Topic 1 INTRODUCTION (3) (1)

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION
(CO1-PO7)
By Jalina Kassim
TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION
(CO1,PO7)
By Jalina Kassim
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this week, students should be able to :
 Discuss and describe issues and trends related to
environmental engineering.
 Explain and describe in detail on types of pollutions
(water, land, air and noise) in environmental
surrounding.
 Discuss and describe on mitigation measures to control
and minimize the pollutions.
1.1 Natural and Anthropogenic
Pollution
• What is Pollution?
•Pollution
is the introduction of
contaminants/pollutants into the
natural environment that cause
adverse change. Pollution can take
the form of chemical substances or
energy, such as noise, heat or light.
•Pollutants
the components of pollution, can be
either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants.
• Pollution is often classed as point

source or nonpoint source
pollution.
Natural Pollution
Anthropogenic
Pollution Industrialization, pollution,
deforestation, urbanization, building
contamination in a form dams, etc., Are some of the examples of
of pollution produced anthropogenic changes that affect the
directly by human ecosystem.
activities.
•point source pollution has a single, identifiable point of
pollutant discharge source
contaminant enters the environment from an easily identified
and confined place
•nonpoint source pollution is a collection of pollutants
that enters or spread to the environment in a diffuse manner from an
unidentified or uncontrolled sources.
Point Source
Pollution
Non Point Source Pollution
1.3 Type and
Sources of Pollution
Pollution Fate: plant
uptake, bioaccumulation,
food chain
What is Pollution?
 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants/pollutants into the

natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can
take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise,
heat or light.
 Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign

substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
 Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source

pollution.
WATER
POLLUTION
Definition, types and source of
pollutant and impact
Water pollution
 Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies
such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused
by human activities, which can be harmful to
organisms and plants that live in these water bodies.
 Sources; point source and non – point sources
 Impacts?
Source of water pollution
• Sources; point source and non – point sources

Point source
o Point source water pollution refers to contaminants pollution at
that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable a shipyard in Rio
source, such as a pipe or ditch. de Janeiro, Brazil.
o Examples include discharges from a sewage
treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.
o Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a single
discrete source. Runoff of soil
o A common example is the leaching out Fertilizer
of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural and during a
lands. rain storm
The UN and the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted
Source list the following statistics on water pollution:
• Over half the global population do not have safely managed sanitation services.
• Around 2 billion people live in countries with high levels of water stress,
meaning the amount of water available is less than the amount required.
• Experts estimate that by 2025, half the world’s population will live in a water-
stressed environment.
• Around 785 million people do not have basic drinking-water services.
• Since the 1990s, water pollution has worsened in almost all rivers in Asia,
Latin America, and Africa.
Water Quality Facts (source: UNESCO):
• One in nine people worldwide uses drinking water from unimproved and unsafe sources
• 2.4 billion people live without any form of sanitation
• Lack of sanitation is one of the most significant forms of water pollution.
• 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged untreated directly into water bodies
• Every day 2 million tonnes of sewage and other effluents drain into the world’s water
• Industry discharges an estimated 300-400 megatonnes of waste into water bodies every
year
• Non-point source pollution from agriculture and urban areas often greatly increases the total
pollutant load together with industrial point source pollution
• A reduction of about one-third of the global biodiversity is estimated to be a consequence of
the degradation of freshwater ecosystems mainly due to pollution of water resources and
aquatic ecosystems
• Re-use of wastewater in agriculture is important for livelihoods, but is associated with
serious health risks
Summary of urban runoff pollutants (Novotny, 1995)
Pollutant Parameters Possible Sources Effects
Sediments Organic and Inorganic Construction sites Turbidity

Total Suspended Solids Urban/agricultural runoff Habitat alteration
Turbidity CSOs Recreational and aesthetic impairment
Dissolved Solids Landfills Contaminant transport
Navigation/hydrology
Bank erosion
Nutrients Nitrate and nitrite Urban/agricultural runoff Surface Waters

Ammonia Septic systems Algal blooms
Organic Nitrogen Atmospheric deposition Ammonia toxicity
Phosphate Erosion Groundwater
Total Phosphorus Nitrate toxicity
Subsurface (base) flow
Nitrate loads
Pathogens Total coliforms Urban/agricultural runoff Intestinal Infection

Fecal coliforms Septic systems Shellfish bed closures
Fecal streptococci CSOs Recreational/aesthetical loss
Viruses Domestic/wild animals and animal Intestinal infection
E. coli feedlots
Enterococcus Boat discharge
Cryptosporidium
Pollutant Parameters Possible Sources Effects
Organic Biochemical oxygen Urban/agricultural runoff Dissolved oxygen depletion

enrichment demand CSOs Odors
Chemical oxygen Landfills Fish kills
demand Septic systems Aesthetic impairment
Total organic carbon Animal feedlots
Dissolved oxygen
Toxic Pollutants Toxic trace metals Urban/agricultural runoff Bioaccumulation in food chain
Toxic organic Pesticides/herbicides Organisms and potential toxicity to human and
Asbestos Underground storage tanks other organisms
Hazardous waste sites
Landfills
Illegal oil disposal
Industrial discharges
Atmospheric deposition
Impacts
River in Malaysia, the best..
..and the worst
Water Quality
in Malaysia
• https://enviro2.doe.gov.m
y/ekmc/digital-
content/laporan-kualiti-
alam-sekeliling-eqr-2022/
Impact of
Water
Pollution
LAND/SOIL POLLUTION
Definition, types and source of pollutant and impact
Soil Contamination
• The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or
energy into the soil by human activities
• resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to
affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public
health and the living environment.
Source of land pollution
oDeforestation and Soil Erosion
oAgricultural Activities
oMining Activities
oOvercrowded Landfills
oIndustrialization
oUrbanization
oNuclear Waste
oConstruction Activities
oLittering
Cause of Contaminant
• Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through
many different activities.
1) accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste
material from site of origin to a disposal site.
2) direct action of humans pouring potentially toxic materials
3) Illegal dumping (also known as “open dumping”, “fly dumping”,
and “mid-night dumping”)
4) Sewage
5) Pesticide and herbicide
6) Nuclear
7) Acid Rain
Land pollution
Impact of
Soil Pollution
Air Pollution
What is air pollution??
Air Pollution Pathways
CLIMATE CHANGE
Effects Of Climate Change
• Melting Polar ice caps

• Retreating glaciers
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather
• Nature under threat
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise Pollution
 Noise, basically is
unwanted or
nuisance sound that
disrupts activity or balance
of human or animal life.
 The word noise comes from
the Latin word noxia
meaning "injury" or "hurt".
 Noise or sound is measured
in decibels, dB.
Noise Pollution
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Guidelines-Noise-
2019.pdf
Source of
noise pollution
 Transportation systems-
including motor vehicle
noise, aircraft noise and rail
noise
 Poor urban planning - since
side-by-side industrial and
residential buildings can
result in noise pollution in
the residential area
 Office equipment, factory
machinery, construction
work, audio entertainment
systems, noisy people etc
Impact of Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution can do more than reduce

hearing capacity; it can also create
psychological trauma that leads to:
• Nervous Disorders
• Increased Blood Pressure
• Thickening of The Blood
• Neurological Problems
• Leads to hypertension and other
cardiovascular problems
Noise Pollution – effects?

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TOPIC 1

• Pollution is often classed as point

 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants/pollutants into the

 Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign

 Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source

 Sources; point source and non – point sources

• Sources; point source and non – point sources

Sediments Organic and Inorganic Construction sites Turbidity

Nutrients Nitrate and nitrite Urban/agricultural runoff Surface Waters

Pathogens Total coliforms Urban/agricultural runoff Intestinal Infection

Organic Biochemical oxygen Urban/agricultural runoff Dissolved oxygen depletion

• Melting Polar ice caps

• Noise pollution can do more than reduce

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