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    Goc Reactions Self 3

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    Goc Reactions Self 3

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    Goc Reactions Self 3

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    ULTIMATE GUIDE TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PT 3:

    Compound Class Intermediates Reactions Classification


    Involved
    Aldehydes and Carbocation (rare), Nucleophilic addition, Hydration, Oxidation,
    Ketones Carbanion Oxidation, Reduction, Reduction, Aldol
    Condensation Condensation, Claisen-
    Schmidt Condensation
    Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acid anion Nucleophilic acyl Esterif ication,
    substitution, Saponif ication,
    Decarboxylation, Reduction
    Reduction
    Haloalkanes Carbocation, Carbanion SN1, SN2, E1, E2 Nucleophilic
    substitution,
    Elimination, Free
    radical substitution
    Haloarenes Arenium ion Electrophilic aromatic Halogenation, Nitration,
    substitution Sulf onation, Friedel-
    Craf ts
    alkylation/acylation
    Amines Amine Nucleophilic addition- Acylation, Diazotization,
    elimination, Acid-base Hof mann degradation
    reactions

    Detailed Explanation:

    Aldehydes and Ketones:

    • Nucleophilic Addition: Reactions with nucleophiles like water, alcohols, amines,


    and Grignard reagents to form hydrates, hemiacetals/ketals, imines, and alcohols,
    respectively.
    • Oxidation: Conversion to carboxylic acids using strong oxidizing agents like KMnO₄
    or CrO₃.
    • Reduction: Reduction to primary or secondary alcohols using reducing agents like
    LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄.
    • Condensation: Aldol condensation and Claisen-Schmidt condensation, involving
    the formation of a carbanion intermediate.

    Carboxylic Acids:

    • Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution: Reactions with alcohols to form esters and with
    amines to form amides.
    • Decarboxylation: Loss of CO₂ to form alkanes or alkenes, often under high
    temperature or with specific catalysts.
    • Reduction: Reduction to primary alcohols using LiAlH₄.
    Haloalkanes:

    • SN1: Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution, favored by tertiary alkyl halides and


    weak nucleophiles.
    • SN2: Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, favored by primary alkyl halides and
    strong nucleophiles.
    • E1: Unimolecular elimination, favored by tertiary alkyl halides and high
    temperatures.
    • E2: Bimolecular elimination, favored by strong bases and primary or secondary alkyl
    halides.
    • Free Radical Substitution: Reaction with halogens under UV light to form alkyl
    halides.

    Haloarenes:

    • Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Reaction with strong electrophiles like NO₂⁺,


    SO₃H⁺, and Cl⁺ to form substituted aromatic compounds.

    Amines:

    • Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination: Reactions with carbonyl compounds to form


    imines.
    • Acid-Base Reactions: Amines can act as bases, accepting protons to form
    ammonium salts.
    • Acylation: Reaction with acyl chlorides to form amides.
    • Diazotization: Reaction with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts, which can
    undergo various reactions like coupling reactions.
    • Hofmann Degradation: Reaction with bromine and alkali to form primary amines
    with one carbon less.

    Remember that the specific reaction and mechanism can be influenced by factors like the
    nature of the reactants, the reaction conditions, and the presence of catalysts.

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