Cau1

80 Stress and Strain—Axial Loading 2.
2 Statically Indeterminate Problems 81
2.2 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE RA Concept Application 2.3

PROBLEMS A
A A bar AB of length L and uniform cross section is attached to rigid supports
In the problems considered in the preceding section, we could always use at A and B before being loaded. What are the stresses in portions AC and BC
L1
free-body diagrams and equilibrium equations to determine the internal forces C C due to the application of a load P at point C (Fig. 2.22a)?
produced in the various portions of a member under given loading conditions. L Drawing the free-body diagram of the bar (Fig. 2.22b), the equilibrium
There are many problems, however, where the internal forces cannot be deter- equation is
L2
mined from statics alone. Oftentimes, even the reactions themselves—the
P P RA + RB = P (1)
external forces—cannot be determined by simply drawing a free-body dia-
B
gram of the member and writing the corresponding equilibrium equations, B
Since this equation is not sufficient to determine the two unknown reactions
because the number of constraints involved exceeds the minimum number RB RA and RB, the problem is statically indeterminate.
required to maintain static equilibrium. In such cases, the equilibrium equa- However, the reactions can be determined if observed from the geometry
tions must be complemented by relationships involving deformations obtained (a) (b)
that the total elongation δ of the bar must be zero. The elongations of the
by considering the geometry of the problem. Because statics is not sufficient portions AC and BC are respectively δ1 and δ2, so
RA RA
to determine either the reactions or the internal forces, problems of this type
are called statically indeterminate. The following concept applications show A δ = δ1 + δ2 = 0
how to handle this type of problem.
Using Eq. (2.9), δ1 and δ2 can be expressed in terms of the corresponding
C P1 internal forces P1 and P2,
P2 P1L1 P2L2
P δ= + =0 (2)
AE AE
Tube (A2, E2) Concept Application 2.2 B Note from the free-body diagrams shown in parts b and c of Fig. 2.22c that
P1 = RA and P2 = −RB. Carrying these values into Eq. (2),
P A rod of length L, cross-sectional area A1, and modulus of elasticity RB RB
Rod (A1, E1)
E1, has been placed inside a tube of the same length L, but of cross- RAL1 − RBL2 = 0 (3)
(c)
sectional area A 2 and modulus of elasticity E2 (Fig. 2.21a). What is the Equations (1) and (3) can be solved simultaneously for R A and R B, as
End Fig. 2.22 (a) Restrained bar with
L deformation of the rod and tube when a force P is exerted on a rigid RA = PL2∕L and R B = PL 1∕L. The desired stresses σ1 in AC and σ 2 in BC
plate axial load. (b) Free-body diagram of
(a) end plate as shown? bar. (c) Free-body diagrams of sections are obtained by dividing P 1 = R A and P 2 = −R B by the cross-sectional area
The axial forces in the rod and in the tube are P1 and P2, respectively. above and below point C used to of the bar:
P1 P'1 Draw free-body diagrams of all three elements (Fig. 2.21b, c, d). Only determine internal forces P1 and P2.
Fig. 2.21d yields any significant information, as: PL2 PL1
σ1 = σ2 = −
AL AL
(b) P1 + P2 = P (1)
Clearly, one equation is not sufficient to determine the two unknown internal
P2 P'2 forces P1 and P2. The problem is statically indeterminate.
However, the geometry of the problem shows that the deformations
δ1 and δ2 of the rod and tube must be equal. Recalling Eq. (2.9), write
(c)
P1L P2L
P1 δ1 = δ2 = (2)
P A1E1 A2E2
Superposition Method. A structure is statically indeterminate whenever
P2 Equating the deformations δ1 and δ2, it is held by more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium. This
(d)
results in more unknown reactions than available equilibrium equations. It is
Fig. 2.21 (a) Concentric rod and tube, P1 P2
= (3) often convenient to designate one of the reactions as redundant and to elimi-
loaded by force P. (b) Free-body diagram A1E1 A2E2 nate the corresponding support. Since the stated conditions of the problem
of rod. (c) Free-body diagram of tube.
(d ) Free-body diagram of end plate. Equations (1) and (3) can be solved simultaneously for P1 and P2: cannot be changed, the redundant reaction must be maintained in the solution.
It will be treated as an unknown load that, together with the other loads, must
A1E1P A2E2P produce deformations compatible with the original constraints. The actual
P1 = P2 =
A1E1 + A2E2 A1E1 + A2E2 solution of the problem proceeds by considering separately the deformations
caused by the given loads and those caused by the redundant reaction, and
Either of Eqs. (2) can be used to determine the common deformation of
then adding—or superposing—the results obtained. The general conditions
the rod and tube.
under which the combined effect of several loads can be obtained in this way
are discussed in Sec. 2.5.
82 Stress and Strain—Axial Loading 2.2 Statically Indeterminate Problems 83
Concept Application 2.4 RA Solving for RB,

A
A = 250 mm2
D
150 mm Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading A RB = 577 × 103 N = 577 kN
shown in Fig. 2.23a, assuming a close fit at both supports before
300 kN 150 mm the loads are applied. The reaction RA at the upper support is obtained from the free-body
We consider the reaction at B as redundant and release the bar 300 kN
C diagram of the bar (Fig. 2.23e),
A = 400 mm2 150 mm from that support. The reaction RB is considered to be an unknown C
K
load and is determined from the condition that the deformation δ of + ↑ Σ Fy = 0: RA − 300 kN − 600 kN + RB = 0
600 kN 150 mm
the bar equals zero.
B The solution is carried out by considering the deformation δL 600 kN RA = 900 kN − RB = 900 kN − 577 kN = 323 kN
caused by the given loads and the deformation δR due to the redun- B
(a) dant reaction RB (Fig. 2.23b). Once the reactions have been determined, the stresses and strains in the
The deformation δL is obtained from Eq. (2.10) after the bar has RB bar can easily be obtained. Note that, while the total deformation of the bar
been divided into four portions, as shown in Fig. 2.23c. Follow the is zero, each of its component parts does deform under the given loading and
A A A same procedure as in Concept Application 2.1: (e)
restraining conditions.
3 3
Fig. 2.23 (cont.) (e) Complete
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600 × 10 N P4 = 900 × 10 N free-body diagram of ACB.
300 kN 300 kN
A1 = A2 = 400 × 10−6 m2 A3 = A4 = 250 × 10−6 m2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Substituting these values into Eq. (2.10),
600 kN 600 kN
AiE (
4
PiLi 600 × 103 N
δ=0 δL δR δL = ∑ = 0+
i=1 400 × 10−6 m2
RB RB
250 × 10−6 m2 250 × 10−6 m2 )

600 × 103 N 900 × 103 N 0.150 m Concept Application 2.5
(b) + +
E A A
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading of
1.125 × 109 A = 250 mm2
300 mm Concept Application 2.4, assuming now that a 4.5-mm clearance
A A δL = (1)
4 150 mm E 300 kN exists between the bar and the ground before the loads are applied
D 2 300 mm C (Fig. 2.24). Assume E = 200 GPa.
Considering now the deformation δR due to the redundant reaction C
300 kN 3 150 mm Considering the reaction at B to be redundant, compute the defor-
RB, the bar is divided into two portions, as shown in Fig. 2.23d: A = 400 mm2
C C 300 mm
mations δL and δR caused by the given loads and the redundant reaction
2 150 mm
P1 = P2 = −RB 600 kN RB. However, in this case, the total deformation is δ = 4.5 mm.
A1 = 400 × 10 −6
m2
A2 = 250 × 10 −6 2
m Therefore,
K 1 300 mm δ
600 kN 1 150 mm
L1 = L2 = 0.300 m δ = δL + δR = 4.5 × 10 −3 m (1)
B B 4.5 mm B B
(c) Substituting these values into Eq. (2.10), Fig. 2.24 Multisection bar of Concept Substituting for δL and δR into (Eq. 1), and recalling that E = 200 GPa =
RB Application 2.4 with initial 4.5-mm gap at point B. 200 × 109 Pa,
P1L1 P2L2 (1.95 × 103 )RB Loading brings bar into contact with constraint.
(d) δR = + =− (2)
A1E A2E E 1.125 × 109 (1.95 × 103 )RB
Fig. 2.23 (a) Restrained axially loaded δ= − = 4.5 × 10−3 m
bar. (b) Reactions will be found by 200 × 109 200 × 109
Express the total deformation δ of the bar as zero:
releasing constraint at point B and adding
Solving for RB,
compressive force at point B to enforce δ = δL + δR = 0 (3)
zero deformation at point B. (c) Diagram RB = 115.4 × 103 N = 115.4 kN
of released structure. (d) Diagram of and, substituting for δL and δR from Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (3),
added reaction force at point B to enforce The reaction at A is obtained from the free-body diagram of
zero deformation at point B. 1.125 × 109 (1.95 × 103 )RB the bar (Fig. 2.23e):
δ= − =0
E E
+ ↑ Σ Fy = 0: RA − 300 kN − 600 kN + RB = 0
RA = 900 kN − RB = 900 kN − 115.4 kN = 785 kN
(continued)
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4–1. The A992 steel rod is subjected to the loading shown. 4–5. The assembly consists of a steel rod CB and an
If the cross-sectional area of the rod is 60 mm2, determine D
aluminum rod BA, each having a diameter of 12 mm. If the rod C B A
the displacement of B and A, Neglect the size of the is subjected to the axial loadings at A and at the coupling B, 18 kN
couplings at B, C, and D. 0.75 m determine the displacement of the coupling B and the end A. 6 kN
C The unstretched length of each segment is shown in the 3m 2m
60 60 figure. Neglect the size of the connections at B and C, and
assume that they are rigid. Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
1.50 m
3.30 kN 3.30 kN
PL 12(103)(3)
dB = = = 0.00159 m = 1.59 mm Ans.
B AE p
(0.012)2(200)(109 )
4
5 3 3 5
4 4
0.50 m PL 12(103)(3) 18(103)(2)
PL 16.116(103)(0.75) 10.4(103)(1.50) dA = © = +
dB = © = + 2 kN A 2 kN AE p
4 (0.012)2(200)(109) p 2 9
4 (0.012) (70)(10 )
AE 60(10 - 6)(200)(10 9) 60(10 - 6)(200)(109)
= 0.00614 m = 6.14 mm Ans.
= 0.00231 m = 2.31 mm Ans. 8 kN
8(103)(0.5)
dA = dB + = 0.00264 m = 2.64 mm Ans.
60(10 - 6)(200)(109)
Ans: Ans:
dB = 2.31 mm, dA = 2.64 mm dB = 1.59 mm, dA = 6.14 mm
18 3 18 7
4–9. The assembly consists of two 10-mm diameter red 300 mm 450 mm 4–10. The assembly consists of two 10-mm diameter red 300 mm 450 mm
brass C83400 copper rods AB and CD, a 15-mm diameter brass C83400 copper rods AB and CD, a 15-mm diameter
304 stainless steel rod EF, and a rigid bar G. If P = 5 kN, A B P 304 stainless steel rod EF, and a rigid bar G. If the A B P
determine the horizontal displacement of end F of rod EF. horizontal displacement of end F of rod EF is 0.45 mm,
E 4P E 4P
determine the magnitude of P.
F F
C D P C DG P
G
Internal Loading: The normal forces developed in rods EF, AB, and CD are shown
on the free-body diagrams in Figs. a and b. Internal Loading: The normal forces developed in rods EF, AB, and CD are shown
on the free-body diagrams in Figs. a and b.
p
Displacement: The cross-sectional areas of rods EF and AB are AEF = (0.0152) = p
p 4 Displacement: The cross-sectional areas of rods EF and AB are AEF = (0.0152 ) =
56.25(10 - 6)p m2 and AAB = (0.012) = 25(10 - 6)p m2. 4
4 -6 2
56.25(10 )p m and
PL PEF LEF PAB LAB
dF = © = + p
AE AEF Est AAB Ebr AAB = (0.012 ) = 25(10 - 6 )p m2.
4
20(103)(450) 5(103)(300) PL PEF LEF PAB LAB
= + dF = © = +
56.25(10 - 6)p(193)(109) 25(10 - 6)p(101)(109) AE AEF Est AAB Ebr
= 0.453 mm Ans.
4P(450) P(300)
0.45 = +
56.25(10 - 6)p(193)(10 9) 25(10 - 6)p(101)(109)
The positive sign indicates that end F moves away from the fixed end.
P = 4967 N = 4.97 kN Ans.
Ans: Ans:
dF = 0.453 mm P = 49.7 kN
19 1 19 2
4–11. The load is supported by the four 304 stainless steel E F G *4–12. The load is supported by the four 304 stainless E F G
wires that are connected to the rigid members AB and DC. steel wires that are connected to the rigid members AB
Determine the vertical displacement of the 500-lb load if and DC. Determine the angle of tilt of each member after
the members were originally horizontal when the load was the 500-lb load is applied. The members were originally
applied. Each wire has a cross-sectional area of 0.025 in2. horizontal, and each wire has a cross-sectional area of
3 ft 3 ft
0.025 in2.
5 ft 5 ft
H H
D D C
C
1 ft 2 ft 1 ft 2 ft
Internal Forces in the wires: Internal Forces in the wires:
1.8 ft 1.8 ft
I I
FBD (b) FBD (b)
A B A B
3 ft 1 ft 3 ft 1 ft
a + ©MA = 0; FBC(4) - 500(3) = 0 FBC = 375.0 lb a + ©MA = 0; FBG(4) - 500(3) = 0 FBG = 375.0 lb
500 lb 500 lb
+ c ©Fy = 0; FAH + 375.0 - 500 = 0 FAH = 125.0 lb + c ©Fy = 0; FAH + 375.0 - 500 = 0 FAH = 125.0 lb
FBD (a) FBD (a)
a + ©MD = 0; FCF(3) - 125.0(1) = 0 FCF = 41.67 lb a + ©MD = 0; FCF(3) - 125.0(1) = 0 FCF = 41.67 lb
+ c ©Fy = 0; FDE + 41.67 - 125.0 = 0 FDE = 83.33 lb + c ©Fy = 0; FDE + 41.67 - 125.0 = 0 FDE = 83.33 lb
Displacement: Displacement:
FDELDE 83.33(3)(12) FDELDE 83.33(3)(12)

dD = = = 0.0042857 in. dD = = = 0.0042857 in.
ADEE 0.025(28.0)(106) ADEE 0.025(28.0)(106)
FCFLCF 41.67(3)(12) FCFLCF 41.67(3)(12)

dC = = = 0.0021429 in. dC = = = 0.0021429 in.
ACFE 0.025(28.0)(106) ACFE 0.025(28.0)(106)
œ
dœH 0.0021429 dH 0.0021429
= ; œ
dH = 0.0014286 in. = ; dœH = 0.0014286 in.
2 3 2 3
dH = 0.0014286 + 0.0021429 = 0.0035714 in. dH = dœH + dC = 0.0014286 + 0.0021429 = 0.0035714 in.
FAHLAH 125.0(1.8)(12) 0.0021429

dA>H = = = 0.0038571 in. tan a = ; a = 0.00341° Ans.
AAHE 0.025(28.0)(106) 36
dA = dH + dA>H = 0.0035714 + 0.0038571 = 0.0074286 in. FAHLAH 125.0(1.8)(12)

dA>H = = = 0.0038571 in.
AAHE 0.025(28.0)(106)
FBGLBG 375.0(5)(12)
dB = = = 0.0321428 in.
ABGE 0.025(28.0)(106) dA = dH + dA>H = 0.0035714 + 0.0038571 = 0.0074286 in.
dœl 0.0247143 FBGLBG 375.0(5)(12)

= ; dlœ = 0.0185357 in. dB = = = 0.0321428 in.
3 4 ABGE 0.025(28.0)(106)
dl = 0.0074286 + 0.0185357 = 0.0260 in. Ans. 0.0247143

tan b = ; b = 0.0295° Ans.
48
Ans:
dl = 0.0260 in.
19 3 19 4
4–13. The rigid bar is supported by the pin-connected rod 4–31. The concrete column is reinforced using four steel 800 kN
CB that has a cross-sectional area of 14 mm2 and is made C reinforcing rods, each having a diameter of 18 mm.
from 6061-T6 aluminum. Determine the vertical deflection Determine the stress in the concrete and the steel if 300 mm 300 mm
300 N/m
of the bar at D when the distributed load is applied. the column is subjected to an axial load of 800 kN.
1.5 m
Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 25 GPa.
D
A B
2m 2m
a + ©MA = 0; 1200(2) - TCB(0.6)(2) = 0

Equilibrium:
TCB = 2000 N
+ c ©Fy = 0; Pst + Pcon - 800 = 0 (1)
PL (2000)(2.5)
dB>C = = = 0.0051835
AE 14(10 - 6)(68.9)(109) Compatibility:
(2.5051835)2 = (1.5)2 + (2)2 - 2(1.5)(2) cos u dst = dcon
u = 90.248° Pst(L) Pcon(L)

=
p p
u = 90.248° - 90° = 0.2478° = 0.004324 rad 4a b (0.0182)(200)(109) c 0.32 - 4 a b (0.0182) d (25)(109)
4 4
dD = u r = 0.004324(4000) = 17.3 mm Ans.
Pst = 0.091513 Pcon (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:
Pst = 67.072 kN Pcon = 732.928 kN
Average Normal Stress:
67.072(103)
sst = = 65.9 MPa Ans.
p
4a b(0.0182)
4
732.928(103)
scon = = 8.24 MPa Ans.
p
c 0.3 - 4 a b (0.0182) d
2
4
Ans: Ans:
dD = 17.3 mm sst = 65.9 MPa, scon = 8.24 MPa
19 5 21 3
*4–32. The column is constructed from high-strength 800 kN 4–33. The steel pipe is filled with concrete and subjected 80 kN
concrete and four A-36 steel reinforcing rods. If it is to a compressive force of 80 kN. Determine the average
subjected to an axial force of 800 kN, determine the 300 mm 300 mm normal stress in the concrete and the steel due to this
required diameter of each rod so that one-fourth of the load loading. The pipe has an outer diameter of 80 mm and an
is carried by the steel and three-fourths by the concrete. inner diameter of 70 mm. Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 24 GPa.
Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 25 GPa.
500 mm
+ c ©Fy = 0; Pst + Pcon - 80 = 0 (1)
dst = dcon
Pst L Pcon L
2
=
1
p
4 (0.08 - 0.072) (200) (109) p 2
4 (0.07 ) (24) (10 9)
Equilibrium: Require Pst = (800) = 200 kN and
4
Pst = 2.5510 Pcon (2)
3
Pcon = (800) = 600 kN. Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields
4
Compatibility: Pst = 57.47 kN Pcon = 22.53 kN
Pst 57.47 (103)

dcon = dst sst = = = 48.8 MPa Ans.
Ast p
4 (0.082 - 0.072)
PconL PstL
= Pcon 22.53 (103)
(0.32 - Ast)(25.0)(109) Ast(200)(10 9) scon = = p 2 = 5.85 MPa Ans.
4 (0.07 )
Acon
0.09Pst
Ast =
8Pcon + Pst
p 0.09(200)
4 c a b d2 d =
4 8(600) + 200
d = 0.03385 m = 33.9 mm Ans.
Ans:
sst = 48.8 MPa, scon = 5.85 MPa
21 4 21 5
4–34. If column AB is made from high strength pre-cast P P 4–35. If column AB is made from high strength pre-cast P P
concrete and reinforced with four 43 in. diameter A-36 steel concrete and reinforced with four 34 in. diameter A-36 steel
rods, determine the average normal stress developed in the rods, determine the maximum allowable floor loadings P.
concrete and in each rod. Set P = 75 kip. A The allowable normal stress for the high strength concrete A
and the steel are (sallow)con = 2.5 ksi and (sallow)st = 24 ksi,
respectively.
a a 9 in. a a 9 in.
9 in. 9 in.
10 ft Section a-a 10 ft Section a-a
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the cut part of the
concrete column shown in Fig. a, B B
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the cut part of the
+ c ©Fy = 0; Pcon + 4Pst - 2(75) = 0 (1) concrete column shown in Fig. a,
Compatibility Equation: Since the steel bars and the concrete are firmly bonded, + c ©Fy = 0; Pcon + 4Pst - 2P = 0 (1)
their deformation must be the same. Thus,
Compatibility Equation: Since the steel bars and the concrete are firmly bonded,
dcon = dst their deformation must be the same. Thus,
Pcon(10)(12) Pst(10)(12) dcon = d st

=
p 3 2 p 3 2
c (9)(9) - 4 a b a b d (4.20)(103) a b (29)(10 3) Pcon(10)(12) Pst(10)(12)
4 4 4 4 =
p 3 2 p 3 2
c (9)(9) - 4a b a b d (4.20)(103) a b (29.0)(103)
Pcon = 25.974Pst (2) 4 4 4 4
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), Pcon = 25.974Pst (2)
Pst = 5.0043 kip Pcon = 129.98 kip Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
Normal Stress: Applying Eq. (1-6), Pst = 0.06672P Pcon = 1.7331P
Pcon 129.98 Allowable Normal Stress:

scon = = = 1.64 ksi Ans.
Acon p 3 2
(9)(9) - 4a ba b Pcon 1.7331P
4 4 (scon)allow = ; 2.5 =
Acon p 3 2
(9)(9) - 4a b a b
Pst 5.0043 4 4
sst = = = 11.3 ksi Ans.
Ast p 3 2
a b P = 114.29 kip = 114 kip (controls) Ans.
4 4
Pst 0.06672P
(sst)allow = ; 24 =
Ast p 3 2
a b
4 4
P = 158.91 kip
Ans: Ans:
scon = 1.64 ksi, sst = 11.3 ksi P = 114 kip
21 6 21 7
*4–36. Determine the support reactions at the rigid 4–37. If the supports at A and C are flexible and have a
supports A and C. The material has a modulus of elasticity d 3 d stiffness k, determine the support reactions at A and C. The d 3 d
4 material has a modulus of elasticity of E. 4
of E.
P P
A B C A B C
2a a 2a a
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly shown Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly
in Fig. a, shown in Fig. a,
: ©Fx = 0;
+
: ©Fx = 0;
+ P - FA - FC = 0 (1)
P - FA - FC = 0 (1)
Compatibility Equation: Using the method of superposition, Fig. b,
(:
+) dC = dP - dFC
(:
+) d = dP - dFC
P(2a) F Ca FC(2a) FC P(2a) P FCa FC(2a) FC

0 = - ≥ + ¥ = ≥ + ¥ - ≥ 2 + + ¥
p p 3 2
p k p 2 k p 3 p k
a d 2 bE a db E a d 2bE a d bE a db E a d2 b E
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9 9(8ka + pd2E)
FC = P Ans. FC = c dP Ans.
17 136ka + 18pd2E
Substituting this result into Eq. (1), Substituting this result into Eq. (1),
8 64ka + 9pd2E
FA = P Ans. FA = a bP Ans.
17 136ka + 18pd2E
Ans:
9(8ka + pd2E)
FC = c d P,
136ka + 18pd2E
64ka + 9pd2E
FA = a bP
136ka + 18pd2E
21 8 21 9
*4–40. The rigid member is held in the position shown by 4–41. The 2014-T6 aluminum rod AC is reinforced with D
three A-36 steel tie rods. Each rod has an unstretched length B D the firmly bonded A992 steel tube BC. If the assembly fits A
of 0.75 m and a cross-sectional area of 125 mm2. Determine snugly between the rigid supports so that there is no gap at
the forces in the rods if a turnbuckle on rod EF undergoes C, determine the support reactions when the axial force of 400 mm 400 kN
one full turn. The lead of the screw is 1.5 mm. Neglect the 0.75 m 400 kN is applied. The assembly is attached at D.
size of the turnbuckle and assume that it is rigid. Note: The B
E
lead would cause the rod, when unloaded, to shorten 1.5 mm
when the turnbuckle is rotated one revolution.
A 0.5 m 0.5 m C A992 steel
800 mm
0.75 m 50 mm
a + ©ME = 0; - TAB(0.5) + TCD(0.5) = 0 a a
25 mm 2014–T6 aluminum alloy
TAB = TCD = T (1) F Section a–a
C
+ T ©Fy = 0; TEF - 2T = 0
TEF = 2T (2) Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly shown
in Fig. a,
Rod EF shortens 1.5 mm causing AB (and DC) to elongate. Thus:
+ c ©Fy = 0; FD + (FC)al + (FC)st - 400(103) = 0 (1)
0.0015 = dA>B + dE>F
T(0.75) 2T(0.75)
0.0015 = + (+ T ) 0 = dp - dFC
(125)(10 - 6)(200)(109) (125)(10 - 6)(200)(109)
2.25T = 37500
400(103)(400) (FC)al(800) [(FC)al + (FC)st](400)
0 = + - J + K
T = 16,666.67 N p(0.0252)(73.1)(109) p(0.0252)(73.1)(109) p(0.0252)(73.1)(109)
TAB = TCD = 16.7 kN Ans. 400(103) = 3(FC)al + (FC)st (2)

TEF = 33.3 kN Ans.
Also, since the aluminum rod and steel tube of segment BC are firmly bonded, their
deformation must be the same. Thus,
(dBC)st = (dBC)al
(FC)st(800) (FC)al(800)
=
p(0.052 - 0.0252)(200)(109) p(0.0252)(73.1)(109)
(FC)st = 8.2079(FC)al (3)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
(FC)al = 35.689 kN (FC)st = 292.93 kN
Substituting these results into Eq. (1),
FD = 71.4 kN Ans.
Also,
FC = (FC)st + (FC)al
= 35.689 + 292.93
= 329 kN Ans.
Ans:
FD = 71.4 kN, FC = 329 kN
22 2 22 3
4–42. The 2014-T6 aluminum rod AC is reinforced with D 4–43. The assembly consists of two red brass C83400 300 mm 450 mm
the firmly bonded A992 steel tube BC. When no load is A copper alloy rods AB and CD of diameter 30 mm, a stainless
applied to the assembly, the gap between end C and the 304 steel alloy rod EF of diameter 40 mm, and a rigid cap G. 40 kN
400 mm If the supports at A, C and F are rigid, determine the
rigid support is 0.5 mm. Determine the support reactions 400 kN
A B
when the axial force of 400 kN is applied. average normal stress developed in rods AB, CD and EF. 30 mm E F
B
40 mm
Equation of Equilibrium: Due to symmetry, FAB = FCD = F . Referring to the C D 40 kN
A992 steel
800 mm 30 mm G
50 mm free-body diagram of the assembly shown in Fig. a,
a a
25 mm 2014–T6 aluminum alloy :
+ ©F = 0;
x 2F + FEF - 2 40(103) = 0 (1)
Section a–a
C Compatibility Equation: Using the method of superposition, Fig. b,
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly :

+ 0 = -dP + dEF
shown in Fig. a,
40(103)(300) FEF (450) FEF>2 (300)
0 = - 2 9 + cp 2 + 9 d
+ c ©Fy = 0; FD + (FC)al + (FC)st - 400(10 ) = 0 3
(1)
p
4 (0.03 )(101)(10 ) 4 (0.04 )(193)(109) p 2
4 (0.03 )(101)(10 )
FEF = 42 483.23 N
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),
(+ T ) dC = dP - dFC
F = 18 758.38 N
400(103)(400) (FC)al (800) [(FC)al + (FC)st](400)
0.5 = + 2 9 - ≥ 2 9 + 2 9 ¥ Normal Stress: We have,
p(0.025 )(73.1)(10 ) p(0.025 )(73.1)(10 ) p(0.025 )(73.1)(10 )
F 18 758.38
sAB = sCD = = p = 26.5 MPa Ans.
220.585(103) = 3(FC)al + (FC)st (2) ACD 2
4 (0.03 )
Also, since the aluminum rod and steel tube of segment BC are firmly bonded, their FEF 42 483.23
sEF = = p 2
= 33.8 MPa Ans.
4 (0.04 )
deformation must be the same. Thus, AEF
(dBC)st = (dBC)al
(FC)st (800) (FC)al (800)

=
p(0.052 - 0.0252)(200)(109) p(0.0252)(73.1)(109)
(FC)st = 8.2079(FC)al (3)
(FC)al = 19.681 kN (FC)st = 161.54 kN
Substituting these results into Eq. (1),
FD = 218.777 kN = 219 kN Ans.
Also,
FC = (FC)al + (FC)st
= 19.681 + 161.54
= 181 kN Ans.
Ans: Ans:
sAB = sCD = 26.5 MPa, sEF = 33.8 MPa
FD = 219 kN, FC = 181 kN
22 4 22 5
*4–44. The assembly consists of two red brass C83400 300 mm 450 mm 4–46. If the gap between C and the rigid wall at D is 600 mm 600 mm 0.15 mm
copper rods AB and CD having a diameter of 30 mm, a initially 0.15 mm, determine the support reactions at A and
304 stainless steel rod EF having a diameter of 40 mm, and 40 kN D when the force P = 200 kN is applied. The assembly
is made of A-36 steel. P
a rigid member G. If the supports at A, C, and F each have a A D
B E F
stiffness of k = 200 MN>m determine the average normal 30 mm C
stress developed in the rods when the load is applied. A B 25 mm
50 mm
40 mm
C D 40 kN
30 mm G
Equation of Equilibrium: Due to symmetry, FAB = FCD = F. Referring to the free- Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly shown in Fig. a,
body diagram of the assembly shown in Fig. a,
: ©Fx = 0;
+ 200(103) - FD - FA = 0 (1)
:
+ ©F = 0,
x
3
2F + FEF - 2[40(10 )] = 0 (1)
:
+ d = dP - dFD
200(103)(600) FD (600) FD (600)
(;
+ ) dF = dP - dEF (2) 0.15 = p 2 9
- p 2 9
+ p 2 9
4 (0.05 )(200)(10 ) 4 (0.05 )(200)(10 ) 4 (0.025 )(200)(10 )
Where FD = 20 365.05 N = 20.4 kN Ans.
FEF FEF Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

dF = = (1000) = 5(10 - 6)FEF mm
k 200 (106)
FA = 179 634.95 N = 180 kN Ans.
40(103)(300) 40(103)
dP = + (1000) = 0.3681 mm
p 200(106)
(0.032)(101)(109)
4
FEF(450) (FEF>2)(300) (FEF>2)

dEF = + + (1000)
p 2 9 p 2 9 200(106)
(0.04 )(193)(10 ) (0.03 )(101)(10 )
4 4
= 6.4565(10 - 6)FEF mm
Thus,
5(10 - 6)FEF = 0.3681 - 6.4565(10 - 6)FEF
FEF = 32.13 kN
From Eq. (1),

2F + 32.13(103) - 2[40(103)] = 0
F = 23.93 kN
F 23.93(103)
sAB = sCD = = = 33.9 MPa Ans.
ACD p
(0.032)
4
FEF 32.13(103)
sEF = = = 25.6 MPa Ans.
AEF p
(0.042)
4
Ans:
FD = 20.4 kN, FA = 180 kN
22 6 22 8
4–47. The support consists of a solid red brass C83400 P 4–53. Each of the three A-36 steel wires has the same 600 mm 600 mm
copper post surrounded by a 304 stainless steel tube. Before diameter. Determine the force in each wire needed to
the load is applied the gap between these two parts is 1 mm. A support the 200-kg load.
Given the dimensions shown, determine the greatest axial 1 mm
D C
load that can be applied to the rigid cap A without causing A
yielding of any one of the materials.
800 mm
0.25 m
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of joint B shown in Fig. a,
60 mm
3 3
: ©Fx = 0,
Require, 80 mm 10 mm + FBC a b - FAB a b = 0 FBC = FAB = F
5 5
dst = dbr + 0.001 4

+ c ©Fy = 0; 2c Fa b d + FBD - 200(9.81) = 0
5
Fst(0.25) Fbr(0.25)
= + 0.001
p[(0.05)2 - (0.04) 2]193(109) p(0.03)2(101)(10 9) 1.6F + FBD = 1962 (1)
6
0.45813 Fst = 0.87544 Fbr + 10 (1) Compatibility Equation: Due to symmetry, joint B will displace vertically. Referring
600
+ c ©Fy = 0; Fst + Fbr - P = 0 (2) to the geometry shown in Fig. b, u = tan - 1 a b = 36.87°. Thus,
800
Assume brass yields, then
dBC = dBD cos 36.87°
(Fbr)max = sg Abr = 70(106)(p)(0.03)2 = 197 920.3 N
dBC = 0.8dBD
70.0(106)
(Pg)br = sg>E = = 0.6931(10 - 3) mm>mm
101(109)
F(1000) FBD(800.25)
= 0.8 ≥ ¥
dbr = (eg)brL = 0.6931(10 - 3)(0.25) = 0.1733 mm < 1 mm p p
(0.0042)(200)(109) (0.0042)(200)(109)
4 4
Thus only the brass is loaded.

F = 0.6402FBD (2)
P = Fbr = 198 kN Ans.

FBD = 969 N FAB = FBC = 620 N Ans.
Ans: Ans:
P = 198 kN FBD = 969 N, FAB = FBC = 620 N
22 9 23 5
4–54. The 200-kg load is suspended from three A-36 steel 600 mm 600 mm 4–55. The three suspender bars are made of A992 steel
wires each having a diameter of 4 mm. If wire BD has a and have equal cross-sectional areas of 450 mm2 .
Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the rigid A B C
length of 800.25 mm before the load is applied, determine
the average normal stress developed in each wire. D C beam is subjected to the loading shown. 80 kN
A 2m 50 kN
D E F
800 mm
1m 1m 1m 1m
Referring to the FBD of the rigid beam, Fig. a,
B
+ c ©Fy = 0; FAD + FBE + FCF - 50(103) - 80(103) = 0 (1)
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of joint B shown in Fig. a, a + ©MD = 0; 3
FBE(2) + FCF(4) - 50(10 )(1) - 80(10 )(3) = 0 3
(2)
3 3 Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b,

: ©Fx = 0;
+ FBC a b - FAB a b = 0 FBC = FAB = F
5 5 dCF - dAD
dBE = dAD + a b (2)
4
4
+ c ©Fy = 0; 2cF a b d + FBD - 200(9.81) = 0 1
5 dBE = dAD + dCF
2
1.6F + FBD = 1962 (1) FBE L 1 FADL FCF L

= a + b
AE 2 AE AE
Compatibility Equation: Due to symmetry, joint B will displace vertically. Referring FAD + FCF = 2 FBE (3)
600
to the geometry shown in Fig. b, u = tan - 1 a b = 36.87°. Thus,
800 Solving Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) yields
dBC = (dBD + 0.25) cos 36.87° FBE = 43.33(103) N FAD = 35.83(103) N FCF = 50.83(103) N
dBC = 0.8dBD + 0.2 Thus,
FBE 43.33(103)
sBE = = = 96.3 MPa Ans.
F(1000) FBD(800.25) A 0.45(10 - 3)
= 0.8 ≥ ¥ + 0.2
p
(0.0042)(200)(10 9)
p
(0.0042)(200)(109) FAD 35.83(103)
4 4 sAD = = = 79.6 MPa Ans.
A 0.45(10 - 3)
F = 0.6402FBD + 502.65 (2) sCF = 113 MPa Ans.
FBD = 571.93 N FAB = FBC = 868.80 N
Normal Stress:
FBD 571.93
sBD = = = 45.5 MPa Ans.
ABD p
(0.0042)
4
F 868.80 Ans.
sAB = JBC = = = 69.1 MPa
ABC p
(0.0042)
4
Ans:
Ans: sBE = 96.3 MPa, sAD = 79.6 MPa,
sBD = 45.5 MPa, sAB = 69.1 MPa sCF = 113 MPa
23 6 23 7
*4–56. The rigid bar supports the 800-lb load. Determine 4–56. Continued
the normal stress in each A-36 steel cable if each cable has a C
cross-sectional area of 0.04 in2 .
12 ft
800 lb
B D
Referring to the FBD of the rigid bar, Fig. a, A

5 ft 5 ft 6 ft
12 3
a + ©MA = 0; FBC a b (5) + FCD a b (16) - 800(10) = 0 (1)
13 5
The unstretched lengths of wires BC and CD are LBC = 2122 + 52 = 13 ft and

LCD = 2122 + 162 = 20 ft. The stretches of wires BC and CD are
FBC LBC FBC (13) FCD LCD FCD (20)

dBC = = dCD = =
AE AE AE AE
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b, the vertical displacement of a point on

d 12 3
the rigid bar is dv = . For points B and D, cos uB = and cos uD = . Thus,
cos u 13 5
the vertical displacements of points B and D are
dBC FBC (13)>AE 169 FBC

dB v = = =
cos uB 12>13 12AE
dCD FCD (20)>AE 100 FCD

dD v = = =
cos uD 3>5 3 AE
The similar triangles shown in Fig. c give

dB v dD v
=
5 16
1 169 FBC 1 100 FCD

a b = a b
5 12 AE 16 3AE
125
FBC = F (2)
169 CD
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), yields
FCD = 614.73 lb FBC = 454.69 lb
Thus,
FCD 614.73
sCD = = = 15.37(103) psi = 15.4 ksi Ans.
ACD 0.04
FBC 454.69
sBC = = = 11.37(103) psi = 11.4 ksi Ans.
ABC 0.04
23 8 23 9
4–57. The rigid bar is originally horizontal and is 4–58. Two identical rods AB and CD each have a length L
supported by two A-36 steel cables each having a cross- C and diameter d, and are used to support the rigid beam, D
sectional area of 0.04 in2. Determine the rotation of the bar which is pinned at F. If a vertical force P is applied at the
when the 800-lb load is applied. end of the beam, determine the normal stress developed in
each rod. The rods are made of material that has a modulus
of elasticity of E. P
12 ft C
F
A
800 lb
a a 2a
B D
Referring to the FBD of the rigid bar Fig. a, A

5 ft 5 ft 6 ft
B
12 3 Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the rigid beam
a + ©MA = 0; FBC a b (5) + FCD a b (16) - 800(10) = 0 (1) shown in Fig. a,
13 5
a + ©MF = 0; FAB(a) + FCD(a) - P(3a) = 0

The unstretched lengths of wires BC and CD are LBC = 2122 + 52 = 13 ft and
2 2
LCD = 212 + 16 = 20 ft. The stretch of wires BC and CD are FAB + FCD = 3P (1)
FBC LBC FBC (13) FCD LCD FCD(20) Compatibility Equation: Referring to the geometry of the deformation diagram of
dBC = = dCD = =
AE AE AE AE the rods shown in Fig. b,
dAB = dCD
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b, the vertical displacement of a point on
d 12 3 FABL FCDL
the rigid bar is dv = . For points B and D, cos uB = and cos uD = . Thus, =
cos u 13 5 AE AE
the vertical displacements of points B and D are
FAB = FCD (2)
dBC FBC (13)>AE 169 FBC Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
dB v = = =
cos uB 12>13 12AE
3
dCD FCD (20)>AE 100 FCD FAB = FCD = P
dD = = = 2
v
cos uD 3>5 3 AE
Normal Stress:
The similar triangles shown in Fig. c gives
3
P
dB v dD v FCD 2 6P
= sAB = sCD = = = Ans.
5 16 ACD p 2 pd2
d
1 169 FBC 1 100 FCD 4
a b = a b
5 12 AE 16 3 AE
125
FBC = FCD (2)
169
Solving Eqs (1) and (2), yields
FCD = 614.73 lb FBC = 454.69 lb
Thus,
100(614.73)
dD v = = 0.01766 ft
3(0.04) 29.0 (106)
Then
0.01766 ft 180°
u = a ba b = 0.0633° Ans. Ans:
16 ft p Ans: 6P
u = 0.0633° sAB = sCD =
pd2
24 0 24 1
4–59. Two identical rods AB and CD each have a length L *4–60. The assembly consists of two posts AD and CF 400 kN
and diameter d, and are used to support the rigid beam, D made of A-36 steel and having a cross-sectional area of
which is pinned at F. If a vertical force P is applied at the 1000 mm2, and a 2014-T6 aluminum post BE having a cross- 0.5 m 0.5 m
end of the beam, determine the angle of rotation of the sectional area of 1500 mm2. If a central load of 400 kN is
beam. The rods are made of material that has a modulus of applied to the rigid cap, determine the normal stress in each
elasticity of E. P A B C
post. There is a small gap of 0.1 mm between the post BE
and the rigid member ABC.
F C 0.4 m
A D E F
a a 2a
Equation of Equilibrium. Due to symmetry, FAD = FCF = F. Referring to the FBD

B of the rigid cap, Fig. a,
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the rigid beam
shown in Fig. a, + c ©Fy = 0; FBE + 2F - 400(103) = 0 (1)
Compatibility Equation. Referring to the initial and final positions of rods AD (CF)
a + ©MF = 0; FAB(a) + FCD (a) - P(3a) = 0
and BE, Fig. b,
FAB + FCD = 3P (1)
d = 0.1 + dBE
Compatibility Equation: Referring to the geometry of the deformation diagram of F(400) FBE (399.9)
the rods shown in Fig. b, = 0.1 +
1(10 - 3) 200(109) 1.5(10 - 3) 73.1(109)
dAB = dCD
F = 1.8235 FBE + 50(103) (2)
FABL FCD L
=
AE AE
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields
FAB = FCD (2)
FBE = 64.56(103) N F = 167.72(103) N

Normal Stress.
3 F 167.72(103)
FAB = FCD = P sAD = sCF = = = 168 MPa Ans.
2 Ast 1(10 - 3)
3
FBE 64.56(10 )
Displacement: Using these results, sBE = = = 43.0 MPa Ans.
Aal 1.5(10 - 3)
3
a P bL
FABLAB 2 6PL
dAB = = =
AE p 2 pd2E
a d bE
4
Referring to Fig. b, the angle of tilt u of the beam is
dAB 6PL>pd2E 6PL

u = = = Ans.
a a pd2Ea
Ans:
6PL
u =
pd2Ea
24 2 24 3
4–61. The three suspender bars are made of the same 4–62. If the 2-in. diameter supporting rods are made from P
material and have equal cross-sectional areas A. Determine B D F A992 steel, determine the average normal stress developed
the average normal stress in each bar if the rigid beam ACE in each rod when P = 100 kip.
is subjected to the force P. A
L
P
2 ft 2 ft
30 30
A C E
d d d
2 2 B D C
d Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of joint A shown in Fig. a,
a + ©MA = 0; FCD(d) + FEF(2d) - Pa b = 0
2
: ©Fx = 0;
+
FAB sin 30° - FAC sin 30° = 0 FAB = FAC = F
P
FCD + 2FEF = (1)
2 + c ©Fy = 0; 2F cos 30° + FAD - 100 = 0 (1)
+ c ©Fy = 0; FAB + FCD + FEF - P = 0 (2) Compatibility Equation: Due to symmetry, joint A will displace vertically. Referring
to the geometry shown in Fig. b, we have
dC - dE dA - dE
=
d 2d dF = d FAD cos 30°
F(2)(12) FAD[2 cos 30°(12)]
2dC = dA + dE = e f cos 30°
AEst AEst
2FCDL FABL FEFL
= + F = 0.75FAD (2)
AE AE AE
2FCD - FAB - FEF = 0 (3) Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
Solving Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) yields FAD = 43.50 kip F = 32.62 kip
7P P P Normal Stress:
FAB = FCD = FEF =
12 3 12
F 32.62
7P sAB = sAC = = = 10.4 ksi Ans.
sAB = Ans. AAC p 2
12A (2 )
4
P FAD 43.50
sCD = Ans. sAD = = = 13.8 ksi Ans.
3A AAD p 2
(2 )
4
P
sEF = Ans.
12A
Ans:
7P P P Ans:
sAB = , sCD = , sEF =
12A 3A 12A sAB = sAC = 10.4 ksi, sAD = 13.8 ksi
24 4 24 5
4–63. If the supporting rods of equal diameter are made P *4–64. The center post B of the assembly has an original 800 kN/m
from A992 steel, determine the required diameter to the length of 124.7 mm, whereas posts A and C have a length of
nearest 18 in. of each rod when P = 100 kip. The allowable 125 mm. If the caps on the top and bottom can be
normal stress of the steel is sallow = 24 ksi. A considered rigid, determine the average normal stress in
each post. The posts are made of aluminum and have a
cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. Eal = 70 GPa. 100 mm 100 mm
A B C 125 mm
2 ft 2 ft
30 30
B D C 800 kN/m
Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of joint A shown in
Fig. a,
a+ ©MB = 0; - FA(100) + FC(100) = 0
: ©Fx = 0;
+
FAB sin 30° - FAC sin 30° = 0 FAB = FAC = F
FA = FC = F (1)
+ c ©Fy = 0; 2F cos 30° + FAD - 100 = 0 (1)
+ c ©Fy = 0; 2F + FB - 160 = 0 (2)
Compatibility Equation: Due to symmetry, joint A will displace vertically. Referring
dA = dB + 0.0003
to the geometry shown in Fig. b, we have
F (0.125) FB (0.1247)
dF = dFAD cos 30° = + 0.0003
400 (10 - 6)(70)(106) 400 (10 - 6)(70)(106)
F(2)(12) FAD[2 cos 30°(12)] 0.125 F - 0.1247FB = 8.4 (3)

= e f cos 30°
AEst AEst
Solving Eqs. (2) and (3)
F = 0.75FAD (2)
F = 75.726 kN
FB = 8.547 kN
FAD = 43.496 kip F = 32.62 kip
75.726 (103)
Normal Stress: Since all of the rods have the same diameter and rod AD is subjected sA = sC = = 189 MPa Ans.
to the greatest load, it is the critical member. 400 (10 - 6)
FAD 43.496 8.547 (103)

sallow = 24 = sB = = 21.4 MPa Ans.
AAD p 2 400 (10 - 6)
d
4
5
Use d = 1.519 in. = 1 in. Ans.
8
Ans:
5
Use d = 1 in.
8
24 6 24 7
4–69. The assembly has the diameters and material makeup 2014-T6 Aluminum 304 Stainless 4–71. If the assembly fits snugly between two rigid L L
indicated. If it fits securely between its fixed supports when C 86100 Bronze steel supports A and C when the temperature is at T1 , determine 2 2
the temperature is T1 = 70°F, determine the average the normal stress developed in both rod segments when the
normal stress in each material when the temperature A 12 in. 8 in. D temperature rises to T2. Both segments are made of the
reaches T2 = 110°F. same material, having a modulus of elasticity of E and C
B C 4 in. A B 1d
coefficient of thermal expansion of a . d 2
4 ft 6 ft 3 ft
©Fx = 0; FA = FB = F
Compatibility Equation: When the assembly is unconstrained, it has a free
expansion of d T = a¢TL = a(T2 - T1)L. Using the method of superposition,
F(4)(12) Fig. a,
dA>D = 0; - + 12.8(10 - 6)(110 - 70)(4)(12)
p(6) 2(10.6)(106)
(:
+) 0 = d T - dF
F(6)(12) -6
- + 9.60(10 )(110 - 70)(6)(12)
p(4) 2(15)(106) F(L>2) F(L>2)
0 = a(T2 - T1)L - ≥ + ¥
p d 2 p 2
F(3)(12) a b E a d bE
- -6
+ 9.60(10 )(110 - 70)(3)(12) = 0 4 2 4
p(2) 2(28)(106)
a(T2 - T1)pd2E
F = 277.69 kip F =
10
277.69 Normal Stress:

sal = = 2.46 ksi Ans.
p(6) 2
a(T2 - T1)pd2E
F 10 2
277.69 sAB = = = a(T2 - T1)E Ans.
sbr = = 5.52 ksi Ans. AAB p 2 5
p(4)2 d
4
277.69 a(T2 - T1)pd2E

sst = = 22.1 ksi Ans. F 10 8
p(2) 2 sBC = = = a(T2 - T1)E Ans.
ABC p d 2 5
a b
4 2
Ans:
Ans:
2 8
sal = 2.46 ksi, sbr = 5.52 ksi, sst = 22.1 ksi sAB = a (T2 - T1)E, sBC = a (T2 - T1)E
5 5
25 2 25 4
4–70. The rod is made of A992 steel and has a diameter of k 1000 lb/in. k 1000 lb/ in. 4–69. The assembly has the diameters and material makeup 2014-T6 Aluminum 304 Stainless
0.25 in. If the rod is 4 ft long when the springs are compressed indicated. If it fits securely between its fixed supports when C 86100 Bronze steel
0.5 in. and the temperature of the rod is T = 40°F, determine the temperature is T1 = 70°F, determine the average
the force in the rod when its temperature is T = 160°F. 4 ft normal stress in each material when the temperature A 12 in. 8 in. D
reaches T2 = 110°F.
B C 4 in.
4 ft 6 ft 3 ft
Compatibility:
(:
+) x = dT - dF
x = 6.60(10 - 6)(160 - 40)(2)(12) ©Fx = 0; FA = FB = F

1.00(x + 0.5)(2)(12)
- p 2 3 F(4)(12)
4 (0.25 )(29.0)(10 ) dA>D = 0; - + 12.8(10 - 6)(110 - 70)(4)(12)
p(6) 2(10.6)(106)
x = 0.01040 in.
F = 1.00(0.01040 + 0.5) = 0.510 kip Ans. F(6)(12)

- + 9.60(10 - 6)(110 - 70)(6)(12)
p(4) 2(15)(106)
F(3)(12)
- + 9.60(10 - 6)(110 - 70)(3)(12) = 0
p(2) 2(28)(106)
F = 277.69 kip
277.69
sal = = 2.46 ksi Ans.
p(6) 2
277.69
sbr = = 5.52 ksi Ans.
p(4)2
277.69
sst = = 22.1 ksi Ans.
p(2) 2
Ans: Ans:
F = 0.510 kip sal = 2.46 ksi, sbr = 5.52 ksi, sst = 22.1 ksi
25 3 25 2
4–99. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and two *4–100. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and two
steel wires, each having a diameter of 4 mm. If the yield E D steel wires, each having a diameter of 4 mm. If the yield E D
stress for the wires is sY = 530 MPa, and Est = 200 GPa, stress for the wires is sY = 530 MPa, and Est = 200 GPa,
determine the intensity of the distributed load w that can determine (a) the intensity of the distributed load w that
be placed on the beam and will just cause wire EB to can be placed on the beam that will cause only one of the
800 mm 800 mm
yield. What is the displacement of point G for this case? wires to start to yield and (b) the smallest intensity of
For the calculation, assume that the steel is elastic the distributed load that will cause both wires to yield. For
A B C A B C
perfectly plastic. the calculation, assume that the steel is elastic perfectly
G G
plastic.
w w
400 mm 250 mm 400 mm 250 mm
Equations of Equilibrium: 150 mm Equations of Equilibrium: 150 mm
a + ©MA = 0; FBE(0.4) + FCD(0.65) - 0.8w (0.4) = 0 a + ©MA = 0; FBE(0.4) + FCD(0.65) - 0.8w (0.4) = 0
0.4 FBE + 0.65FCD = 0.32w (1) 0.4 FBE + 0.65 FCD = 0.32w (1)
Plastic Analysis: Wire CD will yield first followed by wire BE. When both wires yield (a) By observation, wire CD will yield first.
FBE = FCD = (sg)A p

Then FCD = sg A = 530 106 a b 0.0042 = 6.660 kN.
4
p
= 530 106 a b 0.0042 = 6.660 kN
4 From the geometry
Substituting the results into Eq. (1) yields: dBE dCD

= ; dCD = 1.625dBE
0.4 0.65
w = 21.9 kN>m Ans.
FCDL FBEL
Displacement: When wire BE achieves yield stress, the corresponding yield strain is = 1.625
AE AE
sg 530(106) FCD = 1.625 FBE (2)
Pg = = = 0.002650 mm>mm
E 200(109)
Using FCD = 6.660 kN and solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:
dBE = Pg LBE = 0.002650(800) = 2.120 mm
FBE = 4.099 kN
From the geometry
w = 18.7 kN>m Ans.
dG dBE
= (b) When both wires yield
0.8 0.4
dG = 2dBE = 2(2.120) = 4.24 mm Ans. FBE = FCD = (sg)A
p
= 530 106 a b 0.0042 = 6.660 kN
4
Substituting the results into Eq. (1) yields:
w = 21.9 kN>m Ans.
Ans:
w = 21.9 kN>m, dG = 4.24 mm
28 2 28 3
4–101. The rigid lever arm is supported by two A-36 steel P 4–101. Continued
wires having the same diameter of 4 mm. If a force of
P = 3 kN is applied to the handle, determine the force Since wire CD is linearly elastic, its elongation can be determined by
developed in both wires and their corresponding elongations. 450 mm
Consider A-36 steel as an elastic perfectly plastic material. 150 mm FCD LCD 2716.81(300)
150 mm dCD = = p 2 9
4 (0.004 )(200)(10 )
ACD Est
30
= 0.3243 mm = 0.324 mm Ans.
A E
C From Eq. (2),
300 mm dAB = 2dCD = 2(0.3243) = 0.649 mm Ans.
B D
Equation of Equilibrium. Referring to the free-body diagram of the lever shown in

Fig. a,
a + ©ME = 0; FAB (300) + FCD (150) - 3(103)(450) = 0
2FAB + FCD = 9(103) (1)
Elastic Analysis. Assuming that both wires AB and CD behave as linearly elastic,
the compatibility equation can be written by referring to the geometry of Fig. b.
300
dAB = a bd
150 CD
dAB = 2dCD (2)
FAB L FCD L
= 2a b
AE AE
FAB = 2FCD (3)
FCD = 1800 N FAB = 3600 N
Normal Stress.
FCD 1800 (O.K.)

sCD = = p 2 = 143.24 MPa 6 (sY)st
4 (0.004 )
ACD
FAB 3600
sAB = = p 2 = 286.48 MPa 7 (sY)st (N.G.)
AAB 4 (0.004 )
Since wire AB yields, the elastic analysis is not valid. The solution must be reworked
using
p
FAB = (sY)st AAB = 250(106)c (0.0042 ) d
4
= 3141.59 N = 3.14 kN Ans.
FCD = 2716.81 N = 2.72 kN Ans.
FCD 2716.81
sCD = = p 2 = 216.20 MPa 6 (sY)st (O.K.)
ACD 4 (0.004 ) Ans:
FAB = 3.14 kN, FCD = 2.72 kN,
dCD = 0.324 mm, dAB = 0.649 mm
28 4 28 5
4–102. The rigid lever arm is supported by two A-36 steel P *4–104. The rigid beam is supported by three 25-mm
wires having the same diameter of 4 mm. Determine the diameter A-36 steel rods. If the beam supports the force of D E F
smallest force P that will cause (a) only one of the wires to P = 230 kN, determine the force developed in each rod.
yield; (b) both wires to yield. Consider A-36 steel as an 450 mm Consider the steel to be an elastic perfectly plastic material. 600 mm
elastic perfectly plastic material. 150 mm P
150 mm Equation of Equilibrium. Referring to the free-body diagram of the beam shown in
Fig. a, A B C
30
3
A E
+ c ©Fy = 0; FAD + FBE + FCF - 230(10 ) = 0 (1)
C 400 mm 400 mm 400 mm
a + ©MA = 0; FBE(400) + FCF(1200) - 230(103)(800) = 0
300 mm
FBE + 3FCF = 460(103) (2)
B D
Elastic Analysis. Referring to the deflection diagram of the beam shown in Fig. b,
the compatibility equation can be written as
Equation of Equilibrium. Referring to the free-body diagram of the lever arm dCF - dAD
shown in Fig. a, dBE = dAD + a b(400)
1200
a + ©ME = 0; FAB (300) + FCD (150) - P(450) = 0 2 1
dBE = dAD + d CF
3 3
2FAB + FCD = 3P (1)
FBEL 2 FADL 1 FCF L
(a) Elastic Analysis. The compatibility equation can be written by referring to the = a b + a b
AE 3 AE 3 AE
geometry of Fig. b.
2 1
300 FBE = F + FCF (3)
dAB = a b dCD 3 AD 3
150
dAB = 2dCD Solving Eqs. (1), (2), and (3)
FAB L FCD L FCF = 131 428.57 N FBE = 65 714.29 N FAD = 32 857.14 N

= 2a b
AE AE
Normal Stress.
1
FCD = F (2) FCF 131428.57
2 AB sCF = = p 2
= 267.74 MPa 7 (sY)st (N.G.)
4 (0.025 )
ACF
Assuming that wire AB is about to yield first, FBE 65714.29
sBE = = p 2
= 133.87 MPa 6 (sY)st (O.K.)
4 (0.025 )
p ABE
FAB = (sY)st AAB = 250 10 c 0.0042 d = 3141.59 N
6
4 FAD 32857.14
sAD = = p 2
= 66.94 MPa 6 (sY)st (O.K.)
From Eq. (2),
AAD 4 (0.025 )
1 Since rod CF yields, the elastic analysis is not valid. The solution must be
FCD = (3141.59) = 1570.80 N reworked using
2
p
Substituting the result of FAB and FCD into Eq. (1), FCF = (sY)st ACF = 250 (106) c (0.0252) d = 122 718.46 N = 123 kN Ans.
4
P = 2618.00 N = 2.62 kN Ans.
(b) Plastic Analysis. Since both wires AB and CD are required to yield,
p
FAB = FCD = (sY)st A = 250 106 c 0.0042 d = 3141.59 N
4
P = 3141.59 N = 3.14 kN Ans.
Ans:
(a) P = 2.62 kN, (b) P = 3.14 kN
28 6 28 8
4–105. Continued 4–110. The wire BC has a diameter of 0.125 in. and the
material has the stress–strain characteristics shown in the C
Substituting this result into Eq. (2), figure. Determine the vertical displacement of the handle at
D if the pull at the grip is slowly increased and reaches a
40 in.
FBE = 91844.61 N magnitude of (a) P = 450 lb, (b) P = 600 lb. Assume the
bar is rigid.
Substituting the result for FCF and FBE into Eq. (1), A B D
FAD = 15436.93 N 50 in. 30 in.

P
FBE 91844.61
sBE = = p 2
= 187.10 MPa (T) 6 (sY)st (O.K.) s (ksi)
4 (0.025 )
ABE Equations of Equilibrium:
FAD 15436.93 a + ©MA = 0; FBC(50) - P(80) = 0 (1)
sAD = = p 2
= 31.45 MPa (T) 6 (sY)st (O.K.) 80
4 (0.025 )
AAD
(a) From Eq. (1) when P = 450 lb, FBC = 720 lb 70
Residual Stresses. The process of removing P can be represented by applying the

force P¿ , which has a magnitude equal to that of P but is opposite in sense. Since Average Normal Stress and Strain:
the process occurs in a linear manner, the corresponding normal stress must have
FBC 720 P (in./in.)
the same magnitude but opposite sense to that obtained from the elastic analysis. sBC = = = 58.67 ksi 0.007 0.12
p 2
4 (0.125 )
Thus, ABC
œ
sCF = 267.74 MPa (C) sœBE = 133.87 MPa (C) œ
sAD = 66.94 MPa (C) From the Stress–Strain diagram
Considering the tensile stress as positive and the compressive stress as negative, 58.67 70
= ; PBC = 0.005867 in.>in.
PBC 0.007
(sCF)r = sCF + sœCF = 250 + ( -267.74) = -17.7 MPa = 17.7 MPa (C) Ans.
œ Displacement:
(sBE)r = sBE + sBE = 187.10 + (-133.87) = 53.2 MPa (T) Ans.
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.005867(40) = 0.2347 in.
(sAD)r = sAD + sœAD = 31.45 + ( -66.94) = - 35.5 MPa = 35.5 MPa (C) Ans.
dD dBC 8
= ; dD = (0.2347) = 0.375 in. Ans.
80 50 5
(b) From Eq. (1) when P = 600 lb, FBC = 960 lb
Average Normal Stress and Strain:
FBC 960
sBC = = p 2 = 78.23 ksi
4 (0.125)
ABC
From Stress–Strain diagram
78.23 - 70 80 - 70
= PBC = 0.09997 in.>in.
PBC - 0.007 0.12 - 0.007
Displacement:
dBC = PBCLBC = 0.09997(40) = 3.9990 in.

dD dBC 8
= ; dD = (3.9990) = 6.40 in. Ans.
80 50 5
Ans: Ans:
(sCF)r = 17.7 MPa (C), (sBE)r = 53.2 MPa (T), (sAD)r = 35.5 MPa (C) (a) dD = 0.375 in., (b) dD = 6.40 in.
29 1 29 6
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
4–121. The rigid link is supported by a pin at A and two 12 in.

A-36 steel wires, each having an unstretched length of 12 in. C
and cross-sectional area of 0.0125 in2. Determine the force
developed in the wires when the link supports the vertical 5 in.
load of 350 lb.
B
Equations of Equilibrium: 4 in.

A
a + ©MA = 0; - FC(9) - FB (4) + 350(6) = 0 (1)
Compatibility: 6 in.
dB dC
=
4 9 350 lb
FB (L) FC(L)
=
4AE 9AE
9FB - 4FC = 0‚ (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:
FB = 86.6 lb Ans.
FC = 195 lb Ans.
Ans:
FB = 86.6 lb, FC = 195 lb
30 7

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80 Stress and Strain—Axial Loading 2.

2 Statically Indeterminate Problems 81

2.2 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE RA Concept Application 2.3

Concept Application 2.4 RA Solving for RB,

250 × 10−6 m2 250 × 10−6 m2 )

FBD (a) FBD (a)

FDELDE 83.33(3)(12) FDELDE 83.33(3)(12)

FCFLCF 41.67(3)(12) FCFLCF 41.67(3)(12)

dH = 0.0014286 + 0.0021429 = 0.0035714 in. dH = dœH + dC = 0.0014286 + 0.0021429 = 0.0035714 in.

FAHLAH 125.0(1.8)(12) 0.0021429

dA = dH + dA>H = 0.0035714 + 0.0038571 = 0.0074286 in. FAHLAH 125.0(1.8)(12)

dœl 0.0247143 FBGLBG 375.0(5)(12)

dl = 0.0074286 + 0.0185357 = 0.0260 in. Ans. 0.0247143

a + ©MA = 0; 1200(2) - TCB(0.6)(2) = 0

(2.5051835)2 = (1.5)2 + (2)2 - 2(1.5)(2) cos u dst = dcon

u = 90.248° Pst(L) Pcon(L)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:

Pst = 67.072 kN Pcon = 732.928 kN

Average Normal Stress:

+ c ©Fy = 0; Pst + Pcon - 80 = 0 (1)

Pst 57.47 (103)

d = 0.03385 m = 33.9 mm Ans.

Pcon(10)(12) Pst(10)(12) dcon = d st

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), Pcon = 25.974Pst (2)

Normal Stress: Applying Eq. (1-6), Pst = 0.06672P Pcon = 1.7331P

Pcon 129.98 Allowable Normal Stress:

P(2a) F Ca FC(2a) FC P(2a) P FCa FC(2a) FC

TAB = TCD = 16.7 kN Ans. 400(103) = 3(FC)al + (FC)st (2)

(FC)st = 8.2079(FC)al (3)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),

(FC)al = 35.689 kN (FC)st = 292.93 kN

Substituting these results into Eq. (1),

Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of the assembly :

(FC)st (800) (FC)al (800)

(FC)st = 8.2079(FC)al (3)

Solving Eqs. (2) and (3),

(FC)al = 19.681 kN (FC)st = 161.54 kN

Substituting these results into Eq. (1),

FD = 218.777 kN = 219 kN Ans.

Where FD = 20 365.05 N = 20.4 kN Ans.

FEF FEF Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

FEF(450) (FEF>2)(300) (FEF>2)

From Eq. (1),

Equation of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of joint B shown in Fig. a,

dst = dbr + 0.001 4

Thus only the brass is loaded.

P = Fbr = 198 kN Ans.

FBD = 969 N FAB = FBC = 620 N Ans.

3 3 Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b,

1.6F + FBD = 1962 (1) FBE L 1 FADL FCF L

dBC = 0.8dBD + 0.2 Thus,

F = 0.6402FBD + 502.65 (2) sCF = 113 MPa Ans.

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),

FBD = 571.93 N FAB = FBC = 868.80 N

Referring to the FBD of the rigid bar, Fig. a, A

The unstretched lengths of wires BC and CD are LBC = 2122 + 52 = 13 ft and

FBC LBC FBC (13) FCD LCD FCD (20)

Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b, the vertical displacement of a point on