investigatory project -5 (7)

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
Comparison of
the Citric Acid
concentration in
three different
samples of fruit
juices.
Theory
Volumetric analysis is the quantitative analysis of components of a

reaction. Measured volumes of the 2 solutions are made to react so that
the reaction is just complete. One of the solutions is of a known
concentration and is called primary standard solution. In the balanced
chemical reaction, stoichiometric ratios are involved, therefore, if the
reacting volume and strength of one of the reactants is known then it is
possible to calculate the concentration of the other.
What is citric acid?
Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative

and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and soft drinks.
Experiment No 1
Aim: Preparation of a non-standard solution of NaOH of approximate molarity

of 0.1M for titration against juice samples.
Procedure:
● 2 grams of NaOH pellets are weighed with the help of an electronic balance.
● They are dissolved in a small amount of distilled water taken in a 500mL
measuring cylinder with the help of a glass rod.
● Distilled water is added till 500ML mark in the measuring cylinder.
Molecular mass of NaOH = 40g

Grams in 500ML of 0.1M solution
= 2g Result:
An approximate 0.1M solution is prepared.
Experiment no. 2
Aim: To standardize the prepared NaOH solution by titrating it against 0.1M
solution of oxalic acid.
Procedure:
• First prepare 0.1M oxalic acid.
• Weigh 3.15g of oxalic acid with the help of an electronic balance.
• Transfer the oxalic acid to the 250mL measuring cylinder and dissolve in
small amount of distilled water.
• Fill the measuring cylinder till the required 250mL mark.
• Titrate this solution with the one obtained in Experiment no. 1 (a).
REACTION BETWEEN NaOH AND OXALIC ACID:

H2C2O4 + 2NaOH —-> Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Molarity of oxalic acid = M1
Volume of oxalic acid = V1
Let no. of moles of oxalic acid be n1
Molarity of NaOH = M2
Volume of NaOH = V2
Let no. of moles of NaOH be
n2 Then,
M1 V1/n1=M2 V2/n2
Volume of NaOH used: 20.6 Ml

Hence, calculating molarity, we get
M2= 0.097 M Result: Molarity of NaOH
solution is 0.097 M
Experiment no. 3
Aim: To evaluate the concentrations of citric acid by volume in three

different samples of fruit juice.
(Sample Of Real Orange Juice)

Procedure:
• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use.
• Take a conical flask and pour the juice sample into the burette till
the 0mL mark.
• With the help of a pipette pour 10mL of the 0.097M solution of

NaOH into a beaker
• Note down the initial readings of the burette
• Now add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the titrating

beaker.
•Release the burette knob and let the juice sample fall in the
beaker without touching the beaker walls.
• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating

substance changes from light pink to transparent.
• Close the knob and note the end point in the burette.
• Perform this experiment
with 3 readings Using formula:
M1 V1/n1=M2 V2/n2
M= 10 X 0.097/3 X 10.4 = 0.032
We get molarity of real orange juice as
0.032 Hence, in 1L 6.144g citric acid is
present
Sample Of Real Pineapple Juice
Procedure:
• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use
• Take a conical flask and pour the juice sample into the burette till
the 0mL mark.
• Take a beaker and pipette out 10mL OF 0.097M of NaOH into the
beaker.
• Now add a few drops of the phenolphthalein indicator in the

titrating beaker.
• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating

substance changes from light pink to transparent.
• Take 3 readings
Sample Of Freshly Squeezed Mausambhi Juice (Sweet

Lime)
Procedure:
• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use
• Take a conical flask and pour 0.097M NaOH solution into the
burette till the 0mL mark.
• Take a graduated pipette and pour out 10mL of the juice sample
into it
• Note the initial readings
• Now add a few drops of the phenolphthalein indicator in the

titrating beaker.
• Release the burette knob and let NaOH fall in the beaker
without touching the walls of the beaker.
• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating substance

changes from transparent to light pink
• Take 3 readings
Precautions:
• Use clean and dry apparatus.
• Turn the fans off while performing the experiment.
• Perform the experiment in one sitting only.
• Use freshly prepared chemicals.
• Handle the equipment with care and caution.
Sources of Error:
o Readings may not be accurate.
o It may not be a completely standard solution.
o The apparatus may not be well graduated.
o The apparatus may not be clean.
o The chemical may not be fresh.
Conclusion:
• Hence, we conclude that the fresh mausambhi juice has the

highest citric acid content.
Order of citric acid content is:
1. Freshly squeezed mausambhi

juice : 0.9-1.5%
2. Valencia orange juice :1.2-1.8%
pineapple juice: :0.8-1.2%
Bibliography
1. www.encyclopedia.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. Britannica encyclopedia
4. Practical manual in chemistry for class xii
5. Emearta encyclopedia

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AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

Volumetric analysis is the quantitative analysis of components of a

What is citric acid?

Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative

Aim: Preparation of a non-standard solution of NaOH of approximate molarity

● They are dissolved in a small amount of distilled water taken in a 500mL

measuring cylinder with the help of a glass rod.

● Distilled water is added till 500ML mark in the measuring cylinder.

Molecular mass of NaOH = 40g

• Weigh 3.15g of oxalic acid with the help of an electronic balance.

small amount of distilled water.

• Fill the measuring cylinder till the required 250mL mark.

REACTION BETWEEN NaOH AND OXALIC ACID:

Volume of oxalic acid = V1

Let no. of moles of oxalic acid be n1

Let no. of moles of NaOH be

Volume of NaOH used: 20.6 Ml

M2= 0.097 M Result: Molarity of NaOH

Aim: To evaluate the concentrations of citric acid by volume in three

(Sample Of Real Orange Juice)

• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use.

• With the help of a pipette pour 10mL of the 0.097M solution of

• Note down the initial readings of the burette

• Now add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the titrating

• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating

• Perform this experiment

with 3 readings Using formula:

M= 10 X 0.097/3 X 10.4 = 0.032

We get molarity of real orange juice as

0.032 Hence, in 1L 6.144g citric acid is

• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use

• Now add a few drops of the phenolphthalein indicator in the

• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating

Sample Of Freshly Squeezed Mausambhi Juice (Sweet

• Rinse all the apparatus and dry them before use

• Note the initial readings

• Now add a few drops of the phenolphthalein indicator in the

• Perform this procedure till the colour of the titrating substance

• Use clean and dry apparatus.

• Turn the fans off while performing the experiment.

• Perform the experiment in one sitting only.

• Use freshly prepared chemicals.

• Handle the equipment with care and caution.

o Readings may not be accurate.

o It may not be a completely standard solution.

o The apparatus may not be well graduated.

o The apparatus may not be clean.

o The chemical may not be fresh.

• Hence, we conclude that the fresh mausambhi juice has the

Order of citric acid content is:

1. Freshly squeezed mausambhi

2. Valencia orange juice :1.2-1.8%

pineapple juice: :0.8-1.2%

4. Practical manual in chemistry for class xii

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