GGSV CT-3

Answer Key

Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours General Instructions

[SECTION – A] (16x1=16marks)

A.1. Best suited graph for representing the variations of curve of image distance vs object distance for
concave and concave graphs respectively.
 1 1 1
Correct option is “C”, as 𝑓 = +𝑢
𝑣
𝑢𝑓
& v = 𝑢−𝑓 ’ also for concave f = -ve and for convex f = +ve, so

A.2 The position of the image by the combination of lenses is :

Correct option
(B) 30 cm (right of third lens)
Q3. The following figures represents two bioconvex lens L1 & L2 having focal length 10cm and 15 cm
respectively. The distance between L1 & L2 is :

(A)25 cm
As in fig we can see the incident ray is parallel to principle axis before striking the L1 thus image from L1 is at its focus and
furthermore the after striking L2 becomes parallel to principal axis. In conclusion f1 and f2 are coinciding, therefore the the distance is
f1 + f2

Q4. The refractive index of prism with apex angle A is cot A/2. The angle of minimum deviation is:
(C)δm = 180o – 2A
 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝜹)
𝜂 = 𝟐 , as 𝜂 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝑨𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝟐
𝑨+𝜹
𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑨 ’
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝑨 𝑨+𝜹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨+𝜹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝑨 𝑨+𝜹
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐 − 𝟐) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝟐 )
Thus δm = 180o – 2A

Q4. The diffraction effect can be observed in

(D) sound waves as well as light waves
As their propagation follows wave mechanism

Q5. In a Young's double slit experiment, each of the two slits A and B, as shown in the

figure, are oscillating about their fixed centre and with a mean separation of
0.8mm. The distance between the slits at time t is given by d = (0.8 + 0.04sinωt)
mm, where ω = 0.08rad/s. The distance of the screen from the slits is 1m and
the wavelength of the light used to illuminate the slits is 6000 Å. The interference
pattern on the screen changes with time, while the central bright fringe (zeroth
fringe) remains fixed at point O.

The 8th bright fringe above the point O oscillates with time between two extreme
positions. The separation between these two extreme positions, in micrometer,
is
(D)601.5μm
Or
In YDSE, the width of one of the slits is three times the other slit. The amplitude of
the light coming from a slit is proportional to the slit-width. Find the ratio of the
maximum to the minimum intensity in the interference pattern.

(A)4:1
As we know (mostly me), Amplitude of EMW (A) is 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 to d
3
Thus, d1 / d2 = 1
So that means we can write
A1 = 3x & A2 = x

And I ∝ A2

So Imax = (I1 + I2)2 = (3 𝑥 + 𝑥 )2 = 16𝑥 2

Imin = (I1 - I2)2 = (3 𝑥 - 𝑥 )2 = 4𝑥 2
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
So 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4:1

Q6. A nucleus at rest disintegrates into two smaller nuclei with their masses in the

ratio of 2 : 1. After disintegration they will move :

(A)In opposite direction with speed in the ratio of 1 : 2 respectively

Conservation of momentum.

Q7. The energy released in the fusion of 2kg of hydrogen deep in the sun is E H and the
energy released in the fission of 2kg of 235U is EU. The ratio EH/EU is approximately:
(Consider the fusion reaction as

energy released in the fission reaction of 235U is 200 MeV per fission
nucleus)
(A)7.62
As given, in fusion of 4 H atom energy released is 26.7 MeV,
MM of H is nearly 1g
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
So nH = , no of H atoms (NH) = (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)6.022*𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝟏
𝟐𝟑
So total energy released is = EH = NH * 26.7 4𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 321574.8 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽
4
energy
released in the fission reaction of 235U is 200 MeV per fission nucleus
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
no of 235U atoms (NU) = ( 𝟐𝟑𝟓 )6.022*10 𝟐𝟑
= 51.251*10 𝟐𝟑

𝟐𝟑
So total energy released is = EU = NU * 200 MeV = 10250.21277 * 10
MeV

≈ 7.62
80393.7 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑 𝑴𝒆𝑽
So EH / EU = 𝟐𝟑 = 7.843124997
10250.21277 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q8. The distance of closest approach of an alpha particle is d when it moves with a speed V towards a
nucleus. Another alpha particle is projected with higher energy such that the new distance of the
closest approach is d/2. What is the speed of projection of the alpha particle in this case?

Q9. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The
distance of virtual
image from the surface of the sphere is
𝜂 2 𝜂 1 𝜂 2−𝜂 1
- =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
1.5 1 1.5 − 1
- −6 =
𝑣 6

𝑣 = −6𝑐𝑚

(C) 6 cm
Q10. Colours observed on a CD (Compact Disk) is due to

(B) Diffraction

Q11. The ratio of the shortest wavelength of Balmer series to the shortest wavelength
of Lyman series for hydrogen atom is :

(D)4:1
As we know
1 2 1 1
= 𝑅𝑧 [𝑛 2 − 𝑛 2 ]
𝜆 1 2

For shortest wavelength in Lyman is when 𝑛1 = 1 & 𝑛2 = ∞

1 2 1 1
= 𝑅𝑧 [ 2 − ∞2 ]
𝜆 1
1 2
= R( 1 ) [1 − 0]
𝜆
1
𝜆1 =
𝑅

For shortest wavelength in Balmer is when 𝑛1 = 2 & 𝑛2 = ∞

1 1 1
= 𝑅 𝑧2 [ − ]
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22

1 1 1
= 𝑅𝑧 2 [ 2 − ∞2 ]
𝜆 2
1 2 1
= R(1 ) [4 − 0]
𝜆2
4
𝜆2 =𝑅
4
So 𝜆𝜆2 = 1
1

Or
From the statements given below:
(a) The angular momentum of an electron in nth orbit is integral multiple of ℏ.
(b) Nuclear forces don’t obey inverse square law.
(c) Nuclear forces are spin independent.
(d) Nuclear forces are central and charge independent.
(e) Stability of nucleus is inversely proportional to the value of packing fraction.
Choose the correct from given below:
The angular momentum of an electron in nth orbit is an integral multiple of ℏ..

This statement reflects Bohr's quantization rule for angular momentum in the Bohr model of the hydrogen
atom. According to this rule, the angular momentum of an electron in a stationary orbit is quantized and given
by:

where is a principal quantum number (which can be any positive integer), and is the reduced Planck's
constant. Therefore, this statement (A) is correct.

(B) Nuclear forces do not obey inverse square law.

Nuclear forces, specifically strong nuclear forces, do act over short ranges within the nucleus but do not obey
the inverse square law, which is characteristic of the electromagnetic and gravitational forces. Thus,
statement (B) is correct.

(C) Nuclear forces are spin dependent.

The strength of the nuclear force can depend on the spin alignment of the nucleons. This is why some
isotopes are more stable than others depending on spin-related factors. Thus, statement (C) is incorrect.

(D) Nuclear forces are central and charge independent.

The strong nuclear force is indeed charge independent, meaning it is the same regardless of the types of
nucleons involved (neutrons or protons). However, nuclear forces are not always central; they can be tensor
forces too, which involve more complex interactions that are not purely central. Therefore, the entirety of
statement (D) is not correct; the statement should specify that nuclear forces are charge independent but may
not always be central.

(E) Stability of nucleus is inversely proportional to the value of packing fraction. (E) is correct.

(A) (a), (c), (d), (e) only

(B) (a), (b), (c), (e) only
(C) (a), (c), (d), (e) only
(D) (a), (b), (c), (d) only

So none of the above options are correct.! So if attempted then 1 mark will be received.

Q12. In a plot of the kinetic energy of the emitted photo electrons from a metal verses the
frequency of the incident radiation gives a straight line whose slope

𝑤0 + 𝐾. 𝐸 = ℎ𝑣

Where variable has usual meaning

K.E = ℎ𝑣 - 𝑊0 , where ‘𝑊0 & ℎ′ is constant

Also 𝑦 = ±𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑐 ( equation of straight line )

Comparing the equations we can say slope, i.e 𝑚 = ℎ which is constant

(c) is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity of the radiation
Or
A proton, an electron and an alpha particle have the same energies. Their de-Broglie
wavelengths will be compared as :
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣, …………………………………1
1
𝐾 = 𝑚 𝑣 2…………………………..2
2

2𝐾
𝑣 = √
𝑚

In eq 1

𝑃 = √2𝐾𝑚
ℎ
&𝜆 =
𝑃
ℎ 1
Also 𝜆 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝜆 ∝
√2𝐾𝑚 √𝑚

so , 𝑚∝ > 𝑚𝑝 > 𝑚𝑒
(B) λα < λp < λe
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given –one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.

A. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. B.
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. C.
If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

D. D. If both Assertion and Reason are false.

Q13. Assertion (A): When an object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave
lens, image is formed at the centre of curvature of the lens on the other side.
Reason(R) : Concave lens always forms a virtual and erect image.
 𝑢 = − 𝑅 = −2𝑓
𝑅
𝑓 = −
2
1 1 1
= -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1
= -
−𝑓 𝑣 −2𝑓
1 1 1 3
=- - =−
𝑣 𝑓 2𝑓 2𝑓
2𝑓
𝑣 = −
3
So as we can see image won’t form at the centre of curvature of the lens on the
other side.

Also concave lens form virtual image of only real objects, if the objects is virtual then image can be
 real also.

Therefore correct option is (D) If both Assertion and Reason are false

Q14. Assertion (A): In a hydrogen atom there is only one electron but its emission spectrum shows many
lines.
Reason (R): In a given sample of hydrogen there are many atoms each containing one electron;
hence many electrons in different atoms may be in different orbits so many transitions from higher
to lower orbits are possible.

In just 1 H-atom or (any atom) there infinite number of stationary energy levels so depending on the
orbits where the transition is occurring it can emit spectrum of various lines.Although it’s not
necessary condition that to have different different spectral lines we need to have a large sample of
H-atom but on having large sample of H-atom the probability of emission of various spectral lines
increases exponentially as the number of H-atom to have transition of electrons between variety of
two orbits also increases exponentially.So correct option is (B). If both Assertion and Reason are
true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

Q15. Assertion (A): Nuclei having mass number about 60 are least stable..
Reason (R): When two or more light nuclei are combined into a heavier nucleus then the binding
energy per nucleon will decrease.

Nuclei having mass number around 60 are most stable. And when two or more light nuclei are
combined into a heavier nucleus then the binding energy per nucleon will increases. So correct
option is (D). If both Assertion and Reason are false.

Q16. Assertion (A): de Broglie's wavelength of a freely falling body keeps decreasing with time.
Reason (R): The momentum of the freely falling body increases with time.

Velocity of freely falling body body keep on increasing (until terminal velocity), thus momentum
will also increase.

ℎ
And, 𝜆 = 𝑃 , so correct option is (A). If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
 [SECTION – B] (05x2=10 marks)
Q17. A platinum surface having work function 5.63 eV is illuminated by a monochromatic source of 1.6
x 10 15 Hz. What will be the minimum wavelength associated with the ejected electron.

According to Einstein equation

1
𝐸 = 𝑊0 + 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2
2
1
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑊0 + 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2
2
ℎ𝑐 1
I,e = 𝑊0 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 marks
𝜆 2

ℎ𝑣 = 𝑊0 + 𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 …………………eq1
ℎ𝑐 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑒 = ℎ𝑣 - 𝑊0 = 𝜆 …………….eq 2 marks
0 2

In eq2
1 10.6176 𝑋 10−19 − 9.008 𝑋 10−19
= ℎ𝑣 −ℎ𝑐𝑊0 =
𝜆0 19.908 𝑋 10−26

⇒ 𝜆0 = 12.368 x 10−7 m 1 mark

Q18. (I) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 4000 Å and 6000 Å, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment. What is the least distance from the
central maximum where the dark fringe is obtained?

For any 𝑛𝑡ℎ dark

𝜆𝐷
𝑦𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝐷 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2𝑑

Note: In this question “d” & “D” is same for obtaining interference pattern in both
cases.

For 𝜆1 = 4000 Å & 𝑛1

Let’s say
 𝜆1 𝐷 4 𝑋 10−7 (𝐷)
𝑦𝑛1 𝑡ℎ = 𝑦𝑎 = (2𝑛1 − 1) =
𝐷 2𝑑 2𝑑

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆2 = 6000 Å & 𝑛2

𝜆1 𝐷 6 𝑋 10−7 (𝐷)
𝑦𝑛2 𝑡ℎ = 𝑦𝑏 = (2𝑛2 − 1) =
𝐷 2𝑑 2𝑑

For minimum distance

𝑦𝑛1 𝑡ℎ = 𝑦𝑛2 𝑡ℎ i.e, 𝑦𝑎 = 𝑦𝑏

𝐷 𝐷

𝜆1 𝐷 𝜆 𝐷
⇒ (2𝑛1 − 1) = (2𝑛2 − 1) 1
2𝑑 2𝑑

𝑎 𝛽1 = b 𝛽2

𝛽1 𝑏 4 2
=𝑎=6=3
𝛽2

That means 2𝑛𝑑 dark of 𝜆1 & 3𝑟𝑑 dark of 𝜆2 will coincide. And

𝐷
Minimum distance will be LCM of 𝛽1 & 𝛽2 = 6 𝑑

OR

(II) In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensities of two
sources are I. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference between
wavefronts is λ/4?
Q19. Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I interfere to produce a fringe pattern

on a screen. The phase difference between the two beams are π/2 and π/3 at points
A and B respectively. The difference between the resultant intensities at the two
points is xI . Then find the value of x.
Q.20. Binding energy per nucleon vs mass number curve for nuclei is shown in the figure. W, X, Y and
Z are four nuclei indicated on the curve. Identify which of the following nuclei is most likely to
 undergo (i) Nuclear Fission

(ii) Nuclear Fusion.

Justify your answer.

(i) Nuclear fission –W. 0.5M

Reason: As W has binding energy per nucleon less then Y and X and nucleus is larger

in size. 0.5M

(ii) Nuclear fusion-Z. 0.5M

Reason: As Z has binding energy per nucleon more then Y and X and nucleus is smaller

in size. 0.5M

Q21 In a particular YDSE a monochromatic light of 600nm wavelength is used if the distance between two
slits is 0.9mm and separation from screen is 2m. Then the fringe produced is β1, if whole apparatus as
it got fully submerged in fluid of refractive index 1.8 then new fringe width in terms of cm is? Also
so find the ratio of new fringe width over original one.
 [SECTION – C ] (07x3=21 marks)

Q22. In a particular YDSE a monochromatic light of 500nm wavelength is used if the distance between
two slits is 0.8mm and separation from screen is 2m. Then the fringe produced is β1, if whole apparatus
as it got fully submerged in fluid of refractive index 1.8 then find
1. The separation between 8th bright (before submerging) 6th dark (after submerging)
2. Ratio of width of central bright formed in air, over width of central bright formed under the fluid. If
the separation between two slits and the light used for YDSE is fixed what other modifications we can have so
the fringe width in both cases becomes same?
 Q23. 1. Describes what is binding energy and it’s correlation between energy mass equivalence.
2. Explain how binding energy can affect the stability of nuclei with examples

1. Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is

required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and
neutrons, known collectively as nucleons. In simpler terms, binding energy is the
energy that "holds" the nucleus together. The greater the binding energy, the
more stable the nucleus is. (1 mark)

1. Energy-Mass Equivalence and Binding Energy: (1 mark)

Energy-mass equivalence is a fundamental concept from Einstein's theory of relativity, encapsulated

by the famous equation:
 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2

where:

· E is the energy,

· m is the mass,

·c is the speed of light in a vacuum (≈3×108 m/s).

This equation shows that energy and mass are interchangeable — they are two forms of the
same thing. This means that energy has mass and mass has energy.

The mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the individual masses of the free constituent protons

and neutrons. The difference in mass can be calculated by the Einstein equation, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 , where E is
the nuclear binding energy, c is the speed of light, and m is the difference in mass. This 'missing mass' is
known as the mass defect, and represents the energy that was released when the nucleus was formed or
the energy required to hold the nucleus together (i.e Binding energy)

2. Binding energy plays a crucial role in determining the stability of atomic

nuclei. The greater the binding energy, the higher will be binding energy per
nucleons, and the more stable the nucleus is, meaning it is less likely to
undergo spontaneous decay or fission. Conversely, a nucleus with low binding
energy is less stable and more likely to break apart. (0.5 marks)

Example 1: Helium-4 and Hydrogen-1. (0.25 marks)

· Helium-4 nucleus: The helium-4 nucleus, which consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, has a relatively
high binding energy per nucleon. This means that the helium-4 nucleus is very stable and unlikely to
break apart.

· Hydrogen-1 nucleus: The hydrogen-1 nucleus, consisting of just one proton, has a much

lower binding energy per nucleon, which makes it much less stable than helium.

Example 2: Iron-56 – The Most Stable Nucleus. (0.25 marks)

· Iron-56 nucleus: Iron-56 has one of the highest binding energies per nucleon of all elements, at around
 8.8 MeV per nucleon. This makes it one of the most stable nuclei.

o Because of its high binding energy, iron-56 is extremely stable and doesn’t undergo
radioactive decay or fission under normal conditions.

Or
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for 20Ne, 56Fe & 238U. Given that mass of neutron is 1.008665 amu,
20 56
mass of proton is 1.007825 amu, mass of Ne is 19.992440 amu, mass of Fe is 55.93492 amu and mass of
238
U is 238.050783 amu.
Q24. (I) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of image by a Cassegrain telescope. (II)Why these types
of telescopes are preferred over refracting type telescopes. (Write 2 points)
(I)

(ii)

• It has mirror objective, which is free from chromatic and spherical aberrations.

• It can gather more light as objectives can be made larger, hence images can be brighter.

Or

1. Draw the ray diagram of compound microscope.

2. Derive its magnifying power and explain the conditions to obtain minimum and maximum
magnification.
 .........(1.5 marks)
Magnification due to objective lens

Now

And

So,

When object is seen without lens

Putting the value of and in equation (i)

…………………………………………………………….(1 marks)

Where mo is magnification due to objective lens and m e is the magnification due to the eyepiece.

Now consider two cases

Case-1 When the final image is formed at near point

Now for eyepiece using the lens formula

From equation (iv)

Magnification …………………………………………………………… (0.25 marks)

This is the formula for magnification when the final image is viewed at a near point.
Case-2 When the final image is formed at infinity.

Again using the lens formula

From equation (iv)

Magnification ……………………………………………………………………(0.25 marks)

This is the formula for magnification when the final image is viewed at infinity

Q25. (I) Explain wavefront and propagation of light by Huygens-Fresnel principle. (II) Prove the law of
reflection and refraction by Huygens-Fresnel principle with suitable diagrams.

(I) Wavefront in physics is an imaginary plane as a locus of infinite points where all the time-variant
field/wave are in same phase. (1 mark)

(II)

Let’s say “BC” = ct

So “AD” = ct

⇒ △ 𝐵𝐴𝐶 ≃ △ 𝐷𝐶𝐴 as

● “AC” is common
● “BC” = “AD”
● 𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐷𝐶 = ⊥

Thus 𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝐵 (𝑟) = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐴𝐶 (𝑖) (1 mark)

In 𝛥𝐹𝐺𝐻 & 𝛥𝐻𝐸𝐹

𝑉1 𝛥𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 = , ……………eq1
𝐹𝐻

𝑉2 𝛥𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 = …………….eq2
𝐹𝐻

On eq1 ÷ 𝑒𝑞2

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1
= 𝑉𝑉1 (1 mark)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 2

Q26. A particle of charge equal to that of an electron, -e, and mass 208 times of the mass of an electron
(called a μ-meson) moves in a circular orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e. (Take the mass of
nucleus to be infinite). Assuming that Bohr model is applicable to this system.
1. Derive an expression for the radius of the nth Bohr orbit.
2. Find the value of n for which the radius of the orbit is approximately the same as that of the first
Bohr orbit for the H atom.
3. Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when the μ-meson jumps from third orbit to the first

orbit
Q27. A light ray entering a right-angled prism undergoes
refraction at the face AC as shown in Fig. 1.

(I) What is the refractive index of the material of the

prism in
Fig. 1?

2
3
(II) (a) If the side AC of the above prism is now surrounded by a liquid of refractive index ,as shown
in Fig. 2, determine if the light ray continues to graze along the interface AC or undergoes total
internal reflection or undergoes refraction into the liquid.

(b) Draw the ray diagram to represent the path followed by the incident ray with the
corresponding angle values.
 (Given, ������

- (I)Since the light ray enters perpendicular to the face AB, the angle of incidence on face AC will be
45° . 0.5M
So,
1
sin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° = 𝑛 = √2 So, n =√2 0.5M
𝑛 √2 √2
(II)In fig.2, the face AC of the prism is surrounded by a liquid so𝑛 = 𝑛𝑔 = 2 = √3
𝑙 ( )
√3
1 √2
sin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛 = √3
√2 ∘
𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) = 54.6
√3
Since the angle of incidence on the surface AC is 45°, which is less than the critical angle for the
pair of media (glass and the liquid), the ray neither undergoes grazing along surface AC, nor does
it suffer total internal reflection 1M
Instead it passes through the surface AC and undergoes refraction into the liquid.
For refracting interface AC,
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
2
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45∘ = ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
√3
√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟 = ⇒ 𝑟 = 600
2

1 marks
Q28. (I) A difference of 2.3eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of
radiation emitted when the atom makes a transition from upper level to lower level.?

(II) The ground state energy of H atom is -13.6 eV. What are the KE and PE of the electron in this
state?

(I) Given, the difference in energy level E=2.3eV

=2.3×1.6×10-19 J
Planck's constant h=6.63×10-34 Js
Let v be the frequency, then E =hf (0.5 marks)
𝐸
𝑓=ℎ
1 6.636∗10−34
= (3.38∗10−19 )
𝑓
𝑓 = 55.45 ∗ 1015 𝐻𝑧 (1 mark)

(II) 𝑇. 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸
& 𝑃. 𝐸 = −2𝐾. 𝐸 (0.5 marks)
Thus in ground state 𝐾. 𝐸 = 13.6 𝑒𝑉 & 𝑃. 𝐸 = −27.2 𝑒𝑉. (1 mark)

OR

I. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii.?
II. Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion also write two suitable reactions for each.
 OR

I. The explosive in H bomb is a mixture of 1H2, 1H3, and 3Li6in some condensed form. The chain
reaction is given by
3Li + 0n —> 2He + 1He
6 1 2 3

1H —> 2He + 0n
2+ 3 2 1
1H
During the explosion what is the energy released is approximately
Given masses – Li = 6.01690amu, 2
1H = 2.01471 amu, 2He2 = 4.00388 amu & 1amu = 931.5
MeV
II. Explain radioactivity.

Radioactivity is the process by which certain unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation. This
phenomenon occurs spontaneously in some elements, which are called radioactive elements. The radiation
emitted can be in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.

1. Alpha decay: Involves the emission of an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons). Example:

Uranium-238→Thorium-234 + α

2. Beta decay: Involves the emission of a beta particle (an electron) and the conversion of a neutron into a
proton. Example:

Carbon-14→Nitrogen-14 + β

3. Gamma decay: Involves the emission of high-energy gamma rays without a change in the number of
protons or neutrons. Example:
 Excited nucleus→Ground state + γ

Radioactive decay leads to the transformation of the original element into a new element, and the process
continues until the nucleus becomes stable. This phenomenon is used in various applications, such as dating
archaeological samples (carbon dating) and in medical treatments (radiation therapy).

[SECTION D] (02x4=08 marks)

Q29. Case Study Based Question: Atoms

Hydrogen is the simplest atom of nature. There is one proton in its nucleus and an electron moves around the
nucleus in a circular orbit. According to Niels Bohr, this electron moves in a stationary orbit. When this
electron is in the stationary orbit, it emits no electromagnetic radiation. The angular momentum of the electron
is quantized, i.e., mvr = (nh/2π), where m = mass of the electron, v velocity of the electron in the orbit, r =
radius of the orbit and n = 1, 2, 3, ...... When transition takes place from k th orbit to jth orbit, energy photon is
emitted. If the wavelength of the emitted photon is λ, we find that 1/λ = R[(1/j)2 – (1/k)2], where R is Rydberg's
constant.
On a different planet, the hydrogen atom's structure was somewhat different from ours.
The angular momentum of electron was P = 2n(h/2π), i.e., an even multiple of (h/2π).

1. What is the minimum permissible radius of the orbit?

2. In our world, the velocity of the electron is Vo , when the H atom is in the ground state. Find the
velocity of electron in this state on that planet.
3. In our world, the ionisation potential energy of H atoms is 13.6eV. What will be the ionisation
potential energy on the other planet?
4. What is the total energy (En) of the electron in the stationary states in the nth orbit of the H atom?

𝑛ℎ
1. Radius on the other planet, 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝜋
 𝑛ℎ
𝑣= 𝐸𝑞1
𝜋𝑚𝑟

𝑚 𝑣2 1 𝑒2
= 4𝜋𝜀. ∗ 𝑟2
𝑟

1 𝑒2
𝑟= ∗
4𝜋𝜀. 𝑚𝑣 2

Putting the value of 𝑟 from eq1

1 𝑒2
𝑟= ∗ 𝑛ℎ 2
4𝜋𝜀. 𝑚( )
𝜋𝑚𝑟

For minimum radius, 𝑛 = 1

4 (ℎ)2 𝜀.
𝑟 = 𝑚𝜋(𝑒)2

ℎ
2. On other planet, 𝐿 = 𝑛 𝜋

ℎ
𝐿 = 𝑛 𝜋 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟

𝑛ℎ
𝑣 = 𝜋𝑚𝑟

4𝑛2 (ℎ)2 𝜀.
From earlier case we figured it out that 𝑟 =
𝑚𝜋𝑍(𝑒)2
 𝑛ℎ
So, 𝑣 = 4𝜋𝑚𝑟 Eq1

ℎ
On Earth, 𝐿 = 𝑛 2𝜋

ℎ
𝐿= 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑟Vo
2𝜋

𝑛ℎ
Vo =
2𝜋𝑚𝑟

𝑛2 𝜀.ℎ2
As we know radius of H atom conveniently 𝑟 = 𝑍 𝑒 2𝜋𝑚

𝑍 𝑒2
Thus Vo = (2𝑛𝜀.ℎ) Eq2

From Eq1 and Eq2

1
𝑣 = 2 Vo

13.6
3. Total energy on Earth Eo = (− 𝑛2
) 𝑒𝑉

13.6
Total energy on other planet 𝐸 = (− 4𝑛2 ) 𝑒𝑉

𝐼. 𝐸 = 3.4 𝑒𝑉
 13.6
4. Enth = (− ) 𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
 OR

I. (a)
II. (d)
 III. (c)
IV. (b)
V. (d)

OR

I. (a)
II. (c)
III. (d)
IV. (a)
V. (b)
Q30. Case Study Based Question: Photoelectric effect

It is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metallic surface when light of a suitable
frequency is incident on it. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.
Nearly all metals exhibit this effect with ultraviolet light but alkali metals like lithium, sodium,
potassium, cesium etc. show this effect even with visible light. It is an instantaneous process i.e.
photoelectrons are emitted as soon as the light is incident on the metal surface. The number of
photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation. The
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted from a given metal surface is independent of
the intensity of the incident light and depends only on the frequency of the incident light. For a given
metal surface there is a certain minimum value of the frequency of the incident light below which
emission of photoelectrons does not occur.

(I) In a photoelectric experiment plate current is plotted against anode potential.

(A) A and B will have same intensities while B and C will have different frequencies
(B) B and C will have different intensities while A and B will have different frequencies
(C) A and B will have different intensities while B and C will have equal frequencies
(D) B and C will have equal intensities while A and B will have same frequencies.

(II) Photoelectrons are emitted when a zinc plate is

(A) Heated (B) hammered

(C) Irradiated by ultraviolet light (D) subjected to a high pressure

(III) The threshold frequency for photoelectric effect on sodium corresponds to a wavelength of 500 nm.
Its work function is about

(A) 4x10−19 J (B) 1 J (C) 2x10−19 J (D) 3x10−19 J

(IV) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from a surface when photons of energy 6 eV
fall on it is 4 eV. The stopping potential is

(A) 2 V (B) 4 V (C) 6 V (D) 10 V

OR

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a substance is called its

(A) work function (B) kinetic energy (C) stopping potential (D) potential energy

I. (D)

II. (C)

III. (B)

IV. (C) or I.V (D)

[SECTION E] (03X5=15)
Q31. (I) a) Explain in depth with diagram and theory what causes the pattern we in YDSE

b) Derive mathematically conditions and generalized formulas for obtaining bright and dark
fringes and their positions respectively.

Read from the notes!

OR

(I) a) Differentiate between interference and diffraction.

b) In the figure below, P and Q are two equally intense coherent sources emitting

radiation of wavelength 20 m. The separation between P and Q is 5 m and the phase

of P is ahead of that of Q by 90o. A, B and C are three distinct points of observation,
 each equidistant from the midpoint of PQ. Then find the ratio of intensities of
radiation at A, B, C
Q32. (I) (a) An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated
with them. How are their kinetic energies related to each other?
 (b) Two lines, A and B, in the plot given below show the variation of de-Broglie wavelength, λ
versus 1/√V, Where V is the accelerating potential difference, for two particles carrying the same
charge. Which one of two represents a particle of smaller mass ?
(c) Define the term ‘stopping potential’ in relation to photoelectric effect.

Stopping potential in the context of the photoelectric effect is the minimum reverse voltage required to stop
the most energetic photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface when it is exposed to light. This potential
counteracts the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, bringing them to rest.

It is given by the equation:

Ek.e = eVs

Where is Ek.e the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons, e is the electron charge, and Vs is the stopping
potential.

OR

(II) a) The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c, showing the variation of photocurrent vs.
collector plate potential for three different intensities I 1, I2and I3 having frequencies V1, v2 and v3
respectively incident on a photosensitive surface.

(b) State de-Broglie hypothesis.

(c) A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why?
Q33. (I) a) A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an
eyepiece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is angular magnification of the telescope in
normal adjustment?

b) If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed by
the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.48 × 106 m, and the radius of lunar orbit is
3.8 × 108 m.
OR
(II) A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective should an object
be placed in order to obtain the final image at

a) the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm) and

b) infinity? What is the magnifying power of the microscope in each case?