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    Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

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    eowug
    A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    Uploaded by

    eowug
    3 views7 pages
    A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views7 pages

    Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    Uploaded by

    eowug
    A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 7

    Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

    This tutorial delves into building distributed systems, implementing networking protocols, developing
    blockchain-based applications, and fine-tuning CI/CD pipelines for Go projects.

    1. Distributed Systems with Go


    Distributed systems handle tasks across multiple machines. Go’s Goroutines and channels make it ideal
    for distributed programming.

    Building a Distributed Key-Value Store


    Example: Distributed Key-Value Node
    go
    Copy code
    package main

    import (
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
    "sync"
    )

    type Store struct {


    mu sync.RWMutex
    data map[string]string
    }

    func (s *Store) Set(key, value string) {


    s.mu.Lock()
    defer s.mu.Unlock()
    s.data[key] = value
    }

    func (s *Store) Get(key string) (string, bool) {


    s.mu.RLock()
    defer s.mu.RUnlock()
    value, ok := s.data[key]
    return value, ok
    }

    func main() {
    store := &Store{data: make(map[string]string)}

    http.HandleFunc("/set", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {


    key := r.URL.Query().Get("key")
    value := r.URL.Query().Get("value")
    store.Set(key, value)
    w.Write([]byte("OK"))
    })
    http.HandleFunc("/get", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    key := r.URL.Query().Get("key")
    value, ok := store.Get(key)
    if !ok {
    http.Error(w, "Not Found", http.StatusNotFound)
    return
    }
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{key: value})
    })

    fmt.Println("Server running on :8080")


    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
    }

    Scaling with Raft Consensus


    Implement Raft for distributed consensus using libraries like etcd/raft:
    bash
    Copy code
    go get go.etcd.io/raft/v3

    2. Networking Protocols
    Implementing a Custom Protocol
    Create a simple TCP-based chat application.

    Server Example
    go
    Copy code
    package main

    import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "net"
    "strings"
    )

    func main() {
    listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080")
    if err != nil {
    panic(err)
    }
    defer listener.Close()

    fmt.Println("Chat server running on :8080")

    for {
    conn, err := listener.Accept()
    if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("Connection error:", err)
    continue
    }
    go handleConnection(conn)
    }
    }

    func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) {


    defer conn.Close()
    reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)

    for {
    message, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
    if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("Connection closed")
    return
    }

    message = strings.TrimSpace(message)
    fmt.Printf("Received: %s\n", message)
    conn.Write([]byte("Echo: " + message + "\n"))
    }
    }

    Client Example
    go
    Copy code
    package main

    import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "net"
    "os"
    )

    func main() {
    conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8080")
    if err != nil {
    panic(err)
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
    for {
    fmt.Print("Enter message: ")
    scanner.Scan()
    message := scanner.Text()

    _, err := conn.Write([]byte(message + "\n"))


    if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("Error sending message:", err)
    return
    }

    response, _ := bufio.NewReader(conn).ReadString('\n')
    fmt.Println("Server response:", response)
    }
    }
    3. Blockchain Development
    Go’s efficiency and concurrency model make it ideal for blockchain development.

    Building a Simple Blockchain


    Define a Block
    go
    Copy code
    package main

    import (
    "crypto/sha256"
    "encoding/hex"
    "fmt"
    )

    type Block struct {


    Index int
    Timestamp string
    Data string
    PrevHash string
    Hash string
    }

    func calculateHash(block Block) string {


    record := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s", block.Index, block.Timestamp, block.Data,
    block.PrevHash)
    h := sha256.New()
    h.Write([]byte(record))
    return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
    }

    Blockchain Logic
    go
    Copy code
    type Blockchain struct {
    chain []Block
    }

    func (bc *Blockchain) AddBlock(data, timestamp string) {


    prevBlock := bc.chain[len(bc.chain)-1]
    newBlock := Block{
    Index: len(bc.chain),
    Timestamp: timestamp,
    Data: data,
    PrevHash: prevBlock.Hash,
    Hash: calculateHash(Block{
    Index: len(bc.chain),
    Timestamp: timestamp,
    Data: data,
    PrevHash: prevBlock.Hash,
    }),
    }
    bc.chain = append(bc.chain, newBlock)
    }

    func NewBlockchain() *Blockchain {


    genesisBlock := Block{
    Index: 0,
    Timestamp: "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z",
    Data: "Genesis Block",
    PrevHash: "",
    Hash: calculateHash(Block{Index: 0, Timestamp: "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z",
    Data: "Genesis Block"}),
    }
    return &Blockchain{chain: []Block{genesisBlock}}
    }

    func main() {
    bc := NewBlockchain()
    bc.AddBlock("First block", "2024-01-02T00:00:00Z")
    bc.AddBlock("Second block", "2024-01-03T00:00:00Z")

    for _, block := range bc.chain {


    fmt.Printf("%+v\n", block)
    }
    }

    4. CI/CD Optimization
    Optimizing GitHub Actions for Go Projects
    Example Workflow
    yaml
    Copy code
    name: Go CI/CD Pipeline

    on:
    push:
    branches:
    - main

    jobs:
    test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    - name: Set up Go
    uses: actions/setup-go@v3
    with:
    go-version: 1.19
    - name: Install Dependencies
    run: go mod tidy
    - name: Run Tests
    run: go test ./...
    build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: test
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    - name: Set up Go
    uses: actions/setup-go@v3
    with:
    go-version: 1.19
    - name: Build Application
    run: go build -o myapp
    - name: Archive Build
    uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
    with:
    name: myapp
    path: ./myapp

    5. Distributed Tracing in Distributed Systems


    Jaeger Integration
    Install go.opentelemetry.io packages:
    bash
    Copy code
    go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel
    go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace
    go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger

    Example: Tracing Setup


    go
    Copy code
    package main

    import (
    "context"
    "log"

    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
    "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
    )

    func initTracer() trace.TracerProvider {


    exp, err :=
    jaeger.New(jaeger.WithCollectorEndpoint(jaeger.WithEndpoint("http://
    localhost:14268/api/traces")))
    if err != nil {
    log.Fatalf("failed to create Jaeger exporter: %v", err)
    }

    tp := trace.NewTracerProvider(
    trace.WithBatcher(exp),
    trace.WithResource(resource.Default()),
    )
    otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
    return tp
    }

    func main() {
    tp := initTracer()
    defer func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background()) }()

    tracer := otel.Tracer("example-tracer")
    ctx, span := tracer.Start(context.Background(), "example-operation")
    log.Println("Running traced operation...")
    span.End()
    }

    6. Further Exploration
    1. Implementing GRPC Protocols:
    • Use protobuf and grpc-go to define and implement APIs for distributed systems.
    2. Building Fault-Tolerant Systems:
    • Use libraries like Hystrix for circuit breaking.
    3. Exploring DLTs:
    • Dive deeper into Go-based blockchain platforms like Tendermint or Hyperledger
    Fabric.

    This tutorial prepares you for building distributed systems, implementing efficient networking
    protocols, experimenting with blockchain development, and enhancing CI/CD pipelines. Continue
    exploring Go’s vast potential for cutting-edge system design!

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