Group d Rain Water Harvesting

RAIN WATER HARVESTING
(RWH)
PRESENTED BYJE/WORKS
TRAINEES OF BIKANER DIVISION
1 Rohit
2 Vikas Kumar
3 Nishan Singh
4 Gurdev Singh
5 Amit Goyat
6 Niveen Kumar
7 Pankaj Soni
8 Ankit Malik
9 Sumit Kumar
10 Love Kumar
SOME FACTS ABOUT
WATER
• Only 2.5% of the world’s water is freshwater and
most of this are in the form of polar ice-caps.
• Water use has increased by 70% since 1970
• A recent report by Credit Suisse stated that by
2025 18 countries will experience water demand
beyond supply capabilities
• It takes up to 5000 lit. of water to produce 1kg of
rice.
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation
and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site,
rather than allowing it to run off.
SOME FACTS ABOUT
WATER
• Every square mile of developed land causes 16
million gallons of
rain water to directly enter the rivers on a rainy
day!
• Each person uses about 150 litres of water every
day. About 60
litres of this is for toilet flushing
• Toilet flushing is the single largest user of
household water, 30-
40%, up to 90% for offices.
WHAT IS RAIN WATER
HARVESTING?
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and
storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock
catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as
well as more complex techniques such as underground
check dams.
NEED FOR RAINWATER
HARVESTING
• Major parts of our country have been facing
continuous failure of monsoon and
consequent deficit of rainfall over the last few
years.
• Also, due to ever increasing population of
India, the use of ground water has increased
drastically leading to constant depletion of
ground water level causing the wells and
tubewells to dry up.
NEED FOR RAINWATER
HARVESTING
• In some places, excessive heat waves
during summer create a
situation similar to drought.
• It is imperative to take adequate measures
to meet the
drinking water needs of the people in the
country besides
irrigation and domestic needs.
• Out of 8760 hours in a year, most of the rain
in India falls in
just 100 hours.
RAINWATER CAN BE
HARVESTED IN A VARIETY OF
WAYS
• Directly from roof tops.
• Monsoon run off and storing it in
under ground tank.
• Water from flooded rivers can be
stored in small
ponds.
• Collection and transfer of rainwater
into
percolation tanks.
COMPONENTS OF
RWH
catchme
nt
Delivery
storage
Models of RWH
There are two main models of rainwater

harvesting done in India:-
RURAL MODEL.
URBAN MODEL.
Rural model of RWH
Rural areas generally use traditional methods of

rainwater harvesting.
• Main motive of rainwater harvesting in these
areas is to facilitate irrigation for agriculture and
use of water for domestic and drinking purposes.
• Nowadays practices are also been followed to as
to recharge groundwater levels.
• Many of the traditional structures include
Tankas, Nadis, Talabs, Bavdis, Rapats, Kuis,Virdas,
Kunds, Khadins, Johads etc.
Bawodi Kunds
Traditional step wells Covered underground
are called vavadi in tank, developed
Gujarat, or baoris or primarily for tackling
bavadis in Rajasthan drinking water
and northern India. problems.

Khadin Bund
Urban Model of RWH
The main components of the urban model are:-

a) Roof catchment
b) Gutters
c) Down pipe
d) First flush pipe
e) Filter unit
f) Storage tank
g) Collection pit.
Components of Urban
RWH models
Pipe System
Storage Tank
How we can harvest
rainwater?
Broadly there are two
ways harvesting
rainwater.
1. Roof top rainwater
harvesting
2. Surface runoff
harvesting
Roof top rainwater
harvesting
It is a system of catching rainwater where it
falls.
In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the
catchments, and the rainwater is collected from
the roof of the house/building. This method is
less expensive and very effective.
Methods of Roof top
rainwater harvesting
1 Through recharge pit.
2 Recharge through abandoned hand pump.
3 Recharge through abandoned dug well/open
well.
4 Through recharge trench.
5 Recharge through shaft.
6 Recharge trench with bore.
THROUGH RECHARGE
PIT:
This method is suitable where permeable strata
is available at shallow depth.
adopted for buildings having roof area up to 100
sq m Recharge pit of any shape is constructed
generally 1-2 m wide and 2-3 m deep.
The pit is filled with boulders, gravel and sand
for filtration of rain water.
Water entering in to RWH structure should be silt
free.
Top layer of sand of filter should be cleaned
periodically for better ingression of rain water in
to the sub soil.
RECHARGE THROUGH
ABANDONED HAND PUMP
It is suitable for
building having roof top area up to 150 sq m.
Roof top rain water is fed to the hand pump through

100 mm dia pipe as shown in figure B
Water fed in the Rain Water Harvesting structure

should be silt free.
Water from first rain should be diverted to drain

through suitable arrangement.
If water is not clear then filter should be provided.
RECHARGE THROUGH
ABANDONED DUG WELL / OPEN
WELL:
In this method, a dry / unused dug well can be
used as a recharge structure.
It is suitable for buildings having a roof top area
more then 100 sq. m.
Recharge water is guided through a pipe of 100
mm to the bottom of the well as shown in figure
C.
Well cleaning is done before using it.
Recharge water guided should be silt free.
Well should be cleaned periodically and
chlorinated to control bacteriological
contamination
THROUGH RECHARGE
TRENCH
This method is used where permeable strata is
available at shallow depth.
It is suitable for buildings having roof top area
between 200 to 300 sq. m In this, trench of 0.5-
1.0 m wide, 1-1.5 m deep and of adequate
length depending upon characteristics should be
constructed and filled with boulders, gravel and
sand as shown in the figure D
Cleaning of filter media should be done
periodically oof top area and soil
RECHARGE THROUGH
SHAFTS
This method is suitable where shallow
aquifer is located below clayey surface. It is
used for buildings having roof top area between
2000-5000 sq. m Recharge shaft of diameter,
0.5-3 m and 10-15 m deep is excavated
mechanically. The shaft should end in
impermeable strata. The shaft should be filled
with boulders, gravel and sand for filtration of
recharge water. Top sand layer should be
cleaned periodically. Recharge shaft should
be constructed 10-15 m away from the
buildings for the safety of the buildings.
RECHARGE TRENCH
WITH BORE
This method is used where sub-soil is
impervious and large quantity of roof water/
surface run off is available. In this, trench is
made 1.5-3 m wide and 10- 30 m length
depending upon water availability. Wells of
150-300 mm. dia meter and 3-5 m deep (below
pervious layer) are constructed in the trench.
No. of wells to be dug are decided in
accordance to water availability and rate of
ingression. Trench is filled with filtration media
as shown in figure F. A suitable silt chamber
is also inserted with grating for water diverting
Arrangements.
Surface runoff harvesting
In urban area rainwater flows away as surface

runoff. This runoff could be caught and used for
recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate
methods.
Watershed
It can be defined as a geo-hydrological unit

draining to a common point by a system of
drains.
For example, the watershed of a lake would
include not only the streams entering that lake
but also the land area that drains into those
streams and eventually the lake.
Watershed
Contour Bunds
Stone Bunds
Check Dams
Gully Control
Vegetation Cover
ADVANTAGE
• Prevents water wastage by arresting run off as

well as prevents soil
erosion and mitigates flood.
• Sustains and safeguards existing water table
through recharge.
• Arrests sea-water intrusion and prevents
salination of ground
water.
ADVANTAGE
Rainwater harvesting can reduce salt accumulation in the

soil
which can be harmful to root growth. When rainwater
percolates
into the soil, it forces the salts down and away from the
root zone
area. This allows for greater root growth and water uptake,
which
increases the drought tolerance of plants.
Rain-water is a clean and pure source of drinking water
which
requires minimal chemical treatment as the amount of
pollutants
are not much.
ADVANTAGE
• RWH provides a good supplement to other water

sources
thus relieving pressure on other water sources.
• It can supply as a buffer and can be used in
times of
emergency or breakdown of public water supply
systems.
ADVANTAGE
• Helps reduce the storm drainage load and

flooding in the
cities.
• It is a flexible technology and can be built to
require meets
of any range. Also the construction, operation and
maintenance is not very labour intensive in most
systems.
Disadvantages
• In terms of complex constructions, there is a

requirement for high
costs, trained professionals.
• Maintenance costs may add to the monetary
burden.
• If not maintained properly then it can cause
various problems in
terms of algal or bacterial growth.
Disadvantages
• Tanks if not constructed properly might result in

leakages and
metal tanks may also lead to problems such as
corrosion harming
the water quality.
• All these factors might prove harmful and result
in various kinds of
health issues.
• The system is very much rainfall dependent and
hence if there are
problems with the rainfall in the area, it may not
be very effective.
Future of Rainwater
Harvesting
• Rainwater harvesting systems serve as an
alternative decentralized water source especially
in the age when groundwater supplies are
depleting and municipal water infrastructures
are facing high replacement costs.
Future of Rainwater
Harvesting
• The use of decentralized rainwater harvesting
systems is growing nationally and
internationally, especially in industrial countries
like Asia, Europe and the US.
Example
In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting

was made compulsory for every building to
avoid ground water depletion.
In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has
traditionally been practiced by the people of the
Thar Desert.
At present, in Pune (in Maharashtra), rainwater
harvesting is compulsory for any new society to
be registered.
Thank You

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RAIN WATER HARVESTING

There are two main models of rainwater

Rural areas generally use traditional methods of

Traditional step wells Covered underground

are called vavadi in tank, developed

Gujarat, or baoris or primarily for tackling

bavadis in Rajasthan drinking water

and northern India. problems.

The main components of the urban model are:-

Roof top rain water is fed to the hand pump through

Water fed in the Rain Water Harvesting structure

Water from first rain should be diverted to drain

In urban area rainwater flows away as surface

It can be defined as a geo-hydrological unit

• Prevents water wastage by arresting run off as

Rainwater harvesting can reduce salt accumulation in the

• RWH provides a good supplement to other water

• Helps reduce the storm drainage load and

• In terms of complex constructions, there is a

• Tanks if not constructed properly might result in

In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting

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