L1 - Intro to Acids and Bases

Starter
LO: Recall understanding of acids and bases
Copy and complete the spider

diagram on your WB
Bases
Acids
Acids and
Bases
Alkalis Neutralisation
We are learning about…
Acids and Bases
Specification references…
3.1.12.1
An acid is a proton donor. A base is a proton acceptor. Acid–base equilibria
involve the transfer of protons.
3.1.12.2
The concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution covers a very wide
range. Therefore, a logarithmic scale, the pH scale, is used as a measure of
hydrogen ion concentration. pH = –log10[H+] Students should be able to:
• convert concentration of hydrogen ions into pH and vice versa
• calculate the pH of a solution of a strong acid from its concentration.
Logs
LO: Understand logarithmic relationships
Logs - Answers
LO: Understand logarithmic relationships
Brønsted-Lowry Definitions
LO: 3.1.12.1 Recall the bronsted-lowry definition of acids and bases
•Acid = substance that donates a proton

•Base = substance that accepts a proton
•Alkali = a substance that produces –OH in
water
Dissociation of Acids
LO: Write equations for the dissociation of strong acids
On a whiteboard, write equations to show the

dissociation of:
•HCl
•H2SO4
•HNO3
Make sure you include state symbols!
EXT: What makes these strong acids?

LO: Write equations for the dissociation of strong acids
What does H+(aq)

mean?
A proton is too unstable to exist on its own….. In aqueous

solutions the proton bonds to water:
HX → H3O+ + X- The hydronium ion is formed
Your specification allows the use of H+ in equations. You need

to be aware that H3O+ is the truth.
For the following reactions, tell me which is

the acid and which is the base. Use
Bronsted-Lowry theory to explain your
answer.
Base Acid
Base Acid
How could we classify the H3O+?

How could we classify the Cl-?
Conjugate acids/bases
•Conjugate base – The species formed by the

removal of a proton from an acid
•Conjugate acid – The species formed by a
base accepting a proton from an acid
Acid Conjugate base

+ -
H2O + HCl → H3O + Cl
Base Conjugate acid
Conjugate acids/bases
LO: 3.1.12.1 Identify acids and bases in chemical reactions
In the reaction below, identify:

•Acid
•Base
•Conjugate acid
•Conjugate base
H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

Acid Base C.B C.A
H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

More Practice
CH3COOH + HCl → CH3COOH2+ + Cl-
HCO3- + OH- → CO32- + H2O

Answers
CH3COOH & HCl are both acids.

HCl is a strong acid and CH3COOH is a weak
What is special acid.
about this equation?
If weak acids react with strong acids, they
are the base in the reaction.
Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate

Acid Base
CH3COOH + HCl → CH3COOH2+ + HCl CH3COOH CH3COOH2+ Cl-

Cl-
HCO3- + OH- → CO32- + H2O HCO3- OH- H2O CO32-

Strong/Weak Acids
LO: Classify acids as strong/weak & differentiate between strength and concentration
What is the difference

between a strong acid and
a concentrated acid?
Strength vs. Concentration
LO: Classify acids as strong/weak & differentiate between strength and concentration
A concentrated acid has many acid molecules

in a given volume. The acid strength tells you
the degree of dissociation.
If it possible to have a weak, concentrated

acid!
pH is affected by both concentration and

acid strength!
Acid dissociation
LO: Explain the difference between a monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acid
Classification of Acid Number of Ionisable Hydrogens
Monoprotic 1
HX + H2O → H3O+ + X-
Diprotic 2
H2X + 2H2O → 2H3O+ + X-
Give an example of
each!
Triprotic 3
H3X + 3H2O → 3H3O+ + X-
pH
LO: Explain what is meant by ‘pH’
(pH = power of hydrogen)
+
pH = - log10 [H (aq)]
+ -pH
[H (aq)] = 10
To make the numbers easier to manage.

Why do we need In alkaline solutions, [H+] is very small
to use logs? N.B. The [H+] at pH 2 is 10x higher than the

[H+] at pH 3
pH of Strong Acids
LO: 3.1.12.1 Find the pH of a strong acid given its concentration
The pH depends on the concentration of H+.
As strong acids fully dissociate, we can say

the concentration of H+ is equal to the
concentration of the acid (for a monoprotic
acid)
pH of Strong Acids
LO: 3.1.12.1 Find the pH of a strong acid given its concentration
Example: Find the pH of 0.5 moldm-3 HCl.
pH = -log [H+]
0.5 M HCl = 0.5 M H+
pH = -log(0.5)
= 0.30 pH is always quoted to 2 d.p.

Concentration of Strong Acids
LO: 3.1.12.1 Find the concentration of a strong acid given its pH
Example: Find the concentration of HNO3

with a pH of 1.70.
[H+] = 10-pH
= 10-1.70
= 0.0200 moldm-3
Diprotic Acids
Have a go at these two questions. Take care –

sulfuric acid is diprotic!
[H+] = 0.400 M. → it’s a diprotic acid

pH = - log10 (0.400)
pH = 0.40
Ka Values
Task
Answers
Exam Q
Exam Q
Extension
1. Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 100 cm 3 of water is added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol
dm-3 HNO3.
2. Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 250 cm 3 of 0.300 mol dm-3 H2SO4 is made up to 1000
cm3 solution with water.
Extension answers
Extension
+
pH = -log10[H (aq)
]
• Water is neutral. • What is the pH of
• A few water molecules water?
dissociate to form
ions. • What is the
• H2O(l) = H+(aq)+ OH-(aq) concentration of
• Or water?
• 2H2O(l)= H3O+(aq)+
OH-(aq)
• The concentration of
H+(aq) is 1x10-7 mol dm-3
Extension
+
pH = -log10[H (aq)
]
• Water is neutral. • So if
• A few water molecules • [H+(aq)]= 1x10-7 mol
dissociate to form dm-3
ions.
• H2O(l) = H+(aq)+ OH-(aq) • And we take the p
• Or
• 2H2O(l)= H3O+(aq)+ • pH=-log10[1x10-7]
OH-(aq)
• pH= 7
• The concentration of
H+(aq) is 1x10-7 mol dm-3
Extension
+
pH = -log10[H (aq)
]
• Water is neutral.
• A few water molecules dissociate to form ions.
• Water has a density of 1000g/dm3

• Moles = mass / Mr
• Moles of water in 1dm 3 = 1000/18 mol
• Moles of water in 1 dm3 = 55.55 mol
• Concentration of water = 55.55 mol dm-3

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Starter

LO: Recall understanding of acids and bases

Copy and complete the spider

•Acid = substance that donates a proton

On a whiteboard, write equations to show the

Make sure you include state symbols!

EXT: What makes these strong acids?

What does H+(aq)

A proton is too unstable to exist on its own….. In aqueous

HX → H3O+ + X- The hydronium ion is formed

Your specification allows the use of H+ in equations. You need

For the following reactions, tell me which is

How could we classify the H3O+?

•Conjugate base – The species formed by the

Acid Conjugate base

In the reaction below, identify:

H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

CH3COOH + HCl → CH3COOH2+ + Cl-

HCO3- + OH- → CO32- + H2O

CH3COOH & HCl are both acids.

Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate

CH3COOH + HCl → CH3COOH2+ + HCl CH3COOH CH3COOH2+ Cl-

HCO3- + OH- → CO32- + H2O HCO3- OH- H2O CO32-

What is the difference

A concentrated acid has many acid molecules

If it possible to have a weak, concentrated

pH is affected by both concentration and

Classification of Acid Number of Ionisable Hydrogens

(pH = power of hydrogen)

To make the numbers easier to manage.

to use logs? N.B. The [H+] at pH 2 is 10x higher than the

The pH depends on the concentration of H+.

As strong acids fully dissociate, we can say

Example: Find the pH of 0.5 moldm-3 HCl.

0.5 M HCl = 0.5 M H+

= 0.30 pH is always quoted to 2 d.p.

Example: Find the concentration of HNO3

Have a go at these two questions. Take care –

[H+] = 0.400 M. → it’s a diprotic acid

• Water has a density of 1000g/dm3

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