Capter 1

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Chapter 1 :

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Digital Concepts
 The term digital is derived from the way computers
perform operations by counting digits.
 Digital logic design is a system in electrical and
computer engineering that uses simple number values
to produce input and output operations.
 Electronic circuit can be divided into two broad
categories, Digital and Analog
 Analog electronics involves quantities with continuous
values whereas, digital electronics involves quantities
with discrete values.
Definition : Analog & Digital
Electronic circuits can be analog and digital
Analog?
 Varies over a continuous range of values
 Most things that ca be measured quantitatively occur in nature in
analog form
 Examples of analog quantities : time, pressure, sound.

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Digital?
The term digital refers to the fact that the signal is limited to only a
few possible values.
In general, digits signals are represented by only two possible voltages on
a wire - 0 volts (which we called "binary 0", or just "0") and 5 volts (which
we call "binary 1", or just "1").
We sometimes call these values "low" and "high", or "false" and "true".
 A discrete set of values.

 Varies in discrete (separate) steps.

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Analog vs Digital
Analog Digital
 Use base 10 (decimal)  Use base 2 (binary)
 Represented by 10 different  Represented by 2 different
level : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 level: 0 and 1 or low and
high.
 Analog system: A
combination of devices that
 Digital system: A
manipulate values combination of devices that
manipulate values
represented in analog form
represented in digital form.

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Digital
 Digital technology is widely used. Examples:
 Computers
 Manufacturing systems
 Medical Science
 Transportation
 Entertainment
 Telecommunications
 Basic digital concepts and terminology are introduced

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The Digital Advantages
 Digital representation has certain advantage over analog
representation in electronics application.
 Advantages of digital data representation
 Ease of design
 Ease of storage
 Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain
 Programmable operation
 Less affected by noise(unwanted voltage fluctuation)
 Ease of fabrication on IC chips

 Thus, the systems is more efficient and reliable:


- Data Processing
- Data Transmission
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- Data Storage
Analog electronics
 Public address system, used to amplify sound in order
to heard by large audience is example of analog
electronic system
 Basic audio public address system using microphone
and speaker that convert to analog voltage which called
Audio signal

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A System Using Digital and Analog Methods
 The compact disk(CD) player is the example of a system in
which both digital and analog circuits are used.
 A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data
from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-
to-analog converter (DAC).
 The DAC changes the digital data into an analog
signal
 The analog signal is an electrical reproduction of the
original music.
 During recording music on the CD, the process called
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used
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A System Using Digital and Analog Methods(cont..)

CD / MP3
lagu2 dll

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Audio CD
 The audio CD is a typical hybrid (combination) system.
 Analog sound is converted into analog voltage.
 Analog voltage is changed into digital through an ADC in the
recorder.
 Digital information is stored on the CD .
 At playback the digital information is changed into analog by a
DAC in the CD player.
 The analog voltage is amplified and used to drive a speaker that
produces the original analog sound.

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1.2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels and
Digital Waveform
 Digital electronics involves circuits and systems
in which there are only two possible states.
 Representation of these states are different
voltage levels(High and Low)
 In digital systems such as computers,
combinations of the two states, called codes,
that used to represent numbers, symbols,
alphabetic characters, and other types of
information.
 Two state digital system is called binary, and its
two digits are 0 and 1.
11  A binary digit is called a bit.
Binary Digits = Bit
5.0V

Bit 1 : 2 – 5V(high)
2.0V
Bit 0 : 0 – 0.8V(low)

0.8V Undefined : 0.8 – 2V

0V

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Binary Digits(Logic level)

Positive Logic (active Negative logic (active


high) low)

High = 1 (Bit 1) High =0


Low = 0 (Bit 0) Low =1

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Waveform Characteristics
Periodic: repeats itself at a fixed interval, called a period (T).
Non-Periodic: does not repeat itself at fixed intervals
and may be composed of pulses of randomly differing
pulse widths and/or randomly differing time intervals
between the pulses.

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Frequency (f) vs. Period (T)

 Frequency (f) is the rate at which it repeat itself at a fixed


interval and it measured in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)
f = 1/T Hz
 Period (T) is the time from the edge of one pulse to the
corresponding edge of the next pulse. Is measured in
second
T = 1/f s
 Example :
 clock frequency : f = 100Hz,
so, period : T = 1/100Hz = 0.01s = 0.01x 103 = 10 ms

s  ms ( x 103 )
ms  s ( x 10-3 )
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Unit Conversion

F = 100khZ, so
T = 1/f
= 1/(100*103 Hz)
= 1/(102*103 Hz)
= 1/(105 Hz) Understand ?
= 0.00001 s
= 0.00001 x 103
= 0.01 ms
= 0.01 x 10-3
= 10 µs
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Pulse Width
 pulse has two edges: a leading edge that occurs first at
time t0 and a trailing edge that occurs last at time t1.
 For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a rising
edge, and the trailing edge is a falling edge.
 Pulse width (tW): A measure of the duration of the pulse.

90% 90%
Amplitude
50% 50%
Pulse
10% Width 10%

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Rise Time Fall Time
Duty Cycle

 Duty cycle is the ratio of the pulse width (tW) to the period (T ).
 An important characteristic of a periodic digital waveform is its

Example : a periodic digital waveform has a pulse width 1ms and period
time 10ms, calculate duty cycle?

Duty cycle = 1ms/10ms * 100% = 10%

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Timing Diagram
Is a graph of digital waveform showing the actual time
relationship of two or more waveform and how each waveform
changes in relation to the others.

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Data transfer

 Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of


information.
 Binary data, which are represented by digital
waveforms, must be transferred from one device to
another within a digital system.
 From one system to another in order to accomplish a
given purpose
 When bits are transferred in serial form from one point to
another, they are sent one bit at a time along a single line.
 During the time interval from t0 to t1, the first bit is
transferred as shown on the next slide.
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Data transfer: Serial vs Parallel

Serial : 8 clock time

Parallel : 1 clock
time

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Serial vs Parallel

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1.3 Introduction to Logic Operations and
basic logic functions

Logic is the realm of human reasoning that tells you a
certain proposition (declarative statement) is true if
certain conditions are true.
 Propositions can be classified as true or false.
 Several propositions, when combined, form
propositional, or logic, functions.
 For example, the propositional statement “The light is
on” will be true if “The bulb is not burned out” is true
and if “The switch is on” is true
 The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to
implement logic functions.
 Three basic logic functions (NOT, AND, and OR) are
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indicated by standard distinctive shape symbols( next slide)
NOT, AND, OR

The NOT operation : changes one


logic level to the opposite logic level
(inverter).
The AND operation : produces a HIGH
output only if all the inputs are HIGH.

The OR operation : produces a HIGH output


when any of the inputs is HIGH.

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Truth Table NOT
NOT operation.
The NOT function changes one logic level to the opposite logic level. X Z
0 1
1 0

X Z

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The AND operation.
The AND function produces a HIGH output only when all the inputs are
HIGH.

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Truth Table AND 1 0 0
1 1 1
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The OR operation.

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
Truth Table OR
1 1 1
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Combinational and Sequential Logic
Functions
 The three basic logic functions AND, OR, and NOT
can be combined to form various other types of more
complex logic functions.

Such functions like, comparison, arithmetic, code
conversion, encoding, decoding, data selection,
counting, and storage.
 A digital system is an arrangement of the individual
logic functions connected to perform a specified
operation or produce a defined output.

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Basic Logic Functions

 Comparison Function
 Arithmetic Functions
 Code conversion function
 Encoding function
 Decoding function
 Data selection function
 Data storage function
 Counting function

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The Comparison Function
 Magnitude comparison is performed by a logic circuit called a comparator
 A comparator compares two quantities and indicates whether or not they
are equal(detail chap 6)

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The Arithmetic Functions
Addition:-Addition is performed by a logic circuit called an adder.
An adder adds two binary numbers (on inputs A and B with a carry
input Cin) and generates a sum() and a carry output (Cout).

 Adder

 Substracter
 Multiplier
 Division
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The Arithmetic Functions(cont..)

 Subtraction:-Subtraction is also performed by a logic circuit. A


substructer requires three inputs; the two numbers that are to be
subtracted and a borrow input.
 The two outputs are the difference and the borrow output.
 Multiplication: multiplication is performed by a logic circuit
called a multiplier.
 Numbers are always multiplied two at a time, so two inputs are
required. The output of the multiplier is the product.
 Division: division can be performed with a series of subtractions,
comparisons, and shifts, and thus it can also be done using an
adder in conjunction with other circuits.
 Two inputs to the divider are required, and the outputs generated
are the quotient and the remainder.
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The Code conversion function

 A code is a set of bits arranged in a unique pattern


and used to represent specified information.
 A code converter changes one form of coded
information into another coded form.
 Examples : BCD, ASCII
 Covered detail in Chapter 6.

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The Encoding, Decoding function

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The Data selection function
Two types of circuits that select data are the multiplexer and the
demultiplexer.
Mux is a logic circuit that switches digital data from several input lines onto
a single output line in a specified time sequence.

Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

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First time interval

CompA CompD
t3 t2 t1 t3 t2 t1

CompB CompE

CompC CompF
Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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Complexity Classifications for Fixed-Function ICs

 Small-scale integration (SSI) – have up to 12 gates on a


single chip
 Medium-scale integration (MSI) – have from 12-99 gates
on a single chip
 Large-scale integration (LSI) – have from 100-9999 gates
on a single chip
 Very large-scale integration (VLSI) – have from 10,000-
99,999 gates on a single chip
 Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) – have from 100,000
and greater equivalent gates on a single chip

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End of Chapter
1

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