THE TEXTBOOK OF

BIOLOGY
9
For Class

Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro

 THE TEXTBOOK OF

BIOLOGY For Class

Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro

 All rights are reserved with the SINDH TEXTBOOK, BOARD, JAMSHORO.
Prepared by Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ) for Sindh Text Book Board
Reviewed by Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research Sindh, Jamshoro
Prescribed by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Hyderabad, Sukkur,
Larkana, Mirpurkhas and Karachi for Secondary School Examination.
Approved by the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh.
No.SO(G-III) SELD/3-910/2019 Dated 21-10-2019 for the province of Sindh

Patron in Chief
Agha Sohail Ahmed
Chairman, Sindh Textbook Board.

Managing Director Project Director

Shahid Warsi Khwaja Asif Mushtaq
Association for Academic Quality (AFAQ) Association for Academic Quality (AFAQ)

Project Manager Patron in Chief

Rafi Mustafa Agha Sohail Ahmed
Association for Academic Quality (AFAQ) Association for Academic Quality (AFAQ)

AUTHORS REVIEWERS

Prof. Dr. Nasir uddin Sheikh Prof. Dr. Basir Ahmed Arain
Prof. Muhammad Saleem Mughal Prof. Dr. Nasir uddin Sheikh
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ahmed Simar Prof. Muhammad Saleem Mughal
Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmed Shaikh Mr. Piaro Khan Saharan
Ms. Samreen Arain Mr. Muhammad Qasim Qureshi
Mr. Daryush Kafi
Sayed Saleh Muhammad Shah

EDITORS Technical Assistance

Prof. Dr. Nasir uddin Sheikh Mr. Nazir Ahmed Shaikh
Prof. Muhammad Saleem Mughal Mr. M. Arslan Shafaat Gaddi

Composing Designing & Illustration

Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ)

Printed at:
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 1

CHAPTER 2 SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM 18

CHAPTER 3 BIODIVERS1TY 29

CHAPTER 4 CELLS AND TISSUES 51

CHAPTER 5 CELL CYCLE 92

CHAPTER 6 ENZYMES 107

CHAPTER 7 BIOENERGETICS 118

CHAPTER 8 NUTRITION 138

CHAPTER 9 TRANSPORT 174

 PREFACE
The century we have stepped in, is the century of Biology. The modern
disciplines Biology are strongly influencing not only all the branches of science
but each and every aspect human life.
To keep the students. abreast with the recent knowledge, it is a must that the
curricula, at all the levels, be updated regularly by introducing the rapid and
multidirectional development taking place in all the branches of Biology.
The recent book of Biology for class IX has been written in this preview and in
accordance with the revised curriculum prepared by Ministry of Education, Govt
of Pakistan, Islamabad reviewed by independent team of Bureau of Curriculum,
Jamshoro sindh. Keeping in view of the importance of Biology, the topics have
been revised and re-written according to the need of the time.
Since long Biology was teaching only in IX class, the text book was consits of
19 chapters which was unable to complete in working hours. it has been decided
now the Biology syllabus will be divided into portions, one should teach in 9th
class and other will teach 10th class. So this book is consist of 9 chapters which
have been thoroughly revised and re-written to meet the requirement of the
curriculum. Special emphasis has also been paid to the applied aspect including
the biological problems of daily life. Attention has also been focused on the
causes and preventive measures of the common disorders of the human body.
Being agriculture country, the agriculture aspects and problems of country are
also discussed.
Among the new editions are the introductory paragraphs, information
boxes, summaries and a variety of extensive exercises which I think will not only
develop the interest but also add a lot to the ut
ility of the book.
The Sind Textbook Board has taken great pains and incurred expenditure in
publishing this book inspite to its limitations. A textbook is indeed not the last
word and there is always room for improvement. While the authors have tried
their level best to make the most suitable presentation, both in terms of concept
and treatment, there may still have some deficiencies and omissions. Learned
teachers and worthy students are, therefore, requested to be kind enough to
point out the short comings of the text or diagrams and to communicate their
suggestions and objections for the improvement of the next edition of this book.
In the end, I am thankful to our learned authors, editors and specialist of
Board for their relentless service rendered for the cause of education.
Chairman
Sindh Textbook Board
 Chapter
1
Major Concept

In this Unit you will learn:

Ø Introduction of Biology
Ÿ Definition of Biology
Ÿ Divisions and Branches of Biology
Ÿ Relation of Biology with other sciences
Ÿ Quran Instructs to reveal the study of life
Ø The Levels of Organization
 2 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Biology is a branch of natural sciences which deals with the study of
living beings. It provides the knowledge about living organisms which
differ from each other in shape, size, composition etc. The word biology
comes from Greek language “Bios” meaning “live” and “Logos” meaning
“thought or reasoning”. Thus biology meaning study of life.
What is life?
Life cannot be defined properly, but on the basis of life processes, it
can be identified through following functions of living organisms.
• Digestion • Respiration • Metabolism
• Movement • Growth • Development
• Excretion • Irritability • Reproduction

1.1 Divisions and branches of Biology

1. Division of Biology:
There are three major divisions of biology:
(i) Zoology:
The word Zoology is derived from Greek language, “Zoon” meaning
animals and Logos meaning “study or knowledge”. It deals with the study
of animals.
(ii) Botany:
The word Botany is taken from Greek language, “Butane” meaning
plants and Logus meaning “study or knowledge”. It deals with the study of
plants.
(iii) Microbiology:
It deals with the study of microscopic organisms such as Bacteria etc,
which can be seen only with the help of microscope.
BIOLOGY 3

2. Branches of Biology:
Modern biology deals with the structure, function and many other
descriptions of living things. Advance research during the 20th Century
has led to the division of biology into specialized branches. Some
important branches are defined below:
(i) Morphology (Gr. morph; form, logos; discourse): The study of
external form and structure of organisms.
(ii) Anatomy (Gr. ana; part/up, tome; cutting): The study of internal
parts of body of living organisms by cutting them open.
(iii) Cell biology (L. cells, compartment, Gk. Bios= life; logos;
discourse): The study of cell and its organelle.
(iv) Histology (Gr. histos: tissue; logos, discourse): The study of
structure of tissues of plant and animals.
(v) Physiology (Gr. physis; nature, logos, discourse): The study about
functions of living organisms.
(vi) Taxonomy (Gr. taxis, arrangement, nomos: name): The study of
the rules, principles, grouping and naming the living organisms.
(vii) Genetics (Gr. genesis; descent, origin): The study of heredity, that
is transferring of characters from parents to offspring.
(viii) Developmental biology (Gr. embryon; embryo, logos, discourse):
The study of formation and development of embryo.
(ix) Environmental biology: The study of relationship between living
organisms and non-living factors of environment and their effects
on each other.
(x) Paleontology (Gr. palaios; ancient, ontos; being, logos: discourse):
The study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils.
(xi) Biotechnology: The study about techniques for manipulination of
gene to bring the changes in structure and location of genes to
achieve desireable characters is called biotechnology.
(xii) Socio-biology (L. sociare; to associate,): The study of social
behavior of living organisms. i.e interaction between themselves.
(xiii) Parasitology (Gr. para; up): The study of parasites.
 4 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

(xiv) Pharmacology (Gr. pharmakon, drug;). The study about action

of drugs.
(xv) Molecular biology: The study of organic molecules which
constitute cell and its organelles.
1.1.1 Relationship of biology with other sciences:
Biology is a multidimensional subject and linked with other sciences.
For example, the movement of animals follows the laws of motion in
physics. Biology is considered as interdisciplinary science, which is
related with other sciences. Some of these are mentioned below:
Biophysics:
It is a branch of physics, in which laws and techniques of physics are
applied to explain the processes of life. The radiophysics branch where
radioactive isotopes are used to trace the translocation of different
materials within the organisms. Radio-labeling and carbon-dating also
show some uses of radioactive isotopes in determining the age of fossils,
uses of sound waves as ultrasound and laser technology show relation of
physics with biology.
Biomathematics/Biometry:
The branch of mathematics which collects data of living organisms. It
plays very important role in research.
Biochemistry:
It is branch of biology which deals with the study of molecules which
form living organisms or cell and requires authentic knowledge about
biology and chemistry to explain the synthesis of biomolecules and
function of different molecules in the body of an organism.
Biogeography:
It deals with the distribution of different living organisms in different
geographical regions of the world. Many living organisms are restricted to
particular geographical regions due to environmental conditions.
BIOLOGY 5

Bio-economics:
This deals with the economically important organisms involved in
production, e.g meat production, etc. are calculated for cost value and
profit value.
1.1.2 Careers in biology:
The career of student is subject to obtain a degree. The students,
who have chosen the biology, they can plan to adopt some as a career in
following fields:
Medicine and Surgery:
Medicine deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and
surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.
Agriculture:
This deals with production of varieties of crops, fruit, vegetables,
dairy products, etc. Pakistan being an agricultural country, it can play
very important role.
Horticulture:
This is also part of agriculture, in which work is carried out for the
development of new varieties of plants and their products.
Forestry:
Forests are the source of biodiversity of plants and animals of
many kinds which live there. It is important in development of new forests
as well as preservation of existing ones.
Farming:
In this profession, the development of different kinds of farms
takes place, such as fish farm, cattle farm, poultry farm, etc. New
technologies are used for the production of animals as source of meat and
milk, leather, wool, etc.
Animal husbandry:
This profession is part of agriculture science. It deals with the care
and breeding of animals which are beneficial for man.
 6 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Fisheries:
This profession deals with the increased quantity and quality of fish
production. Fish is one of the best source of protein.
Biotechnology:
This is very important and sensitive profession. It deals with
manipulation of gene to produce valuable chemical products, such as
insulin, growth hormones, interferon, etc from bacteria as well as others.
1.1.3 Quran and Biology:
The Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about the origin
and characteristics of animals and plants through our Holy Book, the
Quran. A few of Ayah are quoted as under:
Allay Says;

“We made every living thing from water”.

(Surah: Ambia, Verse: 30)

“And Allah has created every animal from water of them there are some
that creep on their bellies, some that walk on two legs; and some that
walk on four. Allah creates what He will Lo! Allah is able to do all things.”
(Surah Al-Nur, Ayah-45)
Here water is symbolized with the protoplasm as the basis of life and
the vital power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant presence of
water.
BIOLOGY 7

“And in the earth are neighboring tracks, vineyards and ploughed

lands, and date-palms, like and unlike which are watered with one
water. And we have made some of them to excel others in fruit. Lo!
Here in verily are portents for people who have sense.”
(Surah: Al-Ra'd, Ayah: 4)

Here Allah has revealed some facts about plant growth and development.
1.1.4 Contribution of Muslim Scientists:

The Muslim scientists have played great role in the development of

biological science. They began experiments and observations from the
first Century of Hijra. Following are some details about the important
Muslim scientists, who made significant contribution towards the
development of biology.
1. Jabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D):
He was born in Iran. He worked in the field of chemistry but he also
wrote a number of books on plants and animals. “Al-Nabatiat” and “Al-
Haywan” are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively.
2. Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D):
He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals like “Al-
Kheil” on horse, “Al-Ibil” on camels, “Al-Shat” on sheep, “Al-Wahoosh” on
wild animals and “Khalqul Insan” on the different parts of human body
and their functions.
3. Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D):
He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered as the
founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He identified
many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such
inflammations. He also worked in the field of mathematics, astronomy,
physics, paleontology and music. He wrote book like “Al-Qanoon” and “Fil
Tib Al-Shafa”.
 8 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

1.2 THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Atom

Oxygen (O)
The levels of organization in living world are
based on chemical foundation. All the living Molecule

organisms are made up of cells and the Dioxide (O2)

protoplasm of cell is the physical as well as Macromolecule

chemical basis of life. These levels are as
Phospholipid
follows:
Cell
1. Atomic level of organization:
Clara Cell
All the matter is made up of elements,
Tissue
which is composed of atom (a: not, form: cut).
Epithelial
Each atom is made up of sub-atomic particles, tissue
such as electrons, protons and neutrons. Organ
In nature, there are more than 100 kinds of Lung
elements and among these 16 elements are
Organ System
called as bio-elements, which are vital for life.
Respiratory
Only six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P System

are called basic elements of life. Organism

2. Molecular level of organization: Panthera leo
(Lion)
Molecules are formed by the binding of Population
atoms. These organic molecules of cells are
Pride of
called as bio-molecules. These are constructed Lions

in great variety and complexity. They are

Community
classified as micro-molecules and macro-
molecules. Lions and
Zebras

Glucose, amino acid and fatty acids are Ecosystem

micro-molecules, where as carbohydrates, Lions, Zebras,
proteins and lipids are macro-molecules. The and the
Environment
units of micro-molecules combine together to
Biosphere
form macro-molecules.
Life on Earth

Fig: 1.1 Levels of organization

BIOLOGY 9

3. Cellular level of organization:

The biomolecules when work together in the form of suspension, It is
called Protoplasm. Protoplasm is the combination of organic and specific
inorganic substances. When protoplasm work in the form of a unit, this is
called Cell. Cell is the basic unit of living organisms. When similar type of
cells organize together in a group, called tissues. The different types of
tissues arranged in a particular manner to work together are called
Organs.
Organs of different types work in a co-ordinated manner to perform a
function is called Organ-system. When different organ-system function
in co-ordination in as a unit, they form a body or Multicellular Organism.

4. Taxonomic level:
There is another level of organization which is related with living
organisms. The Species is the smallest unit of taxonomic level of
organization, which includes morphologically similar living organisms
which inter-breed and produce fertile offspring.
5. Population level:
All the members of a species, living in specific habitat are called
Population. A group of parrots living on tree, is called parrot population.
6. Community level:
The members of different species living in specific habitat are called as
Community. A group of different kind of birds, living on tree, is called as
bird community.
7. Ecological system:
Communities always depends upon their non-living environment in a
reciprocal interaction for their survival. For example oxygen for
respiration is obtained from environment and in turn given out CO2. This
interaction is called Ecosystem or Ecological system.
8. Biosphere level:
The part of earth where life exists is called biosphere. It consists of
different kinds of eco systems.
 10 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

1.2.1 Unicellular Organizations:

All single cell organisms carry out all activities of life. They digest the
food, respire, excrete, move etc on the cellular base by simple methods.
Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena are common examples of
unicellular organisms.
1.2.2 Colonial Organization:
Many unicellular organisms live together by forming colonies but do
not have any division of labor among them. In colonial type of cellular
organization, each unicellular organism lives its own life, they are not
dependent on each other and never form any multicellular structure.
Volvox is a green alga (as shown in figure 1.4), is an example of colonial
form of organization.

1.2.3 Multicellular Organization:

The organism formed by many cells is called as multicellular
organism. Frog and mustard plant are examples of multicellular
organization.

Flower
Mustard plant:
Brassica campestris is commonly Flower
bud
known as mustard plant and locally it is
Fruit
called “Sarsoon”. It is multicellular and
cultivated in winter season. The leaves of
this plant are used as vegetable while
seeds are used for oil extraction. The Old leaf Young
length of this plant is 1 to 1.5 meter. This leaf
plant has two parts, the vegetative part,
which consists of root, stem and leaves
and reproductive part which consists of
flowers. Each flower is yellowish in color
and produce seeds.
Stem
Root
Fig: 1.2 Brassica campestris
BIOLOGY 11

Frog:
Rana tigrina is the scientific name of
spotted frog found commonly in our region.
It is multicellular animal. It lives in both
water as well as on land. Its body is divided
into head and trunk. There is no neck. Its
body is made of organ system with different
organs. Fig: 1.3 Frog
All organs are made of different tissues such as epithelial, glandular,
muscular, nervous etc. Frog lives near ditches, pools, ponds, stagnant
stream and slow moving rivers. It feeds on small insects.

Activity: Identification of organs and organ-system in dissected frog:

Material Required:
• Preserved frog • dissecting tray
• dissection box • pins
Procedure:
Place the preserved frog on a dissecting tray on its back, as all
vertebrates are dissected ventrally, pin down the fore limbs and hind
limbs. Take scissor to cut the abdomen ventrally, from cloaca to the
mouth. Again cut down the skin of limbs from each side and pin down.
Expose the visceral organs clearly and make observation with the help of
diagram. Locate the organs and identify them as below:

Table showing different organs with the relative organ system.

Organs Organ System
Mouth, buccal cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, liver, gall Digestive system
bladder,pancreas.
Heart, atria ventricle, Aortae, Vena cavae Circulatory system
Lungs, trachea, nostrils Respiratory system
Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary Bladder Excretory system
Testes, vasa efferentia, Ovaries, Oviduct, Ovisac Reproductive system
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves Nervous system
 12 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Draw the labelled diagram of dissected frog.

Fig: 1.4 Dissected frog

Amoeba:
Amoeba is a unicellular organism found in the mud of shallow pond,
pools and at any stagnant water. Its size
is about 0.25mm. Amoeba has a
irregular shape. It has a cell membrane
which helps in movement of molecules
and protects cytoplasm. The outer part
of cytoplasm is clear and transparent,
called ectoplasm (gel) and inner part is
called endoplasm (sol). The cytoplasm
contains nucleus, food vacuoles,
mitochondria etc. Amoeba moves by
false foot, called pseudopodia. Fig: 1.5 Amoeba
BIOLOGY 13

Volvox:
Volvox is a polyphyletic (many ancestors) genus of chlorophyte green
algae in the family Volvocaceae. It forms spherical colonies of upto 50,000
cells. They live in a variety of fresh water habitats and were first reported
by Antonie Van Leeuwen Hoek in 1700.

Flagella
Contractile
vacuole Eye spot

Nucleus Chloroplast

Non reproductive
cell
Gelatinous
cell wall

Fig: 1.6 Volvox colony

Volvox once called algae that live together in a colony. Each Volvox
cell has two flagella. The flagella beat together to roll the body in water.
Volvox cells have chlorophyll and make their own food by photosynthesis.
These photosynthesis organisms are an important part of many aquatic
eco system. Volvox are not harmful to humans because they do not
produce any toxic substance.
 14 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Summary
Ÿ Biology deals with the study of living beings.
Ÿ Life can be identified on the basis of certain processes.
Ÿ Biology can be divided in three major divisions.
Ÿ Biology is linked with other sciences such as Physics, Chemistry,
Mathematics, etc.
Ÿ Economically, Biology is very important for food, medicines,
forestry and farming etc.
Ÿ The Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about origin
and characteristics of living beings in the Holy Quran.
Ÿ Muslim Scientists have played great role in the development of
biological science.
Ÿ Various levels of organization have been identified in the living
world.
Ÿ Protoplasm is the chemical basis of life.
Ÿ Smallest unit of protoplasm is cell.
Ÿ Organisms could be unicellular or multicellular.
Ÿ Brassica campastris is commonly known as Mustard (Sarsoon)
plant.
Ÿ Rana tigrina is biological name of frog.
Ÿ Amoeba is unicellular organism.
Ÿ Volox belong polyphylectic group of algae. It lives in colonial form.
BIOLOGY 15

Review Questions

1. Encircle the correct answer:

(i) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is
called a:
(a) Biosphere (b) Community
(c) Ecosystem (d) Population
(ii) Increased quantity and quality of fish production:
(a) Fisheries (b) Farming
(c) Animal husbandry (d) Forestry
(iii) Study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils.
(a) Entomology (b) Paleontology
(c) Taxonomy (d) Histology
(iv) Laws and techniques of physics are applied to explain the living
processes of life.
(a) Biometry (b) Biostatistics
(c) Biophysics (d) Bio-economics
(v) Choose the incorrect statement:
(a) Six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and P are called basic
elements of life.
(b) Foundation of life based on chemicals.
(c) Members of different species form population.
(d) Part of earth where life exists is called biosphere
(vi) Science of diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
(a) Agriculture (b) Medicine
(c) Surgery (d) Both B and C
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
16

(vii) Similar cells combine together to form:

a) Organs (b) System
(c) Tissue (d) Body
(viii) Scientific name of frog is:
(a) Palaeon (b) Rana tigrina
(c) Periplaneta (d) Pheretima
(ix) Select the correct sequence of biological organization
(a) Atom → Cell → Tissue → Molecule → Organ
(b) Atom → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Organ
(c) Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ
(d) Atom → Cell → Molecule →Tissue → Organ
(x) Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of
(a) Green algae (b) Red algae
(c) Brown algae (d) None of these

2. Fill in the blanks

(i) Techniques for manipulation of gene to achieve desirable characters
are called____________.
(ii) Distribution of different living organisms in different regions of the
world____________.
(iii) Part of agriculture for the development of new varieties of plant, and
their fruit is ____________.
(iv) Bio elements considered as vital for life are __________ in members.
(v) Members of different species living in specific habitat are
called __________.
(vi) The Muslim scientists who identified many diseases like
tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations was _______.
(vii) Part of earth where life exists is called______.
BIOLOGY
17
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 17

(viii) Foundation of life based on ________.

(ix) Fish is one of the best source of_________.
(x) Radio labeling and carbon dating also show some uses of radioactive
isotopes in determining the ________ of fossils.

3. Define the following terms

(i) Anatomy (ii) Histology (iii) Immunology
(iv) Pharmacology (v) Entomology (vi) Biometry
(vii) Biogeography (viii) Surgery (ix) Animal husbandry
(x) Bioelements

4. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form

(i) Colonial organization and multicellular organization
(ii) Agriculture and horticulture

5. Write short answers of following questions.

(i) Why subject biology is named as multidimensional subject?
(ii) How farming profession helps mankind?
(iii) Why species is called as smallest taxonomic level?
(iv) How population is different from community?
(v) How new varieties of plant are produced?
(vi) Draw a labeled diagram of frog’s digestive system.

6. Write detailed answers of the following questions.

(i) Describe the role of Muslim scientists in the field of biology.
(ii) Describe the relationships of biology to other sciences.
(iii) Describe the level of organization.