1_1_Lecture 1 IT222(1)

Faculty of Computer
and Information
Sciences
Information Technology
Department
Communications and Networks
Fundamentals
IT 222T
Lecture 1: Introduction to Data

communication and signals
Lecture Contents
❑Introduction to Communications systems
❑Data Vs Signal
❑Data types (Digital and analog)
❑ Classifications of Signals
1. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
2. Analog and Digital Signals
3. Even and Odd Signals
4. Periodic and Non-periodic signals
1.1 Communications System
• The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the exchange of

data between two parties.
• The figure below shows the general block diagram of a communications
system.
Components of a Communications System:
1. Source: generates the data to be transmitted.
For example. telephones and personal computers.
2. Transmitter: transforms and encodes the information generated by the source to
electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted across a transmission system.
For example, a modem takes a digital bit stream from a personal computer and
transforms that bit stream into a signal form that can be handled by the telephone
network.
3. Transmission system: This can be a single transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination.
Example: telephone cable or network.
4. Receiver: accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form
that can be handled by the destination device.
Components of a communications system cont. :
For example, a modem accepts a signal coming from a transmission line and
convert it into a digital bit stream.
5. Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver.
Example: telephones and personal computers or servers.
The figure below shows an example of a real communications system.
1.2 Data
• Data: Data refers to information that conveys some meaning.
• It comes in a variety of forms such as text, graphics, audio,
video and animation
• Data can be of two types; analog and digital.
• Analog data take on continuous values on some interval.
Typical examples of analog data are voice and video.
• Example: when someone speaks an analog wave is created in
the air. This can be captured by microphone and converted to
signal
• Digital data take on discrete values.
• Example: data are stored in computer memory in the form of
0s and 1s . They can be converted to a signal for transmission
across medium
1.3 Signal
• Signals are the electric or electromagnetic encoding of data which can be sent over a
communication medium
• Computer networks and data/voice communication systems transmit signals
• The simplest way to show signals is by plotting them of perpendicular axes.
1. Independent variable at the horizontal axis (x- axis)
2. Dependent variable at the vertical Axis (y- axis)
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
The relationship between data and signal
• Data is being carried whereas

signal is the carrier.
• In order to transfer data from one
device to another device, the data
must be converted into signals.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fsearch%2Flight%2Bbulb%2Bcartoon&psig=AOvVaw0sK_tRHVM6zZjhIv65MU_G&ust=1580760814839000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKiJq4rXs-cCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
1.4 Classification of Signals
Signals can be classified to :
1. Continuous- time signals / Discrete time signals
2. Analogue signals/ Digital signals
3. Even signals/ Odd Signals
4. Periodic signals / Non-periodic signals
Each type will be explained in the following few slides!

1.4 Classification of Signals (Cont.)
Continuous Time signal Discrete Time signal
(CT)
(DT)
Independent Continuous: takes all values in a given Discrete: takes discrete values of time only.
variable (time) time interval.
Symbol: n ( n is integer)
Symbol: t (t is a real number)
Dependent Defined at all instants of time. Defined only at discrete times.

variable (signal
values) Symbol: X (t), S (t), y (t), ….. Symbol: X[n], S[n], Y[n], ….
Graphical
representation
Analogue signal Digital signal
Definition is a continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡) that is a discrete 𝑥 𝑛 signal that could take only
can take on any value from - to a finite number of values.
+.
Example Sinusoidal signal Computer digital signal (Binary)
Graphical
representation
Even Signal Odd signal
Definition is a signal (x) for which: is a signal (x) for which:
for CT signals: x(t) = x(-t) for CT signals: x(-t) = -x(t)
for DT signals: 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒙 −𝒏 for DT signals: 𝒙 −𝒏 = −𝒙 𝒏
Symmetry Symmetric about the vertical axis. Symmetric about the origin.
Graphical
representation
Class Work!
For the shown signal, sketch the :
A) Even parts
B) Odd parts of the signal.
C) Label your sketches carefully.
Class Work!
For the shown signal, sketch the :
A) Even parts
B) Odd parts of the signal.
C) Label your sketches carefully.
1.3 Classifications of Signals (Cont.)
Periodic Signal Aperiodic signal
(Non-periodic)
Definition Signal repeats itself after a certain Signal does not repeat itself after
amount of time (T or N). a certain amount of time.
Signal period (T or N): is the minimum

value of time for which the signal
exactly repeats itself.
Mathematical for CT signals: 𝒙(t + T) = 𝒙(𝒕) No mathematical rule.

rule
for all t
for DT signals: 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝑵 =𝒙 𝒏
for all n
Graphical
representation
1.3 Classifications of Signals (Cont.)
More periodic signals:
More Aperiodic signals:

In this lecture, we studied:
1. Concept of Communications System.

2. Components of Communication system and
Summary
examples for it.

3. Difference between Data and Signal.
4. Analog and digital data
5. Classification of signals.
THANK YOU
References
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-
between-a-signal-and-data
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/106105
080/pdf/M2L1.pdf

1_1_Lecture 1 IT222(1)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1_1_Lecture 1 IT222(1)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1_1_Lecture 1 IT222(1)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Faculty of Computer

Lecture 1: Introduction to Data

• The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the exchange of

• Data is being carried whereas

Each type will be explained in the following few slides!

Dependent Defined at all instants of time. Defined only at discrete times.

Example Sinusoidal signal Computer digital signal (Binary)

for CT signals: x(t) = x(-t) for CT signals: x(-t) = -x(t)

for DT signals: 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒙 −𝒏 for DT signals: 𝒙 −𝒏 = −𝒙 𝒏

Signal period (T or N): is the minimum

Mathematical for CT signals: 𝒙(t + T) = 𝒙(𝒕) No mathematical rule.

More Aperiodic signals:

1. Concept of Communications System.

examples for it.

You might also like