Tab 1

PHYSICS - Forces of equal magnitude acting in

opposite directions.
Force - Results in no change in motion.

Unbalanced Force:
- A force is a push or pull that results
from an interaction between two - Nonzero net force.
objects or an object and its - Causes deformation and always
environment. leads to changes in motion.
- It is a vector quantity (has both
magnitude and direction).
Contact Forces
- The SI unit of force is the newton
(N). - These arise due to physical contact
between objects:
The Four Fundamental Forces
1. Normal Force: The support force
1. Gravitational Force: exerted on an object in contact with a
- The weakest force. stable surface.
- Attracts any two objects with mass. 2. Tension Force: Force transmitted
- through a rope, string, or wire when
2. Electromagnetic Force pulled.
- Governs interactions between 3. Friction Force: Force exerted by a
charged particles. surface on an object moving across
- Responsible for electric and it. Includes sliding and static
magnetic phenomena. friction.
- 4. Air Resistance Force: A special
3. Strong Force type of friction that acts on objects
- Forms protons and neutrons. moving through the air, opposing
- Binds nucleons to form atomic their motion.
nuclei. 5. Spring Force: Force exerted by a
- compressed or stretched spring.
4. Weak Force 6. Applied Force: Force applied by a
- Responsible for changing protons person or living object.
into neutrons and changing quark
types or charges.

Non-Contact Forces

These act without physical contact between

bodies:
Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces
1. Gravitational Force: The
Balanced Force:
downward force exerted on an object
due to gravity (its weight).
 2. Electrical Force: Acts between 3. Joneel has a weight of 110 lbs. on
charged bodies, similar to earth. (1 lb. = 4.45 N)
gravitational force, but between
charges instead of masses. a. What is her weight in newton?
3. Magnetic Force: The force exerted
by a magnet, which decreases as the W = 110×4.45 = 489.5N
distance from the magnet increases.
b. What is her mass in kg?
Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion M = 110×0.4536 = 49.9kg
1. First Law (Inertia): c. What is her weight in N on the
An object remains at rest or in moon?
constant motion unless acted upon
by an external force. W = 49.9×1.62 = 80.8N
2. Second Law (Acceleration):
Force is directly proportional to mass 4. You are playing golf and you hit the
and acceleration. (F=ma) golf ball that has a mass of 0.05kg
3. Third Law (Action & Reaction): which accelerates at a rate of 28
For every action, there is an equal m/s2. What amount of force do you
and opposite reaction. exert on the ball?

Mass and Weight F = 0.05×28 = 1.4N

● Mass: Amount of matter in an object Key Formulas:

(kg).
● Weight: Force of gravity on an 1. Weight:
object. (W=mg) W=mg
2. Force:
Where: F=ma
3. Acceleration:
A=f/m
● m = mass (kg)
● g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8
m/s² on Earth, 1.62 m/s² on the Work
Moon)
- Work is done when a force moves an
Examples and Problem Solving object in the direction of the applied
force.
1. What is the weight of a 40 kg mass - Formula:
on earth? W=F⋅d⋅cos⁡(θ)
- Where:
W = 40 x 9.8 = 392N W = Work (Joules)
F = Force (N)
2. What is the mass of a 196 N weight? D = Distance (m)
θ = Angle between the force and the
direction of displacement

Key Points:
 - Work is positive if force and 1. Potential Energy (PE): Energy due
displacement are in the same to position.
direction. Formula:
- Work is negative if force and PE=mgh
displacement are in opposite 2. Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of
directions. motion.
- Formula:
Examples:

1. Suppose a woman is pushing a

grocery cart with a 500N force along
the 7-meter aisle. How much work is Examples
done in pushing the cart to the end of
the aisle? 1. What is the kinetic energy of a 56kg mass
moving with a velocity of 3m/s?
F = 500N, D=7m

W = 500×7 = 3500J

2. How much work would be done if

12N of force was applied on an 2. At what height is an object that weighs
object at an angle of 25° above to 490N if its potential energy is 4900 J?
move an object 5 meters
horizontally?

W = 12×5×cos(25∘) = 54.38J

3. The librarian found a book on the

floor. If the book is lifted by the 3. A bike has 4500 J of KE and is traveling
librarian from the floor to the top of at 15m/s. What is its mass?
the shelf which is 2 meters from the
floor with work amounting to -19.6
J, what is the mass of the book?

W = −19.6J, height = 2 m
Power

- Power is the rate at which work is

done or energy is transferred.
- Formula:
Energy P = W/t
- Where:
- Energy is the capacity to do work. P = Power (W)
- Law of Conservation of Energy: W = Work (J)
Energy cannot be created or t = Time (s)
destroyed, only transformed.
Key Points:
Types of Energy:
 ● Unit of power: Watt (W), 1 W = 1 north. Find the momentum of the
J/s deer.
● Horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 746 W
Given:
Examples:
- Mass of deer m=146 kg
1. An 190000 W engine can accelerate - Velocity v=17 m/s
from at rest to a top speed in 9s.
How much work did the engine do? P = m = 146kg×17m/s = 2482kg m/s

W = 190,000W×9s = 1,710,000J 2. A school bus traveling at 40 km/hr

has a momentum of 152,625 kg m/s.
What is the mass of the bus?

2. If 68W of power is produced in 18s,

how much work is done?

W = 68W×18s = 1224J

3. If a runner exerts 350 J of work to

make 125 W of power, then how
long did it take the runner to do the 3. 5. A 21 kg boy is riding a 5.9kg bike
work? with a velocity of 4.5 m/s to the park.
T = 350/125 = 2.8s Given:

Momentum - Mass of boy m1 = 21 kg

- bike m2 = 5.9 kg
- is a measure of how hard it is to stop - Velocity of both v = 4.5 m/s
a moving object, calculated as the
product of an object's mass and a. What are the total momentum of
velocity. the boy and the bike together?

Formula: Ptotal = (m1+m2)v = (21kg+5.9kg)

× 4.5m/s = 26.9kg × 4.5m/s
p=mv = 121.05kg m/s

Where: b. What is the momentum of the

boy?
- p = momentum
- m = mass Pboy = m1 × v = 21kg × 4.5m/s
- v = velocity = 94.5kg m/s

Example: c. What is the momentum of the

bike?
1. A deer with a mass of 146 kg is
running head on toward you with a Pbike = m2 × v = 5.9kg × 4.5m/s
speed of 17 m/s. You are going = 26.55kg m/s
 Δp = m (vf−vi) = 8.0kg × (2.0−8.0)m/s =
8.0kg × (−6.0)m/s = −48.0kg m/s

Collision
Impulse
Elastic Collision
- is the change in momentum, and it
can be calculated by the product of - In an elastic collision, both
force and time. momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved.
Formula:
Inelastic Collision
I=Ft
- In an inelastic collision, momentum
Where: is conserved, but kinetic energy is
not conserved.
- I = Impulse
- F = Force
- t = Time

Impulse can also be defined as the change in

momentum (Δp):

Example 1. A 0.25kg ball strikes a 1.25kg ball at rest.

After the collision, the 0.25kg ball is moving
1. The face of a golf club exerts an
with a velocity of 18m/s and the second ball
average force of 4000N for 0.002s .
is moving with a velocity of 9m/s. What is
What is the impulse imparted to the
the initial of the first ball?
ball?
Given:
Given:
- Mass of first ball m1 = 0.25 kg
- Force F = 4000 N
- Mass of second ball m2 = 1.25 kg
- Time t = 0.002 s
- Final velocity of first ball v1′ = 18
I = Ft = 4000N × 0.002s = 8N m/s
- Final velocity of second ball v2′ = 9
2. An 8.0kg mass has its velocity from m/s
8.0m/s to 2.0m/s east. Find the
objects change in momentum.

Given:

- Initial velocity vi=8.0 m/s

- Final velocity vf=2.0 m/s
- Mass m=8.0 kg
So, the initial velocity of the first ball is 63
m/s.

2. A 12kg ball moving at 37m/s strikes a

ball at rest. After the collision the 12kg ball
is moving with a velocity of 19m/s and the
second ball is moving with a velocity of
4m/s. What is the mass of the second ball?

Given:

- Mass of the first ball (m1) = 12 kg

- Initial velocity of the first ball (v1 =
37 m/s
- Final velocity of the first ball (v1′) =
19 m/s
- Initial velocity of the second ball (v2
) = 0 m/s (the ball is at rest)
- Final velocity of the second ball (v2′)
= 4 m/s
- Momentum is conserved during the
collision, so the total momentum
before the collision equals the total
momentum after the collision.
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