Capter 1
Capter 1
Capter 1
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Digital Concepts
The term digital is derived from the way computers
perform operations by counting digits.
Digital logic design is a system in electrical and
computer engineering that uses simple number values
to produce input and output operations.
Electronic circuit can be divided into two broad
categories, Digital and Analog
Analog electronics involves quantities with continuous
values whereas, digital electronics involves quantities
with discrete values.
Definition : Analog & Digital
Electronic circuits can be analog and digital
Analog?
Varies over a continuous range of values
Most things that ca be measured quantitatively occur in nature in
analog form
Examples of analog quantities : time, pressure, sound.
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Digital?
The term digital refers to the fact that the signal is limited to only a
few possible values.
In general, digits signals are represented by only two possible voltages on
a wire - 0 volts (which we called "binary 0", or just "0") and 5 volts (which
we call "binary 1", or just "1").
We sometimes call these values "low" and "high", or "false" and "true".
A discrete set of values.
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Analog vs Digital
Analog Digital
Use base 10 (decimal) Use base 2 (binary)
Represented by 10 different Represented by 2 different
level : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 level: 0 and 1 or low and
high.
Analog system: A
combination of devices that
Digital system: A
manipulate values combination of devices that
manipulate values
represented in analog form
represented in digital form.
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Digital
Digital technology is widely used. Examples:
Computers
Manufacturing systems
Medical Science
Transportation
Entertainment
Telecommunications
Basic digital concepts and terminology are introduced
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The Digital Advantages
Digital representation has certain advantage over analog
representation in electronics application.
Advantages of digital data representation
Ease of design
Ease of storage
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain
Programmable operation
Less affected by noise(unwanted voltage fluctuation)
Ease of fabrication on IC chips
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A System Using Digital and Analog Methods
The compact disk(CD) player is the example of a system in
which both digital and analog circuits are used.
A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data
from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-
to-analog converter (DAC).
The DAC changes the digital data into an analog
signal
The analog signal is an electrical reproduction of the
original music.
During recording music on the CD, the process called
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used
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A System Using Digital and Analog Methods(cont..)
CD / MP3
lagu2 dll
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Audio CD
The audio CD is a typical hybrid (combination) system.
Analog sound is converted into analog voltage.
Analog voltage is changed into digital through an ADC in the
recorder.
Digital information is stored on the CD .
At playback the digital information is changed into analog by a
DAC in the CD player.
The analog voltage is amplified and used to drive a speaker that
produces the original analog sound.
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1.2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels and
Digital Waveform
Digital electronics involves circuits and systems
in which there are only two possible states.
Representation of these states are different
voltage levels(High and Low)
In digital systems such as computers,
combinations of the two states, called codes,
that used to represent numbers, symbols,
alphabetic characters, and other types of
information.
Two state digital system is called binary, and its
two digits are 0 and 1.
11 A binary digit is called a bit.
Binary Digits = Bit
5.0V
Bit 1 : 2 – 5V(high)
2.0V
Bit 0 : 0 – 0.8V(low)
0V
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Binary Digits(Logic level)
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Waveform Characteristics
Periodic: repeats itself at a fixed interval, called a period (T).
Non-Periodic: does not repeat itself at fixed intervals
and may be composed of pulses of randomly differing
pulse widths and/or randomly differing time intervals
between the pulses.
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Frequency (f) vs. Period (T)
s ms ( x 103 )
ms s ( x 10-3 )
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Unit Conversion
F = 100khZ, so
T = 1/f
= 1/(100*103 Hz)
= 1/(102*103 Hz)
= 1/(105 Hz) Understand ?
= 0.00001 s
= 0.00001 x 103
= 0.01 ms
= 0.01 x 10-3
= 10 µs
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Pulse Width
pulse has two edges: a leading edge that occurs first at
time t0 and a trailing edge that occurs last at time t1.
For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a rising
edge, and the trailing edge is a falling edge.
Pulse width (tW): A measure of the duration of the pulse.
90% 90%
Amplitude
50% 50%
Pulse
10% Width 10%
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Rise Time Fall Time
Duty Cycle
Duty cycle is the ratio of the pulse width (tW) to the period (T ).
An important characteristic of a periodic digital waveform is its
Example : a periodic digital waveform has a pulse width 1ms and period
time 10ms, calculate duty cycle?
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Timing Diagram
Is a graph of digital waveform showing the actual time
relationship of two or more waveform and how each waveform
changes in relation to the others.
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Data transfer
Parallel : 1 clock
time
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Serial vs Parallel
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1.3 Introduction to Logic Operations and
basic logic functions
Logic is the realm of human reasoning that tells you a
certain proposition (declarative statement) is true if
certain conditions are true.
Propositions can be classified as true or false.
Several propositions, when combined, form
propositional, or logic, functions.
For example, the propositional statement “The light is
on” will be true if “The bulb is not burned out” is true
and if “The switch is on” is true
The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to
implement logic functions.
Three basic logic functions (NOT, AND, and OR) are
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indicated by standard distinctive shape symbols( next slide)
NOT, AND, OR
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Truth Table NOT
NOT operation.
The NOT function changes one logic level to the opposite logic level. X Z
0 1
1 0
X Z
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The AND operation.
The AND function produces a HIGH output only when all the inputs are
HIGH.
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Truth Table AND 1 0 0
1 1 1
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The OR operation.
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
Truth Table OR
1 1 1
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Combinational and Sequential Logic
Functions
The three basic logic functions AND, OR, and NOT
can be combined to form various other types of more
complex logic functions.
Such functions like, comparison, arithmetic, code
conversion, encoding, decoding, data selection,
counting, and storage.
A digital system is an arrangement of the individual
logic functions connected to perform a specified
operation or produce a defined output.
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Basic Logic Functions
Comparison Function
Arithmetic Functions
Code conversion function
Encoding function
Decoding function
Data selection function
Data storage function
Counting function
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The Comparison Function
Magnitude comparison is performed by a logic circuit called a comparator
A comparator compares two quantities and indicates whether or not they
are equal(detail chap 6)
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The Arithmetic Functions
Addition:-Addition is performed by a logic circuit called an adder.
An adder adds two binary numbers (on inputs A and B with a carry
input Cin) and generates a sum() and a carry output (Cout).
Adder
Substracter
Multiplier
Division
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The Arithmetic Functions(cont..)
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The Encoding, Decoding function
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The Data selection function
Two types of circuits that select data are the multiplexer and the
demultiplexer.
Mux is a logic circuit that switches digital data from several input lines onto
a single output line in a specified time sequence.
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First time interval
CompA CompD
t3 t2 t1 t3 t2 t1
CompB CompE
CompC CompF
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
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Complexity Classifications for Fixed-Function ICs
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End of Chapter
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