introduction_of_p_adic_numbers-1

HISTORY OF P-ADIC NUMBERS:
Kurt Hensel(1861-1941) he was a German mathematician who made significant

contributions to number theory,algebra and mathematical analysis. He was born in konigsberg
Germany. Kurt Hensel’s father was George Hensel ,a prominent German physician and
pathologist. George Hensel was a professor at University of Konigsberg and made important
contributions to the field of pathologist and microbiology. Kurt Hensel’s mother Marie Hensal
who came from a wealthy family in Konigsberg was accomplished musician and helped to instill
a love of music in her children . The result was Kurt became an accomplished pianist.
Kurt Hensel was youngest of his four siblings and grew up in a privileged household that valued
both academic and cultural pursuits. Yes Kurt Hensel’s parents were supportive of his interests
in mathematics and provided him with the resources he needed to
Persue his studies. Hensal showed his early aptitude towards
mathematics and his parents recognized his talent and encourage him to
Persue his passion. They provided him with the access to the books
and other learning material and they also Hired a private tutor to
supplement his education. Hensel’s father George Hensel was a highly
respected academic his own right and likely had a strong influence on
his son’s intellectuals development. Overall it seems that Hensal had a
supportive and nurturing environment that allowed him to develop his
mathematical to their full potential.
When he was 9 ,his family moved Berlin and Hensel attended the Friedrich Winhelm
Gymnasium where he was taught mathematics by KH schellbeck. Under his guidance Hensel
postured a deep love for mathematics. When Hensel left his hight school he was quiet sure for
he has to go for mathematics. In his college he was taught by famous mathematicians like
Lipschitz,Krichoof,,weierstrass ,Boarchadt,Helmholtz and Kronecker.
Kronecker had the greatest influence on Hensel.
In 1885 ,Hensel earned his doctorate under the supervision of LeopoltzKronecker.
In 1892, Kurt Hensal was married to Elisabeth Hensel who was also a mathematician And was
sister of famous Mathematicians ”BarnhardRieman.”
They worked together on several projects of mathematics including the translation of
“Hermann minkoski’s book on number theory”. Kurt and Hensel’s life was happy one and was
devoted for each other till death.
In 1897 , Hensal developed algebraic numbers. He used foundations of other Mathematians like
kummar’s concept of ideals ,Dadekind’s application of ideals for one variable function and etc.
Hensel was interested in developing the powered series of algebraic function for which he
studied real numbers, rational numbers,complex numbers etc in much depth. While doing so he
faced many problems . He was engaged in finding the solution to these problems and the result
was ”p.adic numbers”.
In 1901, Hensel received his professorship at University of Marburg and spent the rest of his life
there. There is no evidence that Hensel done his research in supervision of someone but his
doctoral supervisor Leopoltzkonecker helped him a lot in his findings.
In 1897 , Hensel’s work on p.adic number was culminated in a paper and was titled ” on a new
foundation for the theory of algebraic numbers”and was published in a jounel
”mathematischeAnnalen”.
Then he began to work more and more on p.adic numbers and his made a lot of contributions
such that from 1890-1930 ,he published 5 volumes of his work on p.adic numbers.
In 1940 his wife sick died one year before his husband’s death.
 AN INTRODUCTION TO P-ADIC NUMBERS:
Natural numbers\Counting numbers (N) 123…
Intergers (Z) …-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5…
Rational Numbers (Q) p\q where q is not equal to 0
Real numbers (R) P-Adic numbers

Here “P” ,means prime numbers
Real Numbers and P-Adic Numbers both are the extension of Rational Numbers but, the only
difference is their Adsolute value.
Absolute value is a distance between any number from fixed point.
While metric space measures the distance between any two points.
Absolute value and metric space both are distance function and are related concept. Absolute
value is a specific type of Metric space and metric space is more general concept.
 CAUCHY SEQUENCE;
A Cauchy sequence in a metric space is a sequence whose element become “close” to
each other.
X1,x2,x3,……
Is called Cauchy sequence if for every ε>0 there exict a positive numbers such that for all
“m,n>N”
d (m n)=|Xm-Xn|ε
if we apply a limit over the sequence of numbers then they get closer and closer together and the
real number is what all those numbers.
What if we change the absolute value?
 The P-Adic Asolute value:

Now take a sequence ;
1\25 1\625
4 24 124 624 3124 51624
1\5 1\125 1\3125
Fixing “p” such as 5, then in 5-adic number if we compute all the distance we would actually get
closer and closer together.
 Definition of p adic numbers
The p-adic numbers are a system of numbers that generalize the rational numbers,
similar to how the real numbers generalize the rational numbers. For a fixed prime number p,
the p-adic numbers are defined as follows:
An infinite sequence of integers (a0, a1, a2, …) is said to be a p-adic integer if each a_i is an
integer between 0 and p-1. The set of all p-adic integers is denoted by Q p.
A p-adic integer can be represented by a series of the form
a0 + a1p + a2p2 + a3p3 + …
Where each ai is an integer between 0 and p-1. This series is known as the p-adic expansion of
the integer.
EXAMPLE:
5-adic rep of 17:
To find the 5-adic representation of 17, we can use the division algorithm. This
algorithm allows us to write any integer as a sum of powers of the base, multiplied by the digits
of the representation.
Here are the steps to find the 5-adic representation of 17:
Step1: Divide 17 by 5 and write the quotient and remainder:
17=3x5+2
Step2: The remainder 2 is the first digit in the 5-adic representation of 17.
Step3: Divide the quotient from step1 by 5 and write the new quotient and remainder:
3=0x5+3
Step4: The remainder 3 is the second digit in the 5-adic representation of 17.
Step5: Divide the quotient from step 3 by 5 and write the new quotient and remainder:
0=0x5+0
Step6: Since the quotient is now 0, we have found all the digits of the 5-adic representation of
17.
Therefore, the 5-adic representation of 17 is:
17=2x5^0+3x5^1+0x5^2+…
Or in a more compact form:
17=(32)_5
Where (32)_5 means the number 32 in base 5.
OR
…00032_5
 ARITHEMATICS
 Addition of p adic numbers:

The addition of p adic numbers are similar to addition of real numbers, but with some
important differences.
The addition of two p adic numbers x and y is given by
x= a_0+a_1p+a_2p^2+ ..
y=b_0+b_1p+b_2p^2+…
x+y=(a_0+b_0)+(a1+b1)p+(a2+b2)p^2+…
Where a_i and b_i are the cofficients of p adic expension of x and y respectively.
 Subtraction of p adic numbers:

The subtraction of p adic numbers are similar to subtraction of real numbers, but with
some important differences.
The subtraction of two p adic numbers x and y is given by
x-y= (a_0-b_0)+(a_1-b_1)p+(a_2-b_2)p^2+…
The addition and subtraction of p adic numbers are well defined operations and the resulting p
adic numbers have a well defined p adic representation.
The subtraction of p adic numbers are not commutative meaning that the order in which the p
adic numbers are subtracted can effect the result.
Since subtraction operation is not commutative therefore the subtraction of p adic numbers are
not commutative.
 Multiplication of p adic numbers:

The multiplication of p adic numbers are similar to the multiplication of real numbers
but with some important differences.
The multiplication of two p adic numbers x and y is given by
x*y=(a_0*b_0)+(a_0*b_1+a_1*b_0)p+(a_0*b_2+a_1*b_1+a_2*b_0)p^2+…
 Division of p adic numbers:
Division of p adic numbers are similar to the division of real numbers but with the some
important differences
The division of two p adic numbers x and y is given by
x/y=(a_0/b_0)+(a_1-a_0*b_1/b_0)p+(a_2-(a_0*b_2+a_1*b_1/b_0)p^2+…
The multiplication and division of p adic numbers are well defined operations and resulting p
adic numbers have a well defined p adic representation.
It is worth nothing that the multiplication and division of p adic numbers are not always unique,
meaning that there can be multiple p adic numbers that multiply to give the same result .
 Applications of p adic numbers:

Cryptography:
In cryptography p adic numbers can be used to design efficient algorithm for encrypting
and decoding messages. For example the RSA public key encryption algorithm use the
properties of p adic numbers to ensure the security of encrypted messages.
Coding theory:
In coding theory p adic numbers can be used to design efficient error correction codes.
These codes can detect and correct errors that occur during the transmission of digital data.

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HISTORY OF P-ADIC NUMBERS:

Kurt Hensel(1861-1941) he was a German mathematician who made significant

 AN INTRODUCTION TO P-ADIC NUMBERS:

Natural numbers\Counting numbers (N) 123…

Intergers (Z) …-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5…

Rational Numbers (Q) p\q where q is not equal to 0

Real numbers (R) P-Adic numbers

What if we change the absolute value?

 The P-Adic Asolute value:

 Definition of p adic numbers

 Addition of p adic numbers:

 Subtraction of p adic numbers:

 Multiplication of p adic numbers:

 Applications of p adic numbers:

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