Comprehension Based Questions: Answer

Chapter- 1 & 2: Force Pressure &

Energy, Temperature & Heat

(Demo Answer):

Chapter-1: Force Pressure & Energy

1. Explain the acceleration of an object moving with uniform velocity?
OR, Why the acceleration of an object moving with uniform velocity is
zero?
Answer: The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
Where, u = Initial velocity; v = Final velocity; a = Acceleration & t = Time

If there is no change in velocity i.e. v = u, then

𝑢−𝑢
𝑎= =0
𝑡
An object moving uniformly maintains a constant velocity, which means its
speed and direction do not change. Acceleration is defined as the rate at
which an object's velocity changes over time. In the case of uniform motion,
there is no change in velocity; hence, the change is zero. Since acceleration
measures this change, it follows that the acceleration is also zero. This
concept is supported by Newton's first law of motion, which states that an
object will remain in its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Thus, the absence of any change in velocity during uniform motion results in
zero acceleration.
2. There is no change in acceleration without change in velocity

Answer: The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. If there is no

change in velocity, it means that the object's speed and direction remain
constant. Consequently, this results in zero acceleration, as acceleration
specifically quantifies the rate of change of velocity. In other words, for an
object to experience acceleration, it must speed up, slow down, or change
direction. Therefore, without a change in velocity, there can be no change in
acceleration.
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
Where, u = Initial velocity; v = Final velocity; a = Acceleration & t = Time

If v = u, then
𝑢−𝑢
𝑎= =0
𝑡

3. Show that, all types of rest and motion are relative, not absolute.
Rest and motion are relative terms because they depend on the
observer's frame of reference. This means that different observers may
get different results when they observe the motion or rest of a
body. Here are some examples that show why rest and motion are
relative:
• Two people on a bus

Two people sitting in a moving bus are at rest relative to each other, but
are in motion relative to a person standing on the roadside.
• Earth's rotation

Trees and buildings on Earth appear to be at rest, but they are actually
in motion because the Earth is rotating around the sun.
• Car travel

When a person travels by car, the person inside the car feels at rest
with the car as the frame of reference, but someone outside the car
sees the person inside the car in motion.
Since there is no perfectly static thing in the universe, there can be no
absolute rest or absolute motion.

4. Explain the feedback of Newton's 1st law.

Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, explains that
objects in motion will stay in motion and objects at rest will stay at rest
unless an external force acts upon them. Here are some examples of
Newton's first law of motion in action:
• Car turns
When a car turns sharply, your body moves to the side due to inertia.
• Seat belts
When a car stops suddenly, seat belts tighten to prevent your body from
moving forward due to inertia.

2
 • Rolling balls
Balls rolling down a hill will continue to roll unless friction or another force
stops them.
• Tablecloths
A tablecloth can be quickly pulled from under dishes because the dishes tend
to remain still due to inertia.
• Ketchup bottles
When the bottom of a ketchup bottle is suddenly stopped, inertia causes the
ketchup to come out of the bottle.
• Electric fans
An electric fan continues to move for a period after the electricity is turned
off.
• Pennies and index cards
If an index card is placed on top of a glass with a penny on top of it, the index
card can be quickly removed while the penny falls straight into the glass.
• Jumping from a moving vehicle
If you jump from a moving car or bus, your body will continue moving in the
direction of the vehicle.
If an accident occurs or brakes are applied to the car suddenly, the body will
tend to continue its inertia and move forward, probably proving fatal. To
prevent such accidents, seat belts are used, stopping your body from
moving forward in inertia and avoiding danger.

5. Derive Newton's 1st law from 2nd law of motion.

We know ,From Newtons 2nd law of motion
F = ma
𝑢−𝑢
or, F = m 𝑡
Condition of Newton's 1st law , F = 0
𝑣−𝑢
So, m 𝑡
=0
𝑢−𝑢
Or, =0
𝑡
Or, v – u = 0
Or v = u
That is Newton's 1st law of motion

5. Show that magnitude of velocity at a particular direction is called

speed.
A velocity is a specific thing that may have a magnitude. In
physics, “velocity” is a technical term that refers to the speed and

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 direction of an object in one handy package called a “vector”. The
amount of velocity you have would be the speed part of the vector.
Thus: speed is the magnitude of the velocity.
Velocity is called as speed in a specified direction. Velocity tells us
how fast or slow an object is moving in a specified direction.
6. Set up a relationship between kinetic energy and momentum. /
𝑷𝟐
Show that, Ek =
𝟐𝒎
𝟏
The formula for kinetic energy is Ek = mv2
𝟐
𝒎𝒗𝟐
Ek =
𝟐
𝒎𝟐 𝒗 𝟐
Ek =
𝟐𝒎
(𝒎𝒗)𝟐
Ek = [momentum, p = mv]
𝟐𝒎
(𝑷)𝟐
Ek =
𝟐𝒎

7. Show that F = ma where the symbols indicate usual meanings.

Change of momentum = mv- mu
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
Rate of Change of momentum = 𝑡

From Newtons 2nd law of motion

𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
𝑡
∞F
𝑣−𝑢
m( )∞ F
𝑡

ma ∞ F
ma = k F
if m= 1 kg
F = 1N and a = 1 ms-2 the K = 1
So F= ma
8. Find out the differences between gravitational force and
electromagnetic force.
Here are some differences between gravitational force and
electromagnetic force:
• Strength
Electromagnetic force is much stronger than gravitational force.

4
 • Charge
Gravitational force has one sign of charge, while electromagnetic force
has two opposing signs of charge.
• Generation
Gravitational force is generated by the mass of an object, while
electromagnetic force is generated by the movement of electric charges.
• Waves
Gravitational waves are generated by the bulk motion of large masses,
while electromagnetic waves are generated by small movements of
charge pairs within objects.
• Interaction with matter
Gravitational waves can travel through matter of any density or
composition, while electromagnetic waves are absorbed or scattered by
matter.
• Information
Gravitational waves provide information about the motions and
vibrations of objects, while electromagnetic waves provide images of the
aggregate properties of microscopic charges.
The main difference is that gravity is interaction between masses
whereas electric force is interaction between charges. We call the
gravitational force attractive because it always tries to pull masses
together. The electromagnetic force can be attractive or repulsive.

9. Difference between weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force.

The strong and weak nuclear forces are two of the four fundamental
forces that shape the universe, but they differ in their strength, range,
and what they do:
• Strength
The strong nuclear force is the strongest of the fundamental forces. It's
about 100 times stronger than electromagnetism and 100 trillion trillion
trillion times stronger than gravity.
• Range
The strong nuclear force has a short range of 10-15 meters, while the
weak nuclear force has a very short range of 10−18 to 10−16 meters.
• What they do

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The strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in atomic
nuclei. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay and
interactions between subatomic particles.
Here are some other differences between the strong and weak nuclear
forces:
• Carriers
The strong force is carried by gluons, while the weak force is carried by
W and Z bosons.
• Effect on atoms
The weak force converts protons into neutrons and vice versa, which
changes atoms from one element to another.
• Radiation
When the strong nuclear force breaks down, it releases high-energy
photons. When the weak nuclear force breaks down, it releases sub-
atomic particles near the speed of light.
10. Show that g = GM/R2 where the symbols indicate usual
meanings.
The rate of change of velocity of a freely falling body under the
influence of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity.
It is denoted by g. Since, acceleration due to gravity is one type of
acceleration, its dimension and unit will be LT-2 and m s-2
respectively.

Equation of g: The relation of universal Gravitational constant and

Acceleration due to gravity

Let M = mass of the earth, m = mass of a body at earth's surface or

near it, d = distance between body and the centre of the earth.

According to Newton's law of gravitation, we find

Mm
force of gravity, F= G ............................(1)
d2

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But, from Newton's second law of motion, we find,

Force of gravity = mass × acceleration due to gravity.

i.e., F = m g ......................................(2)

Mm
From eq. (1) and (2), we find, m g = G
d2

M
or, g = G
d2

At the surface of the Earth

M
or, g = G Where R = Radius of the
R2
earth
11. Show that-
i. v = u + at
ii. v2 = u2 + 2as
𝒖+𝒗
iii. s = ( )t
𝟐
𝟏
iv. s = ut + at2
𝟐
(i) We Know, Acceleration,
𝑢−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
or, v – u = at
or, v = u + at
(ii) We Know, From first equation of motion,
v = u + at
v2 = (u + at)2
v2 = u2 +2.u. at+ (at )2
v2 = u2 +2a. ut+ a2 t2

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 1
v2 = u2 +2a. ut+ × 2 a.a t2
2
1
v2 = u2 +2a (ut+ a t2)
2
2 2
v = u + 2as

(iii) We Know, Displacement, S = 𝑉̅t

Mean Velocity / Average Velocity,
𝑢+𝑣
𝑉̅ = ( )
2

𝑢+𝑣
𝑆=( )𝑡
2

(iv) We Know, Displacement, S = 𝑉̅t

Mean Velocity / Average Velocity,
𝑢+𝑣
𝑉̅ = ( )
2

𝑢+𝑣
𝑆=( )𝑡
2

𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑆=( )𝑡
2
2𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑆=( )𝑡
2
2𝑢 𝑎𝑡
𝑆 = ( + )𝑡
2 2
𝑎𝑡
𝑆 = (𝑢 + ) 𝑡
2
1
S = ut + 𝑎𝑡 2
2

Third equation of motion by using the first equation of motion:

12. What is meant by the force of amount 6× 105 N?

It means if you have a body of a certain mass (say 1kg) at rest or uniform
motion, then would require 6× 105 N force to accelerate or decelerate it by
6× 105 m/s every second. (F = ma)

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 It means if you have a body of a certain mass (say 6× 105 kg) at rest or
uniform motion, then would require 6× 105 N force to accelerate or
decelerate it by 1 m/s every second. (F = ma)

13. Write down the differences between velocity and speed.

Answer: The differences between speed and velocity are given below:
Velocity Speed
1. The rate of change of 1. The rate of change of distance
displacement with respect to with respect to time.
time.
2. Vector quantity. 2. Scalar quantity.
3. Depends on direction and 3. Only depends on magnitude.
magnitude.
4. Example- A car traveling east 4. Example- A car traveling at 60
at 60 km/h, clearly indicating km/h without specifying
direction direction.

14. The acceleration of a body 5 m/s2 towards north, what does it mean?

Answer: We know, acceleration

𝑣−𝑢 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑎= =
𝑡 1𝑠

Where, u = Initial velocity; v = Final velocity; a = Acceleration & t = Time

An acceleration of 5 m/s² towards the north means that the velocity of the
body is increasing by 5 meters per second for each second that it moves in
the northward direction.
In practical terms, if the body starts from rest, after 1 second, it will be moving
at 5 m/s north; after 2 seconds, it will be moving at 10 m/s north; and so on.
This indicates a consistent increase in speed in the northern direction, which
can be due to force acting on the body in that direction.
15. Explain why weight of a body varies at different place of the earth.
The weight of a body varies at different places on Earth because of the
following factors:
• Earth's shape
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, but is instead an oblate spheroid, which
means that its radius varies across its surface. This means that some
places are closer to the Earth's center, like the poles, while others are
further away, like the equator.
• Gravitational force
The gravitational force varies from place to place on Earth because each
location has more or less mass than the average.

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 • Newton's law of universal gravity
This law states that an object's weight is proportional to the square of its mean
distance from the center of the Earth. This means that objects placed near
the equator will weigh less than objects placed near the poles.
• Altitude and depth
Gravity decreases with altitude and depth, which means that weight also
decreases.
• Earth's rotation
The Earth's rotation is another factor that can cause weight variation.
Mass, on the other hand, is the amount of matter in an object and remains
the same regardless of where you are on Earth.

16. Explain how even if a bigger distance is covered displacement can

be zero.

Answer: Displacement is defined as the shortest straight-line distance from

the initial position to the final position of an object, along with the direction. It
takes into account only the initial and final positions, not the path taken.
Even if a larger distance is covered, displacement can be zero if the object
returns to its starting point. For example, if a person walks 10 meters east and
then walks 10 meters west, they have covered a total distance of 20 meters.
However, since they end up back where they started, their displacement is
zero. This highlights that displacement focuses solely on the overall change in
position rather than the actual distance travelled.

17. Why acceleration due to gravity is the example of uniform

acceleration?
Acceleration due to gravity is an example of uniform acceleration because it
increases at a constant rate:
• Explanation
When an object is dropped, it accelerates towards the ground due to
gravity. This acceleration is uniform because the object's velocity changes
at a constant rate. For example, if you drop a ball, it will fall faster and faster
until it hits the ground.
• Symbol
The acceleration due to gravity is represented by the symbol g and has a value
of 9.81 m/s2 in the downward direction.
• Equations
The equations for constant acceleration can be used for falling objects, but "-g"
is used in place of "a".
• Air resistance

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When treating falling objects as uniformly accelerated motion, air resistance is
ignored.

18. When someone jumps from a boat, why does the boat move
backward?
When someone jumps off a boat, the boat moves backward because of
Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction:
• Action: The person pushes off the boat to move forward.
• Reaction: The boat experiences an equal force pushing it backward.
The boat also exerts an equal and opposite force on the person, which
helps the person jump out.
To prevent the boat from sliding back into the water, the boatman ties it up.
According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction. When the man jumps from a boat, he applies
force on the boat due to which boat moves backward. An equal force is
exerted by the boat on the man which helps the man to jump out of the
boat.
19. ''The weight of object is 10 N''-what does it mean?
"The weight of an object is 10 N" means that the force of gravity on that
object is 10 Newtons (N):
• Explanation
Weight is the force of gravity on an object, and is measured in Newtons
(N). The weight of an object can be calculated using the formula: Weight
= mass × acceleration due to gravity (g).
• Example
On Earth, an object with a mass of 1 kg will have a weight of 10 N. This is
because the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.8
m/s2.

20. Is there any acceleration of a uniform velocity object? Explain.

Answer: No, an object moving with uniform velocity has no acceleration.
Uniform velocity means that both the speed and direction of the object are
constant, which means there is no change in velocity over time. Acceleration is
defined as the rate of change of velocity; if there is no change, and then the
acceleration is zero. According to Newton's first law of motion, an object in
motion will stay in motion with the same velocity unless acted upon by an
external force. Therefore, in the absence of any external forces causing a
change, an object moving at uniform velocity experiences zero acceleration.
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.

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 𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
𝑡
Where, u = Initial velocity; v = Final velocity; a = Acceleration & t = Time

If there is no change in velocity i.e. v = u, then

𝑢−𝑢
𝑎= =0
𝑡

21. What do you understand by 50 N force?

It means if you have a body of a certain mass (say 1kg) at rest or uniform motion,
then would require 50 N force to accelerate or decelerate it by 50 m/s every
second. (F = ma)
It means if you have a body of a certain mass (say 50kg) at rest or uniform
motion, then would require 50 N force to accelerate or decelerate it by 1 m/s
every second. (F = ma)

22. Explain why an electric fan does not stop rotating right after the
switch is turned off.
An electric fan continues to rotate after the switch is turned off because of
inertia, which is described by Newton's First Law of Motion:
• Explanation: Inertia states that an object in motion will continue to move
unless an external force acts upon it. When a fan is on, its blades are already
in motion, so they continue to spin even after the power is cut off.
The electric fan continues to rotate for some time after the current is
switched off due to rotational inertia force. This situation of the
electric fan can be explained more by Newton's law of inertia that
states that a rigid body in motion stays in motion until an external
force is applied.
23. Explain the effect of force on the shape of a body.
A force acting on an object causes the object to change its shape or size, to
start moving, to stop moving, to accelerate or decelerate. When there's the
interaction between two objects they exert a force on each other, these
exerted forces are equal in size but opposite in direction.

24. The weight of any body is zero at the centre of the earth. Explain.
The weight of a body is zero at the center of the Earth because the
acceleration due to gravity (g= 0)is zero
The weight of a body at the centre of earth is zero because value of g is zero. As we
move a body closer to the centre of the earth, the mass of the earth between the
centre of the earth and the body keeps decreasing.

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 Chapter-2: Energy

1. How the kinetic energy of a moving body is related with the velocity?

Answer: The kinetic energy of a moving body is directly related to the square
𝟏
of its velocity, as described by the formula Ek = mv2.This means that if the
𝟐
velocity of the object doubles, its kinetic energy increases by a factor of four. If
𝟏
the velocity of the object half, it’s the kinetic energy becomes of its original
𝟒
value.
. Even small increases in velocity can lead to significant increases in kinetic
energy due to this quadratic relationship. For example, increasing an object's
velocity from 10 m/s to 12 m/s results in a larger change in kinetic energy than
the increase in speed might suggest. Overall, the velocity of a moving body
has a profound impact on its kinetic energy.

2. What is meant by the work done against the force?

Answer: If the displacement takes place opposite to the direction of force,

then the work done is said to be negative work or work done against the force.
This can also happen when work is done against the gravity. For example- if
we try to push an object by applying force in the northern side but it moves to
the opposite direction, then it is work done against the force or negative work.
Similarly, if we try to lift an object upward by lifting it against the force of
gravity then negative work is done.
Work is a measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is
moved. Work done against a force occurs when the displacement of an object
is in the opposite direction of the applied force. For example, when you lift an
object above the ground, you are doing work against gravity.
3. What factors does potential energy depend on? Explain.

Answer: Potential energy:

The ability of doing work gained by a body due to its change of
normal position or configuration is called Potential energy.
Potential energy, Ep = mgh
Where, m = mass, g = Acceleration due to gravity, h = height.
Potential energy depends on several key factors. First, height (h) plays a
crucial role; in gravitational potential energy, the higher an object is above a

13
reference point, the more potential energy it has. Second, mass (m) is directly
proportional to potential energy; heavier objects possess more gravitational
potential energy at the same height. Third, the gravitational field strength
(g) affects potential energy; it varies by location, with Earth’s average being
about 9.8 ms-2. Additionally, for elastic potential energy, the configuration or
state of the object, such as how much a spring is compressed or stretched,
impacts the energy stored. Lastly, in the case of electrical potential energy,
the strength of the electric field and the amount of charge involved are
significant factors.

4. Can the kinetic energy of a body be negative?

Answer: No, the kinetic energy of a body cannot be negative. Kinetic energy
𝟏
is calculated using the formula Ek = mv2, where m is the mass of the object
𝟐
and v is its velocity. Since mass is always a positive quantity and the velocity
of any object can be positive or negative but the square of velocity (v2) is
always positive. That’s why the result for kinetic energy will always be positive.
NB: The only case where kinetic energy is zero is when the object is at rest
(i.e., its velocity is zero).

5. Without displacement work is zero though force is applied. Explain.

Answer: Work is defined as the product of force and displacement in the
direction of the force. If there is no displacement, then the product is zero, and
thus no work is done. When we push against a wall, we are exerting a force,
but the wall does not move. Since there is no displacement, no work is done.
Work, W = Fs Here, F = force, s = displacement
If the displacement, s = 0 then W = F.0 = 0

6. Work is a scalar quantity. - Explain.

Answer: Scalar quantities are physical quantities that can be completely

expressed by a magnitude, without having a direction associated with it. Work
is a scalar quantity because it has magnitude but no direction. It is the transfer
of energy from one body to another. The work done can be fully expressed by
the magnitude, such as 10 joules, without specifying the direction.
Work is considered a scalar quantity because it has only magnitude and no
specific direction. While the forces involved in doing work are vector
quantities, the calculation of work results in a single numerical value.
Mathematically, work is defined as W = FS, where F is the force applied, d is
the displacement. This formula shows that even though force and

14
displacement have directions, the resulting work is expressed as a magnitude
in joules. Work can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the
relationship between force and displacement, but this does not affect its
classification as a scalar. Ultimately, work measures energy transfer without
considering directional aspects, making it a scalar quantity.

7. Differences between potential and kinetic energy.

Answer: The differences between potential and kinetic energy are as

follows:

Potential energy Kinetic energy

Energy stored due to an object’s Energy of an object due to its motion
position or configuration
Ep = mgh (for gravitational 𝟏
Ek = mv2
potential energy) 𝟐
Directly proportional to mass and Directly proportional to mass and the
height square of velocity
Water stored in a reservoir, a A moving car, a rolling ball
compressed spring
It is the stored energy possessed by It is the energy that an object has
an object due to its position or due to its motion.
configuration.
The factors affecting potential energy The factors affecting kinetic energy
are mass, acceleration due to gravity are mass and velocity of the object.
and height.
It is not transferable. It is transferable.

8. Show that Ep = mgh where the symbols indicate usual meanings.

Answer: The capacity of an object to do work when its normal position or

configuration is change to some other position and configuration is called
potential energy.
The product of applied force on an object and its displacement along the
direction of force is called work. Work, W = Fs
Here, F = force, s = displacement
When we raise anything, then it acquires potential energy. The amount of
work done to raise an object, is stored in the object as potential energy. If the
work done is W,
W = Fh
W = mgh

15
Here, F is the applied force and h is the height. The weight of the object (mg)
is a force and it acts downwards. This is equal to the amount of force required
to lift that object. Thus, Ep = mgh.

𝟏
9. Show that Ek = mv2 where the symbols indicate usual meanings.
𝟐
𝟏
Answer: Show that kinetic energy = Ek = mv2.
𝟐
Ans: The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object is equal
to the change in its kinetic energy. Mathematically, this is expressed as: Work
Done = Change in Kinetic Energy. Again, Work Done = Force × Distance
W = Fs
W = mas ----------------(i)
[F = ma]
We know, v2 = u2 + 2as

If an object starts its motion from rest, v2 = 02 + 2as

or, v2 = 2as
𝑣2
𝑎𝑠 =
2
Putting the value of as in Equation (i) We get,
W = mas
𝑣2 𝟏
W =m = mv2
2 𝟐
𝟏
W = Ek = mv2
𝟐
𝟏
Therefore, we can say that, kinetic energy, Ek = mv2
𝟐

10. If velocity of a moving body becomes half, kinetic energy will

become one- fourth. Explain mathematically.

Answer: If the velocity of a moving body becomes half, kinetic energy will
become one fourth. Explain mathematically.
𝟏
Answer: The formula for kinetic energy is Ek = mv2
𝟐
𝒗
If v1 = then, Ek = Ek1
𝟐

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 𝒗
Now, substituting v1 = into the kinetic energy formula:
𝟐
𝟏
Ek1 = mv12
𝟐
𝟏 𝒗
Ek1 = m ( ) 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒗𝟐
= m
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
= × mv2
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏
Ek1 = × Ek
𝟒
𝟏
Thus, when the velocity of the body is halved, the kinetic energy becomes of
𝟒
its original value.
11. What do you mean by 40 watt/60 watt/100 watt?

Answer: The rate of doing work or the rate of supplying energy of a

person or machine doing work is called power.
The terms "40 watt," "60 watt," and "100 watt" refer to the power rating of
electrical devices, particularly light bulbs. The watt (W) measures the rate
at which energy is consumed or produced, with higher wattage indicating
greater power usage.
𝐦𝐠𝐡
Power, P = 𝑾𝒕 =
𝒕

P = 𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝒔
𝑱
= 40 Js-1 = 40 W
P = 𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝒔
𝑱
= 60 Js-1 = 60 W
P = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝒔
𝑱
= 100 Js-1 = 100 W

For example,
40 W mark on a bulb means that it transforms 40 J Electrical energy to light
energy and Heat energy in one second
60 W mark on a bulb means that it transforms 60 J Electrical energy to light
energy and Heat energy in one second
100 W mark on a bulb means that it transforms 100 J Electrical energy to light
energy and Heat energy in one second
In general, higher wattage bulbs produce greater brightness; thus, a 100-watt
bulb is brighter than a 60-watt bulb, which in turn is brighter than a 40-watt
bulb.

17
12. If the velocity of a moving body becomes one third then kinetic
energy becomes one ninth. Explain mathematically.
Answer: If the velocity of a moving body becomes half, kinetic energy will
become one fourth. Explain mathematically.
𝟏
Answer: The formula for kinetic energy is Ek = mv2
𝟐
𝒗
If v1 = then, Ek = Ek1
𝟑
𝒗
Now, substituting v1 = into the kinetic energy formula:
𝟑
𝟏
Ek1 = mv12
𝟐
𝟏 𝒗
Ek1 = m ( ) 2
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝒗𝟐
= m
𝟐 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏
= × mv2
𝟗 𝟐
𝟏
Ek1 = × Ek
𝟗
𝟏
Thus, when the velocity of the body is halved, the kinetic energy becomes of
𝟗
its original value.

13. 'Energy is calculated on the basis of work.' Explain.

Answer: The work–energy principle states that an increase in the
kinetic energy of a rigid body is caused by an equal amount of positive
work done on the body by the resultant force acting on that body.
Conversely, a decrease in kinetic energy is caused by an equal amount
of negative work done by the resultant force.
1 1
Work done, W = Change of kinetic energy = Ek = mv2 - mu2
2 2

When , u = 0 then
1 1
Work done, W = Change of kinetic energy = Ek = mv2 - m×02
2 2
1
Work done, W = Change of kinetic energy = mv2
2
Again, The product of applied force on an object and its displacement along
the direction of force is called work. Work, W = Fs
Here, F = force, s = displacement

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When we raise anything, then it acquires potential energy. The amount of
work done to raise an object, is stored in the object as potential energy. If the
work done is W,
W = Fh
W = mgh
Here, F is the applied force and h is the height. The weight of the object (mg)
is a force and it acts downwards. This is equal to the amount of force required
to lift that object. Thus, Ep = mgh.

14. For a freely falling body, show that at every point EP + EK =

constant.

A m = 60 kg

h1 = 30 m

B h = 90 m
h2 = 30 m

Let a body of mass m fall freely under gravity from height h above
ground.
Let A B and C be the positions of body.
1
At A Point: kinetic energy, Ek = mu2 = 0 [u= 0]
2

Potential energy, Ep = mgh

∴ Total energy = EP + EK = mgh + 0 = mgh
At B Point: Let h1 be the distance fallen from A to B.
1
Ek = mv2
2
1
= m(u2 + 2gh1)
2
1
= m (02 + 2gh1)
2
1
Ek = ×2 mgh1
2

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 Ek = mgh1
Potential energy, Ep = mgh2
∴ Total energy = EP + EK = mgh1 + mgh2 = mg(h1 + h2) = mgh

At C Point: Let h be the distance fallen from A to C.

1
kinetic energy, Ek = mv2
2
1
= ×m (u2 + 2gh)
2
1
= m (02 + 2gh)
2
1
Ek = ×2 mgh
2

Ek = mgh
We know,
Potential energy, Ep = mgh’ = 0 [h’ = 0]
∴ Total energy = EP + EK = mgh + 0 = mgh
It is clear that sum of mechanical energy remains same at any point in the
path of free fall of a body.

(Pressure)
1. Why is it easy to swim in the sea than in the river?
The reason is that the sea water contains salt and so its density is more than
the density of river water. The weight of a man gets balanced by the less
immersed part of his body in sea water as compared to river water. Thus, it is
easier for a person to swim in sea water than in river water.
The density of seawater is more than river water. As a result, buoyancy
force of seawater is more than river water. It is easier to swim in the sea
than in the river because of this buoyancy force.

2. Write down the conditions of floatation and immersion of a body.

Answer: The conditions of the floating or sinking of an object are-
i. If W1> W2, or if the weight of the object is more than the liquid
abstracted by the object then the object will sink in the liquid.

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 ii. If W1 = W2, or if the weight of the object is equal to the liquid
abstracted by the object, then the object will float in a completely
submerged state.
iii. If W1 < W2, or if the weight of the object is less than the liquid
abstracted by the object then the object will float in a partially submerged
state.

3. At definite depth, the pressure depends on the nature of liquid. -

Explain it.
Answer: We know, pressure, P= hρg Here, h= Depth of liquid, ρ =
Density of liquid, g = Gravitational acceleration. g is constant in a certain
area and h is constant in a certain depth.
Pressure is proportional to density.
Since the densities of different liquids are different, pressure of liquid is
different in certain depth as well. So, we can say that, pressure in certain
depth depends on the nature of the liquid especially on the density of the
liquid.

4. What is the reason of variation of the pressure at a point in a

specific liquid at a fixed depth?
Answer: We know, pressure, P= hρg. Here, h depth of liquid,
ρ=density of liquid, g gravitational acceleration. Density of a certain liquid
(ρ) is fixed, fixed depth (h) is fixed. But, gravitational acceleration (g) is
different in different places of Earth. So, we can say that, the reason of
pressure variation at a point in a specific liquid at a fixed depth is
because the value of gravitational acceleration is different in different
places.
5. What is the cause of floating and sinking of solid body? Explain.
Density is a measure of how heavy something is compared to its size. If an
object is denser than water it will sink when placed in water, and if it is less
dense than water it will float.

6. Why a heavy weight is easy to lift in water? Explain.

It's easier to lift a heavy weight in water because of buoyancy, a
scientific concept that explains how an object experiences an upward
force when it's partially or fully submerged in a liquid:

21
Buoyant force The upward force that acts on an object in a liquid, opposing the object's
weight

Apparent loss of The object appears to weigh less than it actually does because of the
weight buoyant force

Easier to lift The object feels lighter and is easier to lift because of the apparent loss of
weight

The Greek mathematician, engineer, inventor, and astronomer Archimedes

is credited with discovering the concept of buoyancy.

7. Explain the effect of force on the shape of a body.

A force acting on an object causes the object to change its shape or size, to
start moving, to stop moving, to accelerate or decelerate. When there's the
interaction between two objects they exert a force on each other, these
exerted forces are equal in size but opposite in direction.

8. Why an embankment dam's lower part is kept wider than the upper
part?
The pressure of water stored in the dam increases with depth. So, the bottom
of the dam is broader to support the increase in water pressure.
9. Why we do not feel the atmospheric pressure? Explain it.
We don't feel atmospheric pressure because the pressure inside our bodies is
roughly the same as the pressure outside our bodies:
• Pressure inside and outside the body: The pressure inside our bodies,
from air and fluids in our lungs and stomachs, pushes outward with the
same force as the atmospheric pressure pushing inward.
• Net force: The opposing forces cancel each other out, so we don't feel
the pressure.
• Contact with body: Air pressure contacts all of our bodies at the same
time, not just the top of our heads and shoulders.
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure, is
the pressure of the Earth's atmosphere. At sea level, the atmospheric
pressure is about 1 atm.
We do not feel the pressure of the atmosphere around us, because the
pressure in our bodies is roughly the same as the atmospheric pressure
outside. Therefore, both the forces acting on our bodies cancel out and we
do not feel uncomfortable.
10. what do you mean by density of water 1000 kgm-3?

22
The density of water being 1000 kg/m3 means that there are 1000 kilograms of
water in every cubic meter of water.
Temperature and Heat:
1. Explain the diffusion of gaseous substances.
Answer: Gaseous diffusion is the process by which gas molecules
move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. This
happens because gas molecules move randomly and change direction
after every collision. Regions with higher concentrations have more
particles than regions with lower concentrations, so the gas molecules
move from the higher concentration areas to the lower concentration
areas.
Gaseous atoms and molecules move freely and randomly
through space. Diffusion is the process whereby gaseous atoms
and molecules are transferred from regions of relatively high
concentration to regions of relatively low concentration.
2. What is meant by co-efficient of linear expansions of iron 17 × 10-6 K-1?
The coefficient of linear expansion of iron
Answer: When heat is applied to a solid substance elongation of its length
occurs towards a definite direction and the expansion along its length is called
linear expansion.
Let the length of a bar at Ɵ1 temperature be l1 and at Ɵ2 temperature the
length be l2.
Increase in length = l2 – l1
And increase of temperature = Ɵ2 - Ɵ1
She coefficient of linear expansion is denoted by a and it can be expressed
as,

𝒍𝟐 – 𝒍𝟏
α= .
𝒍𝟏 × (Ɵ𝟐 – Ɵ𝟏 )

increase in length
α= .
initial length × increase of temperature

So, the increase in length of a solid rod of 1 m for a rise of temperature 1 K is

defined the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the solid. Its unit is
K-1.

23
The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is iron 17 × 10-6 K-1 means if the
temperature of copper rod is raised through 1K, then its length increases by
iron 17 × 10-6 m.

3. What does coefficient of linear expansion of steel 11 × 10-6 K-1 mean?

Answer: When heat is applied to a solid substance elongation of its length
occurs towards a definite direction and the expansion along its length is called
linear expansion.
Let the length of a bar at Ɵ1 temperature be l1 and at Ɵ2 temperature the
length be l2.
Increase in length = l2 – l1
And increase of temperature = Ɵ2 - Ɵ1
She coefficient of linear expansion is denoted by a and it can be expressed
as,
𝒍𝟐 – 𝒍𝟏
α= .
𝒍𝟏 × (Ɵ𝟐 – Ɵ𝟏 )

increase in length
α= .
initial length × increase of temperature

So, the increase in length of a solid rod of 1 m for a rise of temperature 1 K is

defined the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the solid. Its unit is
K-1.
The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is iron 11 × 10-6 K-1 means if the
temperature of copper rod is raised through 1K, then its length increases by
iron 11 × 10-6 m.

4. What is meant by Co-efficient of superficial expansion of iron 22.6 ×

10-6 K-1?
Answer: Explain The area of a solid is increased with the increase of
temperature. It is called superficial expansion.
Let initial surface area of a solid at Ɵ1 temperature = A1
When the temperature is increased to Ɵ1, the final surface area = A2

Increase in temperature = Ɵ2 – Ɵ1 ,
And increase in area=A2 - A1

24
The coefficient of superficial expansion is expressed by the symbol.
𝑨𝟐 −𝑨𝟏
Superficial expansion, β =
𝑨𝟏 × (Ɵ𝟐 – Ɵ𝟏 )
𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
β=
𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 ×𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

In equation if the surface area A = l m2 and the increase of temperature

(Ɵ2 – Ɵ1 )= 1K is considered, then the increase in surface area
β = A2 - A1 = increase in surface area.
So, the increase in surface area of 1m2 surface area of a solid for the rise of
temperature K is called the coefficient of superficial expansion of the material
of that solid. Its unit is K. The coefficient of superficial expansion of copper is
22.6 × 10-6 K-1. It means that if the temperature of a copper body is increased
through 1K, then the increase in surface area of copper is 22.6 × 10-6 m2.

5. What do you mean by specific heat of copper of 400 / Water of 4200 /

Iron of 450 Jkg-1 K-1?
Answer: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a body
of unit mass to one unit temperature is called the specific heat of the material
of that body. If Q amount of heat is required to increase the temperature of a
body of mass m to ΔӨ, the amount of heat required to increase the unit
temperature is of unit mass of a body, so the specific heat,

𝑄
S=
𝑚𝛥Ө

Unit: The unit of specific heat is Jkg-1 K-1.

The specific heat of copper of 400 Jkg-1 K-1 means that 400 joules of energy
are required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of copper by 1 degree
Celsius or kelvin.
The specific heat of Water of 4200 Jkg-1 K-1 means that 4200 joules of energy
are required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of Water by 1 degree
Celsius or kelvin.
The specific heat of Iron of 450 Jkg-1 K-1 means that 450 joules of energy are
required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of Iron by 1 degree Celsius
or kelvin.

6. What do you mean by Latent heat of Ice of 3.36×105 Jkg-1?

25
Answer: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to
change unit mass of a substance from its solid to liquid state, at its
melting point. For ice, it is 3.36 x105 Joules per kg.
7. What is the difference between heat & Temperature?
Temperature
Answer: A measure of how hot or cold an object is. Temperature is measured in
degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.
Heat
The flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower
temperature. Heat is measured in joules.
Here are some other differences between heat and temperature:
• State: Temperature is a particular state of a substance, while heat is a
dynamic form of energy.
• Transfer: Heat can be transferred through conduction, convection, or
radiation.
• Size: A large object with the same temperature as a small object will have
greater heat content.

8. What do you mean by Latent heat of vaporization 2.26×106 Jkg-1?

Answer: The latent heat of vaporization of water being 2.26×106 Jkg-1.

It means that 2.26×106J of heat is required to change 1 Kg of

water (at its boiling point, 100∘C into steam at the same
temperature of 100∘C.
For water at its boiling point (100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees
Fahrenheit), the specific latent heat of vaporization is approximately
2.26 × 106 J/kg. This means that to convert 1 kilogram of liquid
water into steam at 100 degrees Celsius, 2.26 × 106 joules of heat
energy must be added.
10. Show that β = 2α, where the symbols indicate usual meanings.
𝑳𝟐 – 𝑳𝟏
Answer: α =
𝑳𝟏 × (𝑻𝟐 – 𝑻𝟏 )

l2- l1 = α l1ΔT
l2 = l1 + α l1ΔT [See BooK]

11. Show that γ = 3α, where the symbols indicate usual meanings

26
 𝑳𝟐 – 𝑳𝟏
Answer: α =
𝑳𝟏 × (𝑻𝟐 – 𝑻𝟏 )

l2- l1 = α l1ΔT
l2 = l1 + α l1ΔT
[See BooK]
𝜷 𝜸
12. Show that 6α = 3β = 2γ : α = = , where the symbols indicate
𝟐 𝟑
usual meanings.
𝟏
13. Show that γ = where the symbols indicate usual meanings.
𝑻𝟏

Answer: We Know , PV = nRT

So, PV1 = nRT1 ------------------------(i)
PV2 = nRT2 -----------------------------(ii)
(ii) – (i) =>
PV2 - PV1 = nRT2 - nRT1
P(V2 - V1) = nR (T2 - T1 )
𝑷(𝑽𝟐 −𝑽𝟏 ) 𝒏𝑹(𝑻𝟐 −𝑻𝟏 )
or, ==
𝑷𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝑽𝟏
𝑷(𝑽𝟐 −𝑽𝟏 ) 𝒏𝑹(𝑻𝟐 −𝑻𝟏 )
or, ==
𝑷𝑽𝟏 𝒏𝑹𝑻𝟏

𝑽𝟐 −𝑽𝟏 𝟏
or, =
𝑽𝟏 × (𝑻𝟐 – 𝑻𝟏 ) 𝑻𝟏
𝟏
γ= (Showed)
𝑻𝟏

Md. Maklesur Rahman; Subject Coordinator,

Physics, CESC. Cell – 01743-828290

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