ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL

SCIENCE
FRESH MAN COORDINATOR OFFICE
NATURAL SCIENCE STREAM
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS LABORATORY REPORT
Group Number 01
NAME ID No
1. Lemi Gobena-------------------------------UGR/1589/16
2. Fita Alemayehu----------------------------UGR/7071/16
3. Lelisa Tesfaye------------------------------UGR/0486/16
4. Robera Tariku-----------------------------UGR/2394/16
5. Hermela Tilahun--------------------------UGR/4921/16

Date of experiment: 02/01/2024

Date of submission: 09/02/2024

Course code: Phys 1011

Name instructor: Prof. Kenate
Name of lab assistant: Mr. Bogale
Place: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Date: February 2, 2024

EXPERIMENT
TITLE: ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Objective:
The objective of this laboratory report is to investigate the buoyant force acting on a variety
of objects submerged in tap water and to measure the density of both the solid objects and the
tap water. Additionally, we will measure the mass and dimensions of the solid objects to
calculate their densities and compare them with the density of tap water. Through this
experiment, we seek to validate Archimedes' principle and gain insight into the fundamental
principles of fluid mechanics and density.

Theory:
Archimedes' principle is a fundamental principle of fluid mechanics, credited to the ancient
Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes. The principle states that when an object is
immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas), it experiences an upward buoyant force that is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object. In other words, the buoyant force exerted on an
object is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. This principle explains why
objects float or sink in fluids and is widely used in various fields, including engineering,
physics, and hydrodynamics. Archimedes' principle is essential for understanding phenomena
such as buoyancy, flotation, and the behaviour of ships and submarines in water.
Here's a more detailed explanation of Archimedes' principle:
1. Buoyant Force: When an object is placed in a fluid, such as water, it displaces some of
that fluid. The fluid exerts an upward force on the object, known as the buoyant force.
This force is a result of the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the object,
with higher pressure at the bottom pushing the object upward.
2. Weight of Displaced Fluid: Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force acting
on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object. This means that the buoyant force is directly proportional to the volume of the
displaced fluid.
3. Equilibrium: When an object is fully submerged in a fluid, it will continue to sink until
the buoyant force equals the weight of the object. At this point, the object reaches
equilibrium and remains suspended in the fluid, neither sinking further nor rising to the
surface.
4. Density Considerations: Whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid depends on its
density compared to the density of the fluid. If the object's density is less than the density
of the fluid, it will float because the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the
object. Conversely, if the object's density is greater than the density of the fluid, it will
sink because the buoyant force is less than the weight of the object.

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5. Applications: Archimedes' principle has numerous practical applications, including
determining the buoyancy of ships and submarines, designing flotation devices,
understanding the behaviour of hot air balloons and helium balloons, and even measuring
the density of irregularly shaped objects using techniques like hydrostatic weighing.
Overall, Archimedes' principle provides a fundamental understanding of how objects interact
with fluids and is essential for various engineering, scientific, and everyday applications.

Apparatus:
 Triple-Beam Balance with string
 Graduated Cylinder (100 ml)
 Brass Cylinder
 Aluminium Cylinder
 Overflow Container
 Spouted Can
 Digital Balance
 Rod & Clamp
 Tap Water

Procedure:
The mass of the brass cylinder was measured in air, and its weight, W-brass, was determined.
Then, the overflow container was placed on the digital balance, and its mass was read off.
Afterward, the spouted can was filled with water, and it was positioned so that water poured
into the overflow container. Subsequently, the brass cylinder was fully immersed in the
water, and displaced water was collected in the overflow container. Following this, the mass
of the overflow container was measured again, and the mass of the displaced water was
calculated. Its weight was also calculated, representing the buoyant force, FB = ρwVdispg.
Lastly, the
𝝆 = 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 =
density of brass was calculated as follows: 𝒎 𝑾𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔

𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔 𝝆 𝑽𝒃𝒓𝒂 𝑾 𝑭
𝒔 𝑩
𝒔𝒔

Observation:
The laboratory report delves into the empirical examination of Archimedes' principles,
focusing on the measurement and analysis of buoyant forces acting on submerged objects.
Rooted in the foundational understanding of fluid mechanics, Archimedes' principle
elucidates the behaviour of objects immersed in fluids, providing a framework for
understanding buoyancy phenomena. Through systematic experimentation and precise
measurements, this study aims to validate the fundamental tenets of Archimedes' principles,
particularly the concept that the buoyant force experienced by an object submerged in a fluid
is equivalent to the weight of the displaced fluid.

The measurements are taken precisely with careful and with the help of the instructor. the
experiment on brass cylinder is repeated by using Aluminium cylinder with the same
procedure followed. They are each presented one by one in orderly. The measurements are:
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3|Page
1. For brass
Initially the mass is measured in air and the mass of water displaced by the brass cylinder is
measured by measuring each three times.
Table 1.1
Trial Mass of brass Mass of the displaced water(kg) Volume of the
numbers cylinder in air(kg) Initial mass Final mass displaced water(kg)
1 0.040 0.176 0.213 5*10-6
2 0.039 0.175 0.213 5.5*10-6
3 0.040 0.177 0.213 5*10-6
Mean 0.040 0.176 0.213 5.17*10-6

Next mass of the brass is measured again in air and additionally the mass of the brass is
measured in water.
Table 1.2
Trial numbers Mass of brass cylinder in air(kg) Mass of brass cylinder in water(kg)
1 0.040 0.035
2 0.039 0.035
3 0.040 0.035
Mean 0.040 0.035

Finally additional to the mass of the brass cylinder volume of water in a graduated cylinder is
measured before and after the cylinder is submerged in the water.
Table 1.3
Trial Mass of brass cylinder in Volume of water in graduated cylinder(m3)
numbers air(kg) Initial volume Final volume
-5
1 0.040 8.1*10 8.6*10-5
-5
2 0.039 8.05*10 8.6*10-5
3 0.040 8.1*10-5 8.6*10-5
-5
Mean 0.040 8.1*10 8.6*10-5

1. For Aluminium
Initially the mass is measured in air and the mass of water displaced by the Aluminium
cylinder is measured by measuring each three times.
Table 1.4
Trial Mass of Mass of the displaced water(kg) Volume of the
numbers Aluminium Initial mass Final mass displaced water(kg)
cylinder in air(kg)
1 0.0036 0.125 0.127 1.3*10-6
2 0.0037 0.124 0.127 1.3*10-6
3 0.0036 0.124 0.126 1.4*10-6
Mean 0.0036 0.1246 0.266 1.36*10-6

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Next mass of the Aluminium is measured again in air and additionally the mass of the
Aluminium is measured in water.
Table 1.5
Trial numbers Mass of Aluminium in air(kg) Mass of Aluminium in water(kg)
1 0.0036 0.0025
2 0.0037 0.0024
3 0.0036 0.0023
Mean 0.0036 0.0024

Finally additional to the mass of the Aluminium cylinder volume of water in a graduated
cylinder is measured before and after the cylinder is submerged in the water.
Table 1.6
Trial Mass of Aluminium cylinder in Volume of water in graduated cylinder(m3)
numbers air(kg) Initial volume Final volume
-5
1 0.0036 8.0*10 8.13*10-5
-5
2 0.0037 7.9*10 8.23*10-5
3 0.0036 8.0*10-5 8.34*10-5
-5
Mean 0.0036 7.96*10 8.23*10-5

Analysis:
From the above observation the experiment is analysed accordingly. These analyses are made
to prove what the theory initially stated about buoyant forces and additionally to calculate the
density of the brass and aluminium cylinders. Like the observation the analysis is also done
by dividing the experiment into two, which are analysis on brass cylinder and analysis on
aluminium cylinder.

1. For brass cylinder

From the data collected on Table 1.1 we are able to calculate weight of brass, mass of the
cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density with
the original one.

I. Weight of the brass cylinder (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.383 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N


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  Mean of the three trials

𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 𝟎.𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝑵
𝑊1+𝑊2+𝑊3 0.392 𝑁+0.383 𝑁+0.392 𝑁
3 3

II. Mass of the cylinder in water (mw) which is calculated by measuring the mass of the
water container which contains water (mi) and after the brass cylinder is added (mf) in it.
𝒎𝒘 = 𝒎𝒇 − 𝒎𝒊

1st trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.176𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.213𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.213 𝑘𝑔 − 0.176 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝒈


2 trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.175𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.213𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.213 𝑘𝑔 − 0.175 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝒈
 nd

3 trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.177𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.213𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.213 𝑘𝑔 − 0.177 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒈
 rd


𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 0.392 𝑁 + 0.383 𝑁 + 0.392 𝑁
Mean of the three trials
𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝑵
= 3 3

𝝆 = 𝒎⁄𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑
III. Density of the brass calculated for each trial

 1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3

𝜌1 = 𝑚⁄𝑣 0.040𝑘𝑔 −6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎
= ⁄
𝟑

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 5 ∗ 10 𝑚
 2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.039𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.039𝑘𝑔
= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
5.5
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.040𝑘𝑔

= 5⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜌
𝜌13
+ 𝜌2 + 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 8000
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= =
3 3

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒈
IV. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵1 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.
𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑵
 2nd trial in which 𝜌2 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵2 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟔
𝑵
⁄
 3 trial in which 𝜌3 = 8000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 , 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10 𝑚 and g = 9.81
3 −6 3

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
rd

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 𝐹𝐵3 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.
𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑵

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.0491 𝑁 + 0.0586 𝑁 + 0.0491 𝑁

 Mean of the three trials

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝑵
= 3
3

calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of brass is 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density scientifically

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1|
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 8000
= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| 8730
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

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  2nd trial in which 𝜌2 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |𝜌𝑟 −= |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |
3 3

= = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟐%
𝜌2| 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝜌𝑟
 3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌= 3| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |
3 3

= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
𝜌𝑟 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 8.36% + 9.62% + 8.36%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟖. 𝟕%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3
3
=

From the data collected on Table 1.2 we are able to calculate weight of brass, weight of the
cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density with
the original one.

I. Weight of the brass cylinder in air (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.383 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.392 𝑁 + 0.383 𝑁 + 0.392 𝑁
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝑵
= 3 3

II. Weight of the brass cylinder in water (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.343 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.343 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.035 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.343 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.343 𝑁 + 0.343 𝑁 + 0.343 𝑁
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝑵
= 3 3

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 𝑭𝑩 = 𝑾𝑩𝒂𝒊𝒓−𝑾𝑩𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
III. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤1 = 0.343 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎1 = 0.392 N

𝐹𝐵1 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.392 𝑁 − 0.343 𝑁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝑵

9|Page
 2nd trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤2 = 0.343 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎2 = 0.383 N
𝐹𝐵2 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.383 N − 0.343 𝑁 = 0.040 N


 3rd trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤2 = 0.343 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎2 = 0.383 N

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.392 N − 0.343 𝑁 = 0.049 N

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.049 𝑁 + 0.040 𝑁 + 0.040 𝑁

 Mean of the three trials

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝑵
𝐵3
= 3
3

𝝆 = 𝒎⁄𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑
IV. Density of the brass calculated for each trial

 1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3

𝜌1 = 𝑚⁄𝑣 0.040𝑘𝑔 −6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎
= ⁄
𝟑

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 5 ∗ 10 𝑚
 2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.039𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.039𝑘𝑔
= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
5.5
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.040𝑘𝑔

= 5⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜌
𝜌13
+ 𝜌2 + 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 8000
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= =
3 3

scientifically calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of brass is 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 8000
= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| 8730
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 2 trial in which 𝜌2 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
nd

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌= 2| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |

3 3

= = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟐%
𝜌𝑟 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌= 3| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |
3 3

= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
𝜌𝑟 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 8.36% + 9.62% + 8.36%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟖. 𝟕%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3
3
=

From the data collected on Table 1.3 we are able to calculate weight of brass, volume of the
10 | P a g
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cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density with
the original one.

I. Weight of the brass cylinder in air (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N

11 | P a g
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 2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔
𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.039 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.383 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.040 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.392 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.392 𝑁 + 0.383 𝑁 + 0.392 𝑁
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 𝑵
= 3 3

II. Volume of the cylinder in water (Vw) which is calculated by measuring the Volume
of the water in the container (Vi) and after the brass cylinder is added (Vf) in it.
𝑽𝒘 = 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊

1st trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 8.1 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3

𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 8.1 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑


2nd trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 8.05 ∗ 10−5𝑚3and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3

𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 8.05 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟓. 𝟓 ∗


𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑
3rd trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 8.1 ∗ 10−5𝑚3and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3
𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.6 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 8.1 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑


𝑉𝑊1 + 𝑉𝑊2 + 5 ∗−6103 𝑚 + 5.5 ∗ 10 𝑚 + 5 ∗

 Mean of the three trials
−𝟔
−6 3 −6 3
𝑉𝑊3 10 𝑚
𝟑
= 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 3
3
𝝆= 𝒎
⁄𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑
III. Density of the brass calculated for each trial

 1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3

𝜌1 = 𝑚⁄𝑣 0.040𝑘𝑔 −6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎
= ⁄
𝟑

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 5 ∗ 10 𝑚
 2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.039𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.039𝑘𝑔
= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
5.5
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.040𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.040𝑘𝑔

= 5⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜌
𝜌13
+ 𝜌2 + 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 8000
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= =
3 3

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒈
IV. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵1 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.
𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑵
 2nd trial in which 𝜌2 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
12 | P a g
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 𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵2 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5.5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟔
𝑵
 3 trial in which 𝜌3 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 5 ∗ 10 𝑚 and g = 9.81
3 −6 3

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
rd

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 5 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.

𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑵

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.0491 𝑁 + 0.0586 𝑁 + 0.0491 𝑁

 Mean of the three trials

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝑵
= 3
3

13 | P a g
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 scientifically calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of brass is 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1|
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 8000
= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| 8730
𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 2 trial in which 𝜌2 = 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
nd

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌= 2| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 7890 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |

3 3

= = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟐%
𝜌𝑟 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌= 3| |8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 − 8000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 |
3 3

= = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔%
𝜌𝑟 8730 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 8.36% + 9.62% + 8.36%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟖. 𝟕%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3
3
=

2. For Aluminium cylinder

From the data collected on Table 1.4 we are able to calculate weight of Aluminium, mass of
the cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density
with the original one.

I. Weight of the Aluminium cylinder (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.036 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.035 𝑁 + 0.036 𝑁 + 0.035 𝑁

𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝑵
= 3 3

II. Mass of the cylinder in water (mw) which is calculated by measuring the mass of the
water container which contains water (mi) and after the Aluminium cylinder is
added (mf) in it.
𝒎𝒘 = 𝒎𝒇 − 𝒎𝒊

14 | P a g
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 1st trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.125𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.127𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.127 𝑘𝑔 − 0.125 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒈


2 trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.124 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.127𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.127 𝑘𝑔 − 0.124 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈
 nd

15 | P a g
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 3rd trial in which 𝑚𝑖 = 0.124𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚𝑓 = 0.126 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑓 − 𝑚𝑖 = 0.126 𝑘𝑔 − 0.124 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒈


 Mean of the three trials

𝑚𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 0.002 𝑁 + 0.003 𝑁 + 0.002 𝑁
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝑵
= 3 3

𝝆 = 𝒎⁄𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑
III. Density of the Aluminium calculated for each trial

1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3

𝜌1 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.4
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝

𝜌1 + 𝜌2 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2571

 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 𝜌3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
3 3

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒈
IV. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵1 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝑵
 2 trial in which 𝜌2 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
nd

𝐹𝐵2 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.

𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝑵
 3 trial in which 𝜌3 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.4 ∗ 10 𝑚 and g = 9.81
3 −6 3

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
rd

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.

𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝑵

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.0127 𝑁 + 0.0127 𝑁 + 0.0137 𝑁

 Mean of the three trials

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝑵
𝐵3
= 3
3

scientifically calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of Aluminium is 2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

10 | P a g e
 𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1|
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2764
= = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3|
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 2nd trial in which 𝜌2 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |𝜌𝑟 − |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2846
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟓. 𝟒%
𝜌2| =
𝜌𝑟 2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌3| |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2571
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟒. 𝟕%
𝜌𝑟 =
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 2.55% + 5.4% + 4.7%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟒. 𝟐%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3
3
=

10 | P a g e
 From the data collected on Table 1.5 we are able to calculate weight of Aluminium, weight
of the cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density
with the original one.

I. Weight of the Aluminium cylinder (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.036 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.035 𝑁 + 0.036 𝑁 + 0.035 𝑁

𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝑵
= 3 3

II. Weight of the Aluminium cylinder in water (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.0025 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0025 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.024 N

2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.0024 𝑘𝑔

𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0024 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.023 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.0023 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0023 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.022 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.024 𝑁 + 0.023 𝑁 + 0.022 𝑁
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝑵
= 3 3

𝑭𝑩 = 𝑾𝑩𝒂𝒊𝒓−𝑾𝑩𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
III. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤1 = 0.024 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎1 = 0.035 N

𝐹𝐵1 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.035 𝑁 − 0.024 𝑁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝑵
 2nd trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤2 = 0.023 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎2 = 0.036 N
𝐹𝐵2 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.036 𝑁 − 0.023 N = 0.013 N
 3rd trial in which 𝑊𝐵𝑤2 = 0.022 N and 𝑊𝐵𝑎2 = 0.035 N
𝐹𝐵3 = 𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑊𝐵𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.035 N − 0.022 𝑁 = 0.013 N

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.011 𝑁 + 0.013 𝑁 + 0.013 𝑁

 Mean of the three trials

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝑵
𝐵3
= 3
3
IV. Density of the Aluminium calculated for each trial
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 𝝆 = 𝒎⁄ 𝒗
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑

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 1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌1 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.4
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝

𝜌1 + 𝜌2 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2571

 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 𝜌3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
3 3

scientifically calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of Aluminium is 2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1 trial in which 𝜌1 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
st

𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1|
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2764
= = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3|
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 2 trial in which 𝜌2 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
nd

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌2| |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2846

= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟓. 𝟒%
𝜌𝑟 =
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌3| |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2571
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟒. 𝟕%
𝜌𝑟 =
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 2.55% + 5.4% + 4.7%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟒. 𝟐%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3
3
=

From the data collected on Table 1.6 we are able to calculate weight of Aluminium, volume
of the cylinder in water, buoyant force, density and percentage error of the calculated density
with the original one.

I. Weight of the Aluminium cylinder (g= 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2)

𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

 1st trial in which 𝑚1 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N
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 2nd trial in which 𝑚2 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔
𝑊2 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0037 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.036 N


3rd trial in which 𝑚3 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔

𝑊3 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 0.0036 𝑘𝑔 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 0.035 N


 Mean of the three trials

𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊30.035 𝑁 + 0.036 𝑁 + 0.035 𝑁

𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝑵
= 3 3

14 | P a g e
 II. Volume of the cylinder in water (Vw) which is calculated by measuring the Volume
of the water in the container (Vi) and after the Aluminium cylinder is added (Vf) in it.
𝑽𝒘 = 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊

1st trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 8.0 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.13 ∗ 10−5𝑚3

𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.13 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 8.0 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟏. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑


2nd trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 7.9 ∗ 10−5𝑚3and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.03 ∗ 10−5𝑚3

𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.03 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 7.9 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟏. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑


3rd trial in which 𝑣𝑖 = 8.0 ∗ 10−5𝑚3and 𝑣𝑓 = 8.14 ∗ 10−5𝑚3

𝑉𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 = 8.14 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 − 8.0 ∗ 10−5𝑚3 = 𝟏. 𝟒 ∗


𝟏𝟎−𝟔𝒎𝟑
 Mean of the three trials
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑉𝑊1 + 𝑉𝑊2 + 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 + 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 + 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝑉𝑊3 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 −
∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝒎𝟑
3
3
=

𝝆 = 𝒎⁄𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑
III. Density of the Aluminium calculated for each trial

1st trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3

𝜌1 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
2nd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌2 = 0.0037𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.3
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
3rd trial in which 𝑚 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔 and 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3
𝜌3 = 0.0036𝑘𝑔

= ⁄ ∗ 10−6 3 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
1.4
𝑚 𝑚
⁄𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝

𝜌1 + 𝜌2 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 + 2571

 Mean of the three trials
𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 𝜌3 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑
= 𝑘𝑔 ⁄𝑚3

3 3

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒗𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒈
IV. Buoyant force for the object in water.

 1st trial in which 𝜌1 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
𝐹𝐵1 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝑵
 2 trial in which 𝜌2 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 and g = 9.81
𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
nd

𝐹𝐵2 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.3 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.

𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝑵
 3 trial in which 𝜌3 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 , 𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 1.4 ∗ 10 𝑚 and g = 9.81
3 −6 3

𝑚 ⁄ 𝑠2
rd

𝐹𝐵3 = 𝜌𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑔 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 × 1.4 ∗ 10−6𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 𝟎.

𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝑵
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 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵1 𝐹 + 𝐹𝐵2 + 0.0127 𝑁 + 0.0127 𝑁 + 0.0137 𝑁
 Mean of the three trials

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝑵
𝐵3
= 3
3

scientifically calibrated. The accepted density (𝜌𝑟) of Aluminium is 2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

V. Percentage error which is calculated density compared with the density

|𝝆𝒓 − 𝝆|
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓
= 𝝆𝒓
 1 trial in which 𝜌1 = 2764 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
st

𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌1|
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2764
= = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓%
= 𝜌𝑟 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3|
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
 2nd trial in which 𝜌2 = 2846 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟|𝜌𝑟 − 𝜌2| |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2846
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟓. 𝟒%
𝜌𝑟 =
2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

16 | P a g e
  3rd trial in which 𝜌3 = 2571 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 |𝜌𝑟 − |2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 − 2571
= 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3| = 𝟒. 𝟕%
𝜌3| =
𝜌𝑟 2,710 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚 3

%𝐸1 + %𝐸2 + 2.55% + 5.4% + 4.7%

 Mean of the three trials
%𝐸3
= 𝟒. 𝟐%
%𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 3
3
Discussion:
After all set ups and experimental measurements are done, the following points are raised by
group members during discussion session.
The first point is that the experiment involved immersing different objects of known masses
and volumes into a container filled with tap water. By measuring the apparent weight of each
object when submerged and comparing it to its weight when in air, we were able to calculate
the buoyant force experienced by each object. The results showed that the buoyant force
acting on an object is almost equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object,
confirming Archimedes' principle.

Second point is that throughout the experiment, we observed that objects with greater
volumes displaced more water and experienced a larger buoyant force in our case brass
cylinder displaced more water than aluminium cylinder. This observation is consistent with
the principle that the buoyant force is directly proportional to the volume of fluid displaced.
Another point is that to measure the density of solid objects, we used a simple method
involving the mass and volume of each object. By dividing the mass of an object by its
volume, we obtained its density. This allowed us to determine the density of various solid
objects (brass cylinder and aluminium cylinder) tested in the experiment.
Overall, several sources of error may have influenced the accuracy of our measurements,
including inaccuracies in mass and volume measurements, variations in water temperature
affecting its density, and limitations of the measuring equipment used. These potential
sources of error could have affected the calculated values of buoyant force and object density.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, our experiment effectively explored the buoyant force exerted on various
objects and accurately measured the density of solid materials. These results provide
empirical validation for the principles of buoyancy as elucidated by Archimedes' principle.
Through this investigation, we deepen our understanding of the intricate relationship between
mass, volume, density, and buoyant force. This comprehension offers valuable insights into
the behaviour of objects submerged in fluids, shedding light on phenomena crucial to fields
such as engineering, physics, and materials science. The knowledge gained from this study
has broad-ranging implications, informing the design and development of technologies and
materials that interact with fluid environments. Overall, our findings contribute to advancing
our understanding of fluid dynamics and enhance our ability to address real-world challenges
across diverse disciplines.
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