IDENTIFICATION OT FUNTIONAL GROUPS IN TINKNOWN

ORGAI{IC COMPOUNI}S.
SAMPLE 1:

Physical properties:

State: Liquid
Colour: Colourless

Odour: Spirit like

Solubility: Stightly soluble

l. Blue litmus test

Fvnerirnent Observation Inferenr-e
To the sample solution, Blue litmus turned May be PhOH ,-COOH.
blue litmus was added. slightly red.

2. FeCl: test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, I No colouration appeared. PhOH absent.
drop FeCl: solution was
added.

3. NaHCO: test
F.xneriment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, No effervescence -COOH group absent.
NaHCO:wos added. observed.

4. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate test

Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, No colour change -OH group absent.
(NH+)zCe(NO:)o soluti on observed.
rvas added.

5. DNPH test
Fvnerirnent Observation Inference
To the sample solution, 2,4- Yellow ppt observed. -CO group present.
D i n itrophen y lhyd r azine
-^1.,+i ,^^ ^Il^.{ :^
SUItlLI\ril W4D 4(ItlEtI lll
excess.

6.F 's test

Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, A red ppt was formed in -CHO present.
Fehling's solution I and II the blue solution.
were added in equal
proportions and the
 mixture was heated in a
--,^+^- L^+L
tYdLEt rIail I - I

7. Tollen's test
Preparation: In a dry test tube, small amount ofAgNO: solution is taken. An equa!
volume of NaOH solution is added to it. A greyish black ppt is formed. To this,
NH+OH is added drop by drop with shaking until the ppt dissolves. This is Tollen's
rea
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, A metallic silver mirror -CHO present.
Tollen's reagent was was formed in the test
added and the mixture tube.
was heated in a water
bath.

Result: The functional group present is -CHO (aldehydic group)

R ear-finns'
l.
NHNH 2
o2
)c:Q+
--+ rC=N-tlH*;, ,,;NO1
o2 orN
2, 4dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenythycri1lone lreo sstour)

2. R-CHO + 2 Cuz* +5 OH- CuzO + RCOO- + 3 HzO

3. AgNO: + NaOH -----) AgOH + NaNOr
2 AgOH AgzO + HzO
--->
AgOH + NH+OH [Ag[NHr)z]* + OH-
2[Ae ffi:)z]+ ---'+ 3 OH- -----] R-COO- +2Ag+4NHr+ 2 HzO
+ R-CHO

SAMPL&2:
Physical properties:

State: Solid flakes

Colour: Brown

Odour: Distinctive Odour

Solubility: soluble in organic solvent

1. Blue litmus test
Frrnerirnenf Observation Inf'erence
 To the sample solution, Blue litmus turned May be PhOH,-COOH.
Ll,,^ li+*,.^ --,^^ ^.I-J^-I
urutr tlllllu) wil} duuEu. slightly- red.

2. FeCl: test
Fvnerirnenf
ur\lJvt rrrrvrt! f)hcenlqtinn
v vuvl t g&r vr, fnferenne
r t vt vt lvv
a a

To the sample solution, I Green colouration PhOH confirmed

drop FeCl: solution was appeared.
^-lI^l
aLtutru.

Result: The functional group present is Ph-OH (Phenolic OH).

Reactions: FeClg + 6CeHsOH -----+3H+[Fe(CeHsO)r]3- + 3 HCI

SAMPLE 3:
Physicai properties:

State: Solid amorphous

Colour: Colourless

Odour: No perceptible odour

Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.

1. Blue litmus test
Frrnerirnent Observation Inf-erence
To the sample solution, Blue litmus turned bright May be PhOH,-COOH.
blue litmus was added. red.

2. FeCl: test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, i Violet colouration PhOH present.
drop FeCl: solution was appeared.
added.
3. NaHCO: test
Experiment Observation Inference
Tn fhe sarnnle snllrtinn Gns ewnlwed rvith -COOH group confirmed.
NaHCO:was added. effervescence which
turned lime water milky.
I
.r. E-+^-ifi^^+l^-
r-JLr,t rtrry(lltL,lt -^^^+l^-.
tu4LLt(J!t.
The sample was dissolved in methanol, and a few (3-4) drops of conc. HzSO+ were
added. The mixture was heated for a few seconds in a water bath and the contents
poured in a beaker of water. A white ppt with with pleasant smell of iodex was
obtained. The ppt was identified as late.
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, Smell of iodex was -COOH group confirmed.
methanol was added , obtained.
fhllnrved hw ferx'drnns nf
conc. HzSOa . Mixture
 was warmed in a water
L^+L
Lr,iil,l t.

Result: The functional groups present are -COOH and -PhOH.

Reactions:

1. FeCl: + 6 CTHsOH -------+ 3H+[Fe(CoHsO)6]3- + 3 HCI

2. R_COOH + NaHCO: ___+ RCOO'NIa+ + COz + HzO

a
J
0H0 0H0

Conc.H2SOa

,
fJ--
CH,OH L. + Hro

SAMPLE 4:
Physical properties:

State: Liquid
Colour: Colourless

Odour: Nail polish remover like smell

Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.

l. Blue litmus test
Fwnprinrpnf
a2zrF,v^rrlrvtl!
(-)hcpnrqtintr
v (/Jvt I 4Lr vl t Inf,erence
To the sample solution, No colour change is PhOH, -COOH absent
blue litmus was added. observed.

2. Ceric ammonium nitrate test

Experirnent Observation Inference
To the sample solution, No colour change is -OH absent.
ffi+)zCe (NO:)e was observed.
added.
3. DNPH test
Experiment Observation Inference
Tn the rsrrryr!
cqrnnle uvrsrlvt.!
<nlrrtinn A yellou, ppt was formed.
DNPH was added in
-c it
o
group
excess.
present
4. Iodoform reaction:
Experiment Observation Inference
 To the sample solution, A light yellow ppt with Ppt is of CHIg. Keto
excsss of KI+Iz solution smell of antiseptic was methy I group present and
was added. obtained. confirmed.

Result: The functional groups present is keto methyl

-c-cH?
il
t-,

Reactions:
I
I

NHNH 2
NO 2 - 1:.
)C: O+ )C=il-ilH*'
'\ll
-+{ o1
o2 orfr
2, 4{initropherrylhydrazine 2, 4-dinitrophenythydrazore lreO cslourl

2
Ir. NaOH
*---*----> -Na*
il -GHr ll- cHIr
,

o Yellow ppt
o

SAMPLE 5:
Physical properties:

State: Solid

Colour: Black

Odour: Characteristics odour

Solubility: lnsoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.

1. Blue litmus test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, No colour change is PhOH ,-COOH absent.
blue litmus was added. observed.

2. DNPH test
Experiment Observation Inference
 c
To the sample solution, No ppt appeared.
il
DNPI{ saluticn was added o
in excess. group
absent.
3. Azod,ve test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, A red dye was obtained. o
l aromatic amine
Excess HCI was added present.
followed by NaNOz
solution and alkaline B
napthol solution.

Reactions:

1 . Ar-NH2 + NaNOz + HCI -----) Ar-Nz*Cl- +ZHzO

2.
N=N-Ar

OH
OH

Ar-Nr+CI- +

Red ppt

SAMPLE 6:
Physical properties:

State: Liquid
Colour: light brownish

Odour: Bitter almond like

Solubility: .

1. Blue litmus test

Fxnerirnent Obs'ervation Inference
To the sample solution, BIue litmus turned bright May be PhOH,-COOH.
blue litmus was added. red.

2. FeCI: test
Experiment Observation lnference
 To the sample solution, I No colouration was PhOH absent.
drop FeCI: solution was observed.
added.
3. NaHCO: test
Bxperiment Observation Intbrence
To the sample solution, Gas evolved with -COOH group confirmed.
NaHCO:w'as added. effervescence which
turned lime water milky.
4. DNPH test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, A yellow ppt was c-
il
DNPH solution was added observed. o
group present
in excess.
5,F 's test
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample soiution, No ppt was formed. Aliphatic -CHO may be
Fehling's solution I and II absent.
were added in equal
proportions and the
mixture was heated in a
water bath.
6. Tollen's test
Preparation: In a dry test tube, small amount of AgNO: solution is taken. An equal
volume of NaOH solution is adet-ed to it. A greyish black ppt is formed. To this,
NH+OH is added drop by drop with shaking until the ppt dissolves. This is Tollen's
reagent.
Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution, A metallic silver mirror Aromatic-CHo group
Tollen's reagent was was formed in the test present.
added, and the mixture tube.
was heated in a water
bath.

Result: The functional group present is Aromatic-CHo.

Reaetions:
1.

NHNH 7

)c:o+
NO I ,C=N-l{H-'la*0,
NO,
-' orH
2, &din itrophenylhydrazine 2,, 4dinitrophenylhycnzone tre0 colourl

2. R-CHO + 2 Cu2+ +5 OH- CuzO + RCOO- + 3 HzO

3. AgNO3 + NaOI{ AgOH + NaNO:
2 AgOH -------) AgzO + HzO
 AgOH + NH+OH [Agffir)z]* + OH-
2lAg {NHr)zl+ R-CHO 3 OH-
+ + R-COO- + 2 Ag +4 NH: + ZHzA
----}
SAMPLE 7:
Physical properties:

State: Liquid
Colour: Colourless

Odour: Spirit like

Solubility:

1. Blue litmus test

Experiment Observation Inference
To the sample solution. No colour change is PhOH.-COOH absent.
blue litmus was added. observed.

2. Ceric ammonium nitrate test

Frrnerirnent
Latyer Observation Inference
To the sample solution, Yellow reagent turned red. -OH present.
(NH+)zCe (NO:)e was
^tl^l
duugu.
Result: The functional group present is alcohol(-OH).

Reactions:

R-CHzOH + 2 ffi+)z[Ce[No:)o] R-CHO+ 2(NH+)zlCeNO:) s] + Z HNO:

SAMPLE 8:
Physical properties:

State: Solid amorphous

Colour: white

Odour: vanilla-like

Solubility: soluble in organic solvent

l. Blue litmus test
Fwnerirnent
Lrayvr rlrrvrri Observation Inference
To the sample solution, Blue litmus turned May be PhOH,-COOH.
blue litmus was added. slightly red.

2. FeCls test
Experiment Observation Inference
 To the sample solution, I Green colouration was PhOH present and
drop FeCl: solution was abserved. confirmed.
added.
Result: The functional groups present are -PhOH (phenolic OH).

Reaction

l. FeCl: + 6 CTHsOH > 3H+[Fe(CoHsO)e]3- + 3 HCI

--