ANSHIIKA 2024-25

SESSION 2024-25
CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. ABHISHEK DWIVEDI ANSHIKA SAVITA
12 - C
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has

been made by Anshika Savita of class
12th – C on the topic ‘Comparative
Study of Commercial Antacids’
investigatory file under the guidance of
our Chemistry teacher Mr.Abhishek
Dwivedi and have been completed it
successfully.
INTERNAL EXAMINER: PRINCIPAL: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
Signature Signature Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my chemistry
teacher "Mr. Abhishek Dwivedi" without
whose help this project would not be
possible. He had provided all the help
needed for the completion of this
project. I am thankful to him because
he gave me this golden opportunity of
making such a wonderful project. I am
also grateful to my classmates who
helped me during the finalization of my
project named, ‘Comparative Study of
Commercial Antacids’. with their
constructive criticism & advice.
3
INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC
1 INTRODUCTION
Classification of antacids
2
3 MECHANISM OF ACTION
4 EXPERIMENT...
5 AIM
6 REQUIREMENTS
7 THEORY
8 PROCEDURE
9 ANTACID TABLETS USED
10 OBSERVATION TABLE
11 REACTIONS INVOLVED
12 RESULT:
13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
14 BIBILIOGRAP[HY
15 TEACHER REMARK
TO DETERMINE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF
COMMERCIAL
ANTACIDS
(Tablets)
5
INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of
gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive
enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach makes it possible for
inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be converted
into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), acid
is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria
that may enter the stomach along with food.
However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity)
results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn
and may contribute to ulcer formation in the
stomach lining.
Antacids are weak bases (most commonly
bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates)
that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus
alleviate symptoms of heartburn. The general
neutralization reaction is:
Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)—>

salts + H2O + CO2
The hydrochloric acid solution used in this

experiment (0.1 M) approximates the acid
conditions of the human stomach, which is
typically 0.4 to 0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1).
Antacids help people who have or get
heartburn. The following information will help
people understand how stomach acid works
and what antacid will help those most.
8
Classification of antacids
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e.
they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to
reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric
hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the
gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the
central nervous system. This happens when
these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers.
The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
oesophagus or the duodenum. Other
mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect
of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell
contraction and delaying gastric emptying.
AIM
To Determine the Effectiveness of Commercial
Antacids (Tablets) by conducting a quantitative
analysis.
Motives behind selecting this research project:
Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization,

plays a very important role. There are various
product options available for consumers to choose
from. Different manufacturers selling their
products, attempting to sway public opinion in their
favor, marketing their products regardless of their
effectiveness in functionality. Hence it becomes
the consumer’s right to experiment and know the
most effective, efficient, and value for money
product. There are various methods to conclude
that a product out of all the given competitors is
the best. Experimental research is the most rational
and convincing one of those methods. The result of
this analysis could be used to inform oneself as to
which antacid is the best and provides best relief.
Material And Chemicals Required
BURETTE
PIPETTE
DIFFERENT ANTACID TABLETS
BEAKERS
NaOH(sol)
HCL(conc.)
DISTILLED WATER
SPATULLA
BURETTE STAND
WEIGHING MACHINE
GLASS ROD
BUNSEN BURNER
THEORY
The efficiency of antacid tablets may be determined and
compared by finding the number of grams of HCl that can be
neutralized by 1 gram of the tablet, The higher the amount of
HCl that can be neutralized by 1 gram of the tablet, the more
efficient the antacid. In determining the efficiency of an
antacid tablet, the volume of un-reacted HCl in the antacid
mixture is titrated with NaOH.
The chemical equation that describes the reaction between

HCl and NaOH is:
HCL + NaOH à NaCI + H2O
The equation to calculate for the amount of HCl neutralized is:
MHCL X VHCL = MNaOH X VNaOH
Acid-base titration is the combination of an acid solution with a

base solution until one fully neutralizes the other. The one that
is fully neutralized is of unknown concentration. At the point of
neutralization, the amount added to reach neutralization
determines how much base or acid was in the solution of
unknown concentration. The solution of known solution is
called the “standard solution” or the “titrant.” Acid-base
titrations are not the only type of titration but they are the
most common.
Antacids increase the pH of the stomach almost immediately to
relieve acid indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and gastro-
oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Antacids, like all
medications, are attached to a base. Antacids are attached to
sodium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminium.
Procedure
PART – I: Standardization of HCl solution
i. A solution of NaOH, of known strength was

provided. This NaOH solution was used to
determine the strength of the supplied HCl
solution (10 ml of HCl was used for titration).
ii. Phenolphthalein (2 - 3 drops) indicator
was used.
iii. This solution was titrated till appearance
of pink colour was observed.
PART – II: Estimation ofthe strength of the
givenAntacid solution
Given antacid solution (10 ml) was pipette out

into a 250 ml conical flask. 20 ml of distilled water
and 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was
added. The solution become pink in color.
20 ml of the given HCl solution was added from

the burette. The solution turned colorless.
It was mixed thoroughly, and the mixture was

warmed carefully on a hot plate. Bubbling occured
because of the liberation of CO2 gas. When the red
color returned, flask was cooled.
1 ml of HCl was added at a time, until the color

disappeared. The solution was boiled for 2
minutes.
The flask was cooled under the tap.
Excess HCl was back titrated against NaOH

solution ( taken in the burette), whose strength
was known. The first appearance of the pink color
gave the end point.
15
This procedure (Steps 1 to 5 above) was repeated
with 10 ml of the antacid solution.
ANTACID TABLETS USED
Antacid 1: Antacid 2:
Digene Zantac 150
Antacid 3:
Pantaprazole
16
OBSERVATION TABLE
TABLE 1: Standardization of HCl
solution
Strength of NaOH solution = 0.1 N

Volume of HCl used = 10 ml
Strength of HCl = VNaOH X SNaOH = 0.065N

__________
V HCl
Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

TABLE 2: Determination of strength of
Antacid Tablets (SA)
Volume of antacid solution used = 10 ml
ANTACID 1 (DIGENE)
(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH) = (20 x S HCl)
Strength of antacid (SA1) = 0.015N
ANTACID 2 (ZANTAC)
(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH ) = (20 x S HCl)

ANTACID 3 (PENTACID)
(10 x SA) + (v x SNaOH) = (20 x S HCl)
REACTIONS INVOLVED
(i) HCl + NaOH à NaCl + H20
(ii) CaCO3 + 2H3O+àCa2+ + 2H2O + H2CO3 à H2O(l) + CO2(g)
For this particular experiment, back- titration occurs when

an antacid is dissolved in excess HCl(aq) and the remaining
acid is then neutralized by the standardized NaOH(aq)
(Swartz, 2013). From this, the change in molarity between
the initial concentration of HCl(aq) and the moles
neutralized will determine the mass of the active ingredient
in the antacid that can later prove the effectiveness of
antacid brands as buffers.
RESULT:
1. Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

2. Strength of Antacid Tablet (1) = 0.015 N
The antacid which requires the least

amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is
the best antacid. From the recorded
observation, Zantac requires the least (5
ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.
20
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Antacids are the substances used to neutralize

stomach acids. The active ingredients of most of
the antacids are bases of calcium, magnesium and
aluminium. In our work we used three solid tablets
for the investigation of acid neutralization
efficiency. 1 g of each solid sample was taken and
it was neutralized with 10ml of HCl .The mixture
was then titrated against NaOH to neutralize the
remaining acid.
The volume of of NaOH required for the

neutralization of acid left in each sample
indicated its neutralization efficiency. From the
volume of HCl required for neutralizing a definite
amount of antacid matter was calculated. This
study lead to the conclusion that in case of solid
antacids Zantac is the most effective. This project
provides some idea about the ingredients of
various antacids. The information gained from
this project will help people to realize the fact
that it is not the price or brand name or the
external appearances that works. Thus people can
save money also.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.org
www.wikipedia.org
NCERT Chemistry – Class 12
Comprehensive Class 12 Chemistry Practical
Researchgate.com
www.researchgate.com
TEACHER’S REMARK

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SESSION 2024-25

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

This is to certify that this project has

INTERNAL EXAMINER: PRINCIPAL: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

Signature Signature Signature

I would like to express my special

9 ANTACID TABLETS USED

13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)—>

The hydrochloric acid solution used in this

Motives behind selecting this research project:

Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization,

The chemical equation that describes the reaction between

MHCL X VHCL = MNaOH X VNaOH

Acid-base titration is the combination of an acid solution with a

i. A solution of NaOH, of known strength was

Given antacid solution (10 ml) was pipette out

20 ml of the given HCl solution was added from

It was mixed thoroughly, and the mixture was

1 ml of HCl was added at a time, until the color

Excess HCl was back titrated against NaOH

Strength of NaOH solution = 0.1 N

Strength of HCl = VNaOH X SNaOH = 0.065N

Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

Volume of antacid solution used = 10 ml

(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA1) = 0.015N

(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH ) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA2) = 0.08N

(10 x SA) + (v x SNaOH) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA3) = 0.01N

(ii) CaCO3 + 2H3O+àCa2+ + 2H2O + H2CO3 à H2O(l) + CO2(g)

For this particular experiment, back- titration occurs when

1. Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

The antacid which requires the least

Antacids are the substances used to neutralize

The volume of of NaOH required for the

NCERT Chemistry – Class 12

Comprehensive Class 12 Chemistry Practical

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