle, living on the edges of the wilderness. These Arameans are not developed people they are
wandering from one place to place. And another name for patriarchs Hebrew.8

1.3 Social Practices of Patriarchs

The tribes of the Hebrews were patriarchal. Tribal organizations would have been composed of
variously sized groups that shared a religious or cultic birthright, were descended from the same
patriarchal ancestor, and were related to one another by blood. Customs It would be remarkable if
the local "Amorite" people, from whom they may have learned some of them, were unaware of
their customs. In any case, the Nuzi manuscripts provide light on a variety of otherwise mysterious
events. Similar practices about marriage, adoption, inheritance, and the like were reportedly
followed throughout the Fertile area in the second millennium, thus these similarities are not
limited to the Nuzi literature. For example, a marriage contract from Alalakh in northern Syria
from the fourteenth century (where the population had long been predominately Hurrian) shows
that a father might choose to ignore the primogeniture legislation and identify the son who would
be the "first-born." Here, the husband states that if his wife has no children, he will get his niece
(who is not a slave) in marriage, but that if she later produces children, her son will be considered
the "firstborn" even if other sons have been born to other wives 9

8
John Bright, A History of Israel…,71.
9
Herbert Wolf, An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch (Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1991), 137.
1.4 Cultural Practices of Patriarchs

According to archeological discoveries, Slave adoption custom in Nuzi, for example, Abraham's
worry that his slave Eliezer would become his heir (Gen. 15:1-4) more reasonable. The son that
childless couples adopted would serve them for as long as they lived and would inherit from them
when they passed away. However, the adoptive son would have to give up the inheritance if a
natural son was born. Again, much as Sarah gave her slave Hagar to Abraham to take as a
concubine (Gen 16:1–4), a marriage contract was necessary at Nuzi. All the families where the
head was the male person remaining all the people from their family are under patriarchs. These
days every family member lived together because of this every family is a bigger and joint family
under the head of the family's control. In Hebrew family people give importance to their mother
(1 kings 2:19). Father had complete control over his wife, kids, grandchildren, home staff, and all
other members. Children were to submit to his rule (Ex 20:12), and if they did not, they could be
put to death for endangering the safety of their family (Duet 21:18-21). Normally, the father's
eldest son took over the succession after his death. Likewise, many events in genesis are related to
the cultural and traditional practices of contemporary neighboring people.10

1.4.1 Birthright

The right that naturally belonged to the eldest son is known as a birthright. When there were several
wives, the firstborn son was the one who was born first, regardless of whether his mother was a
concubine or a wife. Although Sarah objects that Ishmael should inherit with Isaac, Isaac was
probably given the firstborn privileges by favor, rather than by any legal requirements (Gen 21:10).
The firstborn's birthright originally consisted of a double portion share of what his father had to
leave. This most likely indicates that he owned a double portion share of any distributable property.
The firstborn became head of the family and so succeeded in the charge of the family property,
becoming responsible for the maintenance of the younger sons, the widows, and the unmarried
daughters. He also, as head, succeeded to a considerable amount of authority over all members of
his family.11

10
Leon J. Wood, A Survey of Israel’s History, (Michigan: Zondervan, 1970) , 15-16.
11
Herbert Wolf, An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch …,139.
1.4.2 Exchange or Sell Birthright

In Nuzi texts identified this birthright custom, there is another thing is one can hand over or
exchange his birthright for wealth or some sort of valuable things, for example in the case of Esau
and Jacob. In a patriarch society position of the headship shows the family, priestly function,
inheritance property, and possession of the covenant promise. In the case of Esau and Jacob Esau
sells his birthright to his brother for a pottage (Gen 25:30-34)12

1.4.3 Slave Adoption

According to adoption practices in the Nuzi text primary purpose of marriage was that of
‘procreation’. According to ‘W. F. Albright’, proposed that Abraham's relationship with Eliezer
who is from Damascus (Gen. 15: l-6) custom the one who adopted childless parents he would serve
them as long as they lived and inherit after their death. But the natural (real) son born the adopted
son would lose his right of inheritance upon the family. In the case of Abraham worries that his
slave Eliezer would become his heir. But after Abraham and Sarah bore Isaac's natural son. ‘Nuzi
texts show a man who had no male heirs could resort to adopting his son-in-law to make
grandchildren blood relatives’13 In Laban and Jacob's case, Laban adopted him as an heir in his
family because he doesn’t have a child (Gen 29: 19). The adopted one always submissive to one
who adopted him (Gen 31:24,29,43).14

1.4.4 Wife-Sister Marriage

According to Nuzi's texts a wife as a sister occurs. The endogamy (marriage within the group or
clan) includes the same tribal people like half-brothers’ sisters and cross-cousin marriages (Gen
20:12; 24:15; 29:12; Num 26:59; 27:1-11; 36:1-13). Hurrian custom or wife sisterhood law.
According to the Nuzi Tablet, women in the wife-sister status rather than the status of ordinary
wives enjoyed greater privileges and better protection. The status was purely legal, as wives and
sisters were distinctly different from the physical relationship usually understood by the term

12
Howard F. Vos, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs …, 40.
13
R.K. Harrison, The Archeology of the Old Testament (New York: Harper& Row publishers,1963), 26.
14
John Bright, A History of Israel …,71.
"sister". To establish the status of wife and sister, her two documents were drawn up, one for
marriage and one for the alliance.15

1.4.5 Marriage

According to records, for getting a wife the men should have served for a while to the father-in-
law. In this case, Jacob severed seven years for Leah and Rachel. Another custom father-in-law
made a covenant with his son-in-law about not having a relationship with other women except his
wife (Gen 31: 50). Another custom was after the marriage of his daughter, the father should send
female servants. In the case of Laban’s daughter, he sent a female servant along with his daughter
(Gen 29: 24,25). 16

1.4.6 Teraphiam (Household gods)

Most scholars claim that Teraphiam is a household god. These are made up of clay mud materials.
According to Nuzi texts, property rights or inheritance rights depended on Teraphiam or household
gods. For example, in the biblical text, we found this custom in the case of Laban and his daughter,
Rachel theft household gods from their fathers’ home (Gen 31: 19,30). This Teraphiam is related
to inheritance title.17

1.5 Religious practices of patriarchs

It is very difficult because we have biblical narration full of myth stories, these people are
preserving these stories for generations by generations storing in their memories like this so many
centuries after they were written. Abraham's forefathers were ideal worshipers, they are involved
in many tribal deities and also involved in national deities. They are polytheistic in their religion.

15
Stuart A. West, “THE NUZI TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES”,
THE NUZI TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES – Sermons and BiTHE NUZI
TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES – Sermons and Biblical Studies
(biblia.work)blical Studies (biblia.work), accessed on 3rd Jan 2023.
16
Laiu Fachhai, Primogeniture, Patriarchy and Old Testament Theology (ISPCK: Delhi, 2012), 32.
17
John Bright, A History of Israel …, 71.
The city of Ur chief god was the Moon-God known as ‘sin’.18 According to OT scholar G.J.
Wenham, there are no festivals, and the fathers construct altars, never using ones that already exist,
and they offer sacrifices without a priest or temple (Genesis 12:7-8; 13:4, 18; 22:9, 13). These
semi-nomadic peoples migrated from Haran (Mesopotamia) to Canaan (Palestine) in between they
adopted contemporary nations' customs and practices. One familiar name we can observe is the
worshiped divine name, Yahweh but patriarchs don’t know this Yahweh name, the evidence shows
very clearly that the patriarchs worshipped and knew God as ‘El’, this is the common word for
‘God’ in all Semitic peoples of Syria and Canaan in the patriarchal period later genesis editors
connected with Yahweh19. Not only this name there are other several names also used by
patriarchs. El Elyon (God most high) (Gen. 14:18, 22), El Ro'i (God of seeing) (16:13), El
Olam (The Everlasting God) (21:33), El Beth-El (God of bethel) (31:13; 35:7), and, most common
of all, El Shaddai (God almighty) (17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 48:3; Ex. 6:3). By considering this
archeological evidence and texts (Mari, Nuzi, and Ugarit) we say this, the religion of the patriarchs
was Yahwsim (God of my/your father).20 In those days practice of human sacrifices was also
commonly practiced in contemporary clans. The same thing happened in the case of Abraham and
Isaac (Gen ch22).21

1.6 Lifestyle of patriarchs

W.F. Albright mentioned that by studying Mari texts. The lifestyle of the patriarchs is described
as a nomad or semi-nomadic life. The patriarchs were mainly herdsmen, possessing sheep and
goats (Gen 13:5-7; 30:32f, etc.), and cattle as well (Gen 15:9; 18:7). Whenever their wandering
occurred in the biblical text mentioned only sheep and goats are mentioned (Gen ch29-32). The
patriarchs traveled freely from Canaan to Mesopotamia and back to Canaan again according to
feed for their flocks (Gen 13:3-6; 33:18; 35:6, 16-27). And they lived in tents (Gen12:8; 18:1f;

18
David F. Hinson, History of Israel Old Testament Introduction 1 (Delhi: ISPCK,1987), 35.
19
F.W. Bush, “Patriarchs”, The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia vol 3 K-P, edited by
Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1986), 690-695.
20
L. Hicks, “Patriarchs”, The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, edited by George Arthur Buttrick
(New York: Abingdon press, 1962), 678.
21
John Bright, A History of Israel (London: SCM Press Ltd, 1964), 92.
31:24-34). And also, dug wells to provide water (Gen 21:30; 26:15-22), and they cultivate the
lands (Gen 20:1f; 23:1-20; 33:18). 22

1.6.1 Government

Abraham's tribe lived a tribal lifestyle. Family ties and a sense of belonging to God were important
to the tribe. Anyone who was not a member of God's chosen people was not permitted to participate
in worship or have a personal relationship with God. There was a family hierarchy among the
tribes. The patriarch, or leader of the family, oversaw all social, religious, and political spheres of
the tribe. The patriarchs, the earliest of whom was Abraham, most likely interacted with God to
gain wisdom, illumination, and knowledge on how to manage their tribe..23

1.6.2 Housing

The ancient patriarch’s period presents these nomadic and seminomadic people living as tent
dwellers. Their peoples frequently or gradually changed their places according to grassland lands
for tending sheep. there are no walls for their tents, these tents are made with goatskins during this
period. This is convenient for their migrations. 24

1.6.3 Food

They cultivate wheat, barley, figs, dates are available items for them. Those days they had two
meals per day as part of their lifestyle. They made bread, olives, cheese, fruit, and vegetables in
their daily mealtime. The bread was the basic food. Vegetables were also common to use like
beans, and lentils were common during the Old Testament period (“Take wheat and barley, beans,
lentils, millet, and spelt”, Ezekiel 4:9). It was a common lentil-based stew that cooked and given
to Esau (Gen 25:33,34). Not only vegetables and also the meat is also part of their daily life like

22
Howard F. Vos, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs…, 20.
23
“How did government change during the Patriarch”,How did government change during the Patriarchal
period? - SJS Wiki al period? - SJS Wiki, accessed on 31st Jan 2023.
24
Howard F. Vos, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs …, 33.
meat (beef, mutton) and fish, etc. This is luxurious food for them, they will eat only at the time of
sacrifices and festivals.25

1.6.4 Cultivation

Agriculture was one of the main cultivations near the Nile valley. Each year Nile River overflowed
its banks, and the land was covered with good fertilized land for cultivation for this Semitic tribal
people. Not they depended on this river but also in winter rains it is depending on the atmosphere.
They produce wheat, barley, figs, wool, dates, lather, etc.26

1.6.5 Family life

Family units in the Old Testament times were large and combined joint families. Including every
member of the family like aunts, uncles, cousins, and servants. It’s like an extended family, the
leader of the family would be the head of all the members in the house. Therefore, the family
would like a little kingdom that was ruled by the father. He ruled over his wife, children,
grandchildren, and servants. If children refused to accept this authority because of that reason they
could be threatened by family members and they could be punished to death (Duet 21: 18-21). The
role of women always appeared to be submissive to men. She kept out of sight when visitors were
present (Gen 18:9).27

1.6.6 Travel and Trade

The patriarchal narrative shows that plenty of migrations happened during this period. Abraham
himself migrated from Mesopotamia to Palestine and then temporarily went to Egypt during the
famine time (Gen 12). According to Albright, in the 20th to 19th century B.C, information from
Mari texts, from Egypt about, that is more than thousands of donkey caravan traveling records
occurred in Mari texts in northwestern Mesopotamia to Cappadocia in Eastern Asia minor and
Armenia.28 So they can travel to these places for traveling for trade, especially knowing that in the

25
Ralph Gower, The new Manners & Customs of Bible Times (Chicago: Moody press, 1987), 50.
26
Howard F. Vos, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs (Nashville: Thomas Nelson
Publishers,1999), 20.
27
Ralph Gower, The new Manners & Customs of Bible Times…, 58.
28
W.F. Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan (New York: doubleday,1968), 71.
case of joseph, his brothers threw him into the pit and later sold him as a slave to traveling traders
(Gen 37:17-28).29

Conclusion

In this assignment writer dealt with the life, customs, and practices of Ancient Israel in the
patriarchs’ period with the help of not only the biblical text and also with the help of extra-biblical
texts like biblical archeological evidence from Mari, Nuzi, and Ras Shamra (Ugarit) text that found
in the recent findings in this twentieth century. W.F. Albright and his student John Bright and
Virrolleaud taught that Abraham came from a commercial city called ‘Ur’ and lived in important
cities like Haran, Damascus, Shechem, Bethel, Hebron, etc.… and also some Egyptian texts shows
that more than thousands of caravan’s numbers show that Abraham has great wealth man, his
existence related with trade and commercial activities. And also argued that he was not just a
nomad wandering where he wished in search of pasture and water supply. In their time they
practiced so many customs and cultic rituals from their contemporary neighboring practices. The
family must obey the head of the house. And also, their daily life works discussed. By reading this
assignment readers can get an idea about Ancient Israel in the patriarch’s period.

29
Howard F. Vos, Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs…, 42.
Bibliography:

Alan Cole, R. “Patriarchs, Period of the”, Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible. Edited by Walter A.
Elwell. Baker book house: Michigan,1988.

Albright, W.F. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan. New York: Doubleday,1968.

Bright, John. A History of Israel. London: SCM Press LTD,1959.

Bush, F.W. “Patriarchs”, The international standard Bible Encyclopaedia vol 3 K-P, edited by
Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.1986.

Fachhai, Laiu. Primogeniture, Patriarchy and Old Testament Theology. ISPCK: Delhi, 2012.

Gower, Ralph. The new Manners & Customs of Bible Times. Chicago: Moody Press, 1987.

Harrison, R.K. The Archeology of the Old Testament. New York: Harper& Row Publishers,1963.

Hinson, David F. History of Israel Old Testament Introduction 1. Delhi: ISPCK,1987.

Hicks, L. “patriarchs”, The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, edited by George Arthur
Buttrick. New York: Abingdon Press, 1962.

Hoerth, Alfred J. Archaeology, and the Old Testament. Baker Books: Michigan, 2001.

Pfeiffer, C.F. “Patriarch”, Pictorial Encyclopaedia of the Bible. Edited by Merrill C. Tenney.
Vol. 4. Michigan: Zondervan, 1975.

Vos, Howard F. Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Manners & Customs. Nashville: Thomas Nelson
Publishers,1999.

Wood, Leon J. A Survey of Israel’s History. Michigan: Zondervan, 1970.

Wolf, Herbert. An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch. Chicago: Moody Publishers,
1991.
Webliography

Chavalas, Mark W. Nuzi (Nuzi Tablets) - Biblical Studies - Oxford Bible Nuzi (Nuzi Tablets) -
Biblical Studies - Oxford Bibliographies biographies. Accessed on 27th Jan 2023.

“Encyclopedia.com” https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-
and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/mari#2587513290. Accessed on
27th Jan 2023.

“Ras Shamra Tablets”, Ras Shamra Tablets | Biblical

Trhttps://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/ras-shamra-tabletsaining. Accessed on 28th
Jan 2023.

“The Shiloh Excavations”, Amazing Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Nuzi Tablets -
Associates for Biblical Research (biblearchaeology.org). Accessed on 28th Jan 2023

West, Stuart A. “THE NUZI TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE PATRIARCHAL

NARRATIVES”, THE NUZI TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE PATRIARCHAL
NARRATIVES – Sermons and BiTHE NUZI TABLETS REFLECTIONS ON THE
PATRIARCHAL NARRATIVES – Sermons and Biblical Studies (biblia.work)blical
Studies (biblia.work). Accessed on 3rd Jan 2023.