5 Newtons Laws

Applications of
Newton’s Laws
Force and Interactions
• In this case, the object accelerates only if the net force

acting on it is not equal to zero. The net force acting on
an object is defined as the vector sum of all forces acting
on the object.
• If the net force exerted on an object is zero, the
acceleration of the object is zero, that is, the object either
remains at rest or continues to move with constant
Forcesvelocity.
do not always cause motion. What happens when several
forces act simultaneously
• When the velocity on
of an
an object?
object is constant the object is
said to be in equilibrium.
Some examples of applied forces
Four common types of forces
When a force involves direct contact between two bodies, such as a push or
pull that you exert on an object with your hand, we call it a contact force.
In addition to contact forces, there are long-range forces that
act even when the bodies are separated by empty space. These
are known as field forces.
The known fundamental forces in nature are all field

forces:
1. gravitational forces between objects,

2. electromagnetic forces between electric charges,
3. nuclear forces between subatomic particles,
4. weak forces that arise in certain radioactive decay
processes.
The gravitational force that the earth exerts on your body is

called your weight.
Typical Force Magnitudes
The vector nature of a force is tested with a spring scale. (a) A downward
force F1 elongates the spring 1.00 cm. (b) A downward force F2 elongates the
spring 2.00 cm. (c) When F1 and F2 are applied simultaneously, the spring
elongates by 3.00 cm. (d) When F1 is downward and F2 is horizontal, the
combination of the two forces elongates the spring
Any number of forces applied at a point on a body have the same effect as a
single force equal to the vector sum of the forces. This important principle is
called superposition of forces.
Hence any force can be replaced by its component vectors, acting at the same point.
Fx and Fy are the components of parallel
and perpendicular to the sloping surface of
the inclined plane.
“the vector sum of the forces” or

“the net force.” magnitude direction
In three-dimensional
Newton’s First Law
The difference in the three cases is the magnitude of the frictional force.
The slicker the surface, the farther a puck slides after being given an initial
velocity. On an air-hockey table (c) the friction force is practically zero, so the
puck continues with almost constant velocity.
The dynamics of uniform circular motion
A particle moving with uniform speed v in a

circular path of radius r experiences an
acceleration that has a magnitude
Net force causing the centripetal acceleration =

The Conical Pendulum
A small object of mass m is suspended from a sting of
length L. The object revolves with a constant speed v in a
horizontal circle of radius r as shown in Figure.
The object does not accelerate in the vertical direction and
has uniform circular motion in the horizontal direction.
the force providing the centripetal

acceleration
Dividing (2) by (1) and using sin/cos = tan, we eliminate T and
find that

Since therefore,
If we let t represent the time for one complete revolution of the

object, then v = 2πr/t
or

Period of motion

The Banked Exit Ramp
A civil engineer wishes to design a curved

exit ramp for a highway in such a way that
car will not have to rely on friction to
round the curve without skidding. In other
words, a car moving at the designated
speed can negotiate the curve even when
the road is covered with ice. Such a road is
usually banked; this means the roadway is
tilted toward the inside of the curve.
Suppose the designated speed for the ramp
is to be 13.4m/s (30.0 mi/h) and the radius
of the curve is 50.0 m. At what angle
should the curve be banked?
Newton’s second law for the radial direction, gives
The car is in equilibrium in the vertical

direction, thus Fy = 0, we have
What if this same roadway were built on Mars in the

future to connect different colony centers; could it be
traveled at the same speed?
Non-uniform Circular Motion
A small sphere of mass m is attached to the end of a cord of length R and set
into motion in a vertical circle about a fixed point O. Determine the tension
in the cord at any instant when the speed of the sphere is v and the cord
makes an angle " with the vertical.
Tangential component of the gravitational force Fg is mg sin
and radial component is mg cos. Applying Newton’s second
law to the forces acting on the sphere in the tangential direction
Applying Newton’s second law to the forces acting on the

sphere in the radial direction and noting that both T and ar are
directed toward O,
What if we set the ball in motion with a slower speed? What speed
would the ball have as it passes over the top of the circle if the tension
in the cord goes to zero instantaneously at this point?
At the top of the path, where  = 180o
What happens teif we set the ball in motion such that the speed at the top
is less than this value??
The ball never reaches the top of the circle. At some point on the way up,
the tension in the string goes to zero and the ball becomes a projectile. It
follows a segment of a parabolic path over the top of its motion, rejoining
the circular path on the other side when the tension becomes nonzero again.
Momentum
Linear Momentum and Its Conservation
For an isolated system of two particles with
masses m1 and m2 that are moving with
velocities v1 and v2 at an instant of time,
or
By replacing the acceleration with its

definition
Two particles interact

with each other.
According to Newton’s
Since the derivative of the sum with respect third law, F12 = -F21.
to time is zero, which shows that this sum
must be constant.
The linear momentum of a particle or an object that can be modeled as a
particle of mass m moving with a velocity v is defined to be the product
of the mass and velocity:
p = mv
Its direction is along v, it has dimensions ML/T, and its SI unit is kg· m/s.
the time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to

the net force acting on the particle.
Because the time derivative of the total momentum ptot = p1 + p2 is zero,

it can be concluded that the total momentum of the system must remain
constant:
or
This result, known as the law of conservation of linear momentum,

Impulse and Momentum
the momentum of a particle changes if a net force acts on the particle.
According to Newton’s second law, F = dp/dt, or dp = Fdt
If the momentum of the particle changes from pi at time ti to pf at time tf
The quantity on the right side of this equation is called the impulse of the
force F impulse–momentum
theorem
The impulse of the force F acting on a particle equals the change in the
momentum of the particle.
In a particular crash test, a car of mass 1500 kg collides with a wall, as
shown in Figure. The initial and final velocities of the car are m/s and
m/s , respectively. If the collision lasts for 0.150 s, find the impulse
caused by the collision and the average force exerted on the car.
The initial and final momenta of the car are
impulse is
The average force exerted by the wall on the car is
What if the car did not rebound from the wall? Suppose the final velocity of
the car is zero and the time interval of the collision remains at 0.150 s.
Would this represent a larger or a smaller force by the wall on the car?
Collisions in One Dimension
An elastic collision between two objects is one in which the total kinetic
energy (as well as total momentum) of the system is the same before and
after the collision.
An inelastic collision is one in which the total kinetic energy of the system
is not the same before and after the collision (even though the momentum
of the system is conserved). In these two types of collisions is that
momentum of the system is conserved in all collisions, but kinetic energy
of the system is conserved only inelastic collisions.
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions (particle stick together)
the total momentum before the collision equals the total
momentum of the composite system after the collision:
Solving for the final velocity gives

Elastic Collisions
considering velocities along the horizontal
direction

⇒

⇒
Relative velocity of the two particles before the collision,
v1i - v2i , equals the negative of their relative velocity after
the collision, -(v1f -v2f ).
Suppose that the masses and initial velocities of both particles are known.
Previous Equations can be solved for velocities:
Some special cases.

• If m1 = m2, then above Equations show that v1f = v2i and v2f = v1i .
• If particle 2 is initially at rest, then v2i = 0,
• If m1 >> m2
That is, when a very heavy particle collides head-on with a very light
one that is initially at rest, the heavy particle continues its motion
unaltered after the collision and the light particle rebounds with a
speed equal to about twice the initial speed of the heavy particle.
Center of Mass
• The center of mass is the unique point at the center of a
distribution of mass in space that has the property that
the weighted position vectors relative to this point sum
to zero.
• In analogy to statistics, the center of mass is the mean
location of a distribution of mass in space.

Solving this equation for R yields the formula
where M is the sum of the masses of all of the particles

Problems
Questions ?

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Applications of

• In this case, the object accelerates only if the net force

The known fundamental forces in nature are all field

1. gravitational forces between objects,

The gravitational force that the earth exerts on your body is

“the vector sum of the forces” or

A particle moving with uniform speed v in a

Net force causing the centripetal acceleration =

the force providing the centripetal

If we let t represent the time for one complete revolution of the

A civil engineer wishes to design a curved

The car is in equilibrium in the vertical

What if this same roadway were built on Mars in the

Applying Newton’s second law to the forces acting on the

At the top of the path, where  = 180o

By replacing the acceleration with its

Two particles interact

the time rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle is equal to

Because the time derivative of the total momentum ptot = p1 + p2 is zero,

This result, known as the law of conservation of linear momentum,

The average force exerted by the wall on the car is

Solving for the final velocity gives

Some special cases.

where M is the sum of the masses of all of the particles

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