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Minor Project Report

On
ZERO HUNGER ( FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA )

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements


for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)


to
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

Guide: DR.ASHOK Submitted by: JANNAT BHUTANI

Designation Roll No.:

JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL ,


VASANT KUNJ , DELHI
Batch (2023-2026)

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CONTENTS

S No Topic Page No

1 Certificate

2 Acknowledgements

3 Executive Summary

4 Chapter-1: Introduction

5 Chapter-2: Conceptual Discussion

6 Chapter-3: Research Methodology

7 Chapter-4: Data Analysis

8 Chapter-5: Finding and Conclusions

9 Chapter-6: Conclusion

9 Bibliography

10 Appendices
● Tables and Graph (If Any)
● Analytical Master Charts (If Any)
● Financial Statements (If Any)

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CERTIFICATE FROM FACULTY GUIDE

This is to certify that the project titled “ ZERO HUNGER (


FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA )” is an academic work done by
“JANNAT BHUTANI” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor in Business
Administration” from “JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL
MANAGEMENT SCHOOL ( VASANT KUNJ , DELHI )” under
my guidance and direction.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, the data and information ,


presented by him/her in the project have not been submitted earlier
elsewhere.

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STUDENT DECLARATION

I solemnly declare that I have completed the project ““ ZERO


HUNGER ( FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA )” under the
guidance of DR. ASHOK in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration at
“JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL ( VASANT KUNJ , DELHI )” This is an original piece
of work & I have not submitted it earlier elsewhere.

 NAME : JANNAT BHUTANI


 ENROLLMENT NUMBER : 00421401723
 DATE :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher


‘Dr. ASHOK ’ who gave me the opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic “ZERO HUNGER ( FOOD SECURITY
IN INDIA ).” which helped me in doing a lot of research and I came
to know about so many new things I am thankful to them.A special
acknowledgment goes to my group members who helped me in
completing the project by exchanging interesting ideas and sharing
their experiences.
I wish to thank my parents as well for their undivided support that
encouraged me, without whom I would be unable to complete my
project.
In the end, I want to thank all the respondents who devoted their time
and gave valuable inputs that helped in the completion of my project

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CH – 1 INTRODUCTION

 Goal 2 is about creating a world free of hunger by 2030.The global issue of hunger and
food insecurity has shown an alarming increase since 2015, a trend exacerbated by a
combination of factors including the pandemic, conflict, climate change, and
deepening inequalities.

 By 2022, approximately 735 million people – or 9.2% of the world’s population –


found themselves in a state of chronic hunger – a staggering rise compared to 2019.
This data underscores the severity of the situation, revealing a growing crisis.

 In addition, an estimated 2.4 billion people faced moderate to severe food insecurity in
2022. This classification signifies their lack of access to sufficient nourishment. This
number escalated by an alarming 391 million people compared to 2019.

 The persistent surge in hunger and food insecurity, fueled by a complex interplay of
factors, demands immediate attention and coordinated global efforts to alleviate this
critical humanitarian challenge.

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 Extreme hunger and malnutrition remains a barrier to sustainable development and
creates a trap from which people cannot easily escape. Hunger and malnutrition mean
less productive individuals, who are more prone to disease and thus often unable to
earn more and improve their livelihoods.

 2 billion people in the world do not have reg- ular access to safe, nutritious and
sufficient food. In 2022, 148 million children had stunted growth and 45 million
children under the age of 5 were affected by wasting.

 How many people are hungry?


 It is projected that more than 600 million people worldwide will be facing hunger in
2030, highlighting the immense challenge of achieving the zero hunger target.

 People experiencing moderate food insecurity are typically unable to eat a healthy,
balanced diet on a regular basis because of income or other resource constraints.

 Why are there so many hungry people?


 Shockingly, the world is back at hunger levels not seen since 2005, and food prices
remain higher in more countries than in the period 2015–2019. Along with conflict,
climate shocks, and rising cost of living, civil insecurity and declining food production
have all contributed to food scarcity and high food prices.

 Investment in the agriculture sector is critical for reducing hunger and poverty,
improving food security, creating employment and building resilience to disasters and
shocks.

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 Why should I care?
 We all want our families to have enough food to eat what is safe and nutritious. A
world with zero hunger can positively impact our economies, health, education,
equality and social development.

 People experiencing moderate food insecurity are typically unable to eat a healthy,
balanced diet on a regular basis because of income or other resource constraints.

 It’s a key piece of building a better future for everyone. Additionally, with hunger
limiting human development, we will not be able to achieve the other sustainable
development goals such as education, health and gender equality

 How can we achieve Zero Hunger?


 Food security requires a multi-dimensional approach – from social protection to
safeguard safe and nutritious food especially for children to transforming food systems
to achieve a more inclusive and sustainable world. There will need to be investments
in rural and urban areas and in social protection so poor people have access to food
and can improve their livelihoods.

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 What can we do to help?
 You can make changes in your own life—at home, at work and in the community—by
supporting local farmers or markets and making sustainable food choices, supporting
good nutrition for all, and fighting food waste.

 You can also use your power as a consumer and voter, demanding businesses and
governments make the choices and changes that will make Zero Hunger a reality. Join
the conversation, whether on social media platforms or in your local communities.

 Despite global efforts, in 2022, an estimated 45 million children under the age of 5
suffered from wasting, 148 million had stunted growth and 37 million were
overweight. A fundamental shift in trajectory is needed to achieve the 2030 nutrition
targets.

 To achieve zero hunger by 2030, urgent coordinated action and policy solutions are
imperative to address entrenched inequalities, transform food systems, invest in
sustainable agricultural practices, and reduce and mitigate the impact of conflict and
the pandemic on global nutrition and food security.

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WHAT ARE THE TARGETS OF ZERO HUNGER

 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor
and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and
sufficient food all year round.

 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the


internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5
years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant
and lactating women and older persons.

 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food


producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers,
pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land,
other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets
and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.

 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient


agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help
maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate
change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that
progressively improve land and soil quality.

 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed
and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through
soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national,
regional and international
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 and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from
the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as
internationally agreed.

 Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation,


in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services,
technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to
enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular
least developed countries.

 Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural


markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural
export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance
with the mandate of the Doha Development Round.

 Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets


and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information,
including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

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ZERO HUNGER CHALENGE

The Zero Hunger Challenge was launched to drive commitment and action by all
stakeholders, including business, to end malnutrition in all its forms and realize inclusive,
resilient and sustainable food systems

The Zero Hunger vision is comprised of five elements which taken together, can end hunger,
eliminate all forms of malnutrition and build inclusive and sustainable food systems. These
five elements are:

1. All food systems are sustainable: from production to consumption

2. An end to rural poverty: double small-scale producer incomes & productivity

3. Adapt all food systems to eliminate loss or waste of food

4. Access to adequate food and healthy diets, for all people, all year round

5. An end to malnutrition in all its forms

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Businesses are invited to become part of a growing community working to end hunger,

improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. If your company has taken steps to
create more sustainable food systems, you can share the transformative change you are
making and demonstrate leadership by joining the Zero Hunger Challenge.

Make a commitment to Zero Hunger


As part of this commitment, companies are asked to:

 Align their corporate policies and strategies with the five elements of the Zero Hunger
Challenge

 Take actions that will have a positive, demonstrable and quantifiable impact on at
least one of the five elements

 Communicate publicly on commitment, actions and outcomes.

He challenge of Zero Hunger means:

 Zero stunted children less than 2 years

 100% access to adequate food all year round

 All food systems are sustainable

 100% increase in smallholder productivity and income

 Zero loss or waste of food

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FOOD SECUIRTY IN INDIA

The United Nations Secretary-General gives priority to the elimination of hunger.

This requires comprehensive efforts to ensure that every man, woman and child enjoy their
Right to Adequate Food; women are empowered; priority is given to family farming; and food
systems everywhere are sustainable and resilient. Eliminating hunger involves investments
in agriculture, rural development, decent work, social protection and equality of opportunity.
It will make a major contribution to peace and stability and to the reduction of poverty. It will
contribute to better nutrition for all – especially women from the beginning of pregnancy and
children under the age of two. Hunger can be eliminated in our lifetimes.

We are already seeing progress taken in that direction. Since the Zero Hunger Challenge
was launched in June 2012, governments, NGOs, private sector companies, religious
leaders, and citizens around the world have taken up the call. Underlining the fact that strong
political leadership and the right policies can produce dramatic reductions in levels of hunger
and malnutrition, 38 countries have already halved either number or percentage of their
population who is hungry before the deadline for the Millennium Development Goals in 2015.
Achieving MDG1 is the first step towards zero hunger.

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Programmes in line with the Zero Hunger Challenge are taking shape or being discussed in
around 25 countries

around the world. Regional multi-stakeholder programmes, including the Hunger‐Free


Initiative for West Africa, La

Iniciativa América Latina y Caribe sin Hambre, and the Zero Hunger Challenge for Asia &
the Pacific, bring global actors together to create operational programming.

From monetary commitments from governments, civil society and the private sector,
including over US $25 billion at the “Nutrition for Growth” event in London, to political
commitments by parliamentarians, the African Union, London and Mexico City, the world is
coming together for the eradication of hunger. The moment for leaders from government,
business, and civil society to come together is now. Together we can build the world the
future we want – a future with Zero Hunger.

The food processing industry in the country underdeveloped, with processing accounting for
only around 2% of fruits and vegetables, 8% of marine products, 35% of milk, and 6% of
poultry. This is a stark contrast to India's vast livestock population, which includes 50% of
the world's buffaloes and 20% of cattle

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CHALLENGES FOR INDIA

A lack of access to affordable and healthy foods is widespread throughout India. With over
60% of India's population depending on agriculture for their livelihoods, the agricultural
sector is critical for both India's economy and food security levels across the
country. However, India's agricultural sector faces a growing number of challenges, including
lower agricultural productivity due to climate volatility and reduced available farmland
partially due to India's rapidly increasing population outpacing economic growth that strains
India's natural resources and land availability.India produces around 100 million tonnes of
rice every year. While there might be enough food for the whole population of India, many
families and especially children in India don't have access to food because of financial
problems. Thus, this is the cause of millions of malnourished children around India. The
cultural knowledge in India allows them to have a very nutritional and balanced diet. Nearly
the whole of the Indian population has rice at least once a day which allows them to have
carbohydrates in their system. Since India is most commonly known for producing and
exporting rice to other countries, their lifestyle will be mainly dominated by rice.

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SCHEMES PROVIDED BY GOVERNMENT

CENTRAL INITIATIVES

 The Food Corporation of India (FCI) was established in 1965 for the purpose of
procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains. It has been playing a major role in
the food security of India.[10]
 The National Food Security Act,2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for
existing food security programs of the Government of India. It also includes the Midday
Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme, and the Public
Distribution System. In 2017–18, over Rs 1500 billion (7.6% of the government's total
expenditure) have been allocated to provide food subsidies under the Targeted Public
Distribution System (TPDS).
 The NFSA 2013 also recognizes maternity entitlements. Pregnant women, lactating
mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals.

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State Initiatives
 Karnataka has launched the 'Indira Canteen', which serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner at
a very low price. This idea was implemented by Siddaramaiah as CM so that no one in
the state would go hungry and everyone would get healthy food
 Andhra Pradesh has supported the Nalabothu Foundation, which provides free meals to
people in need by redistributing excess food from homes, restaurants, businesses,
canteens, and gatherings. This scheme was brought to national attention by Prime
Minister Modi
 Tamil Nadu has launched 'Amma Unavagam' (Mother's canteen), or more commonly
known as Amma canteenThe genesis of this program could be traced to the scheme
proposed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in 2012 and is continuing its part in
the mid-day meal scheme.

India can use some methods to improve the availability and affordability of protein rich food
products using the latest environmental friendly technology without the need of additional
land and water.Biogas or natural gas or methane produced from farm/agro/crop/domestic
waste can also be used in addition to mined natural gas for producing protein rich
cattle/fish/poultry/pet animal feed economically by cultivating Methylococcus
capsulatus bacteria culture in a decentralized manner near to the rural/consumption areas with
tiny land and water foot print.

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INDIA IS AIMING AT SELF SUFFICIENCY IN
FOODGRAINS SINCE INDEPENDCE

 India is aiming at Self-sufficiency in Foodgrains since Independence. After


Independence, Indian policymakers adopted all measures to achieve self-sufficiency
in food grains.
 India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in ‘Green Revolution’,
especially in the production of wheat and rice. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister
of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of Green Revolution in agriculture
by releasing a special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution’ in July 1968.
 The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The increase in foodgrains was,
however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Uttar Pradesh
and Madhya Pradesh, which was 44.01 and 30.21 million tonnes in 2015–16. The
total foodgrain production was 252.22 Million tonnes in 2015–16 and it has changed
to 275.68 million tonnes in 2016–17

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 . Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh recorded a significant production in field of
wheat which was 26.87 and 17.69 million tonnes in 2015–16, respectively. West
Bengal and UP, on the other hand, recorded significant production of rice 15.75 and
12.51 Million tonnes in 2015–16 respectively.
 Since the advent of the Green Revolution in the early-1970s, the country has avoided
famine even during adverse weather conditions. India has become self-sufficient in
foodgrains during the last 30 years because of a variety of crops grown all over the
country. The availability of foodgrains (even in adverse weather conditions or
otherwise) at the country
 Buffer Stock is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the
government through the Food Corporation of India (FCI).
 The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus
production. The farmers are paid a announced price for their crops. This price is
called Minimum Support Price (MSP).

 The MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to
provide incentives to farmers for raising the production of these crops. The purchased
foodgrains are stored in granaries.
 Do you know why this buffer stock is created by the government? This is done to
distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of the society at
a price lower than the market price also known as Issue Price
 . This also helps resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather
conditions or during the periods of calamity.

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NATIONAL FOOD SECUIRTY ACT , 2013

The National Food Security Act 2013, also known as Right to Food Act, is an
Indian Act of Parliament which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two
thirds of the country's 1.4 billion people It was signed into law on 12 September
2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.

The National Food Security Act, 2013 NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for
existing food security programmes of the Government of India. It includes the Midday Meal
Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System.
Further, the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements. The Midday Meal Scheme and
the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS
will reach about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).

Under the provisions of the Act, beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (or, PDS) are
entitled to 5 kilograms (11 lb) per person per month of cereals at the following prices:

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Those with Antyodaya cards are entitled to 35 kg per month at the same prices as above.

The Act also includes the Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDM), the Integrated Child Development
Services Scheme (ICDS) and maternity entitlements. While the MDM and ICDS were pre-
existing schemes of the union government, universal maternity entitlements were created under
the NFSA 2013 for the first time. In 2017, these entitlements were operationalized through
the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.

Through the ICDS and MDM, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children are eligible
for daily free meals in government schools and anganwadi centres.

The bill was hotly debated before its introduction in Parliament and after it was introduced in
Parliament. It was introduced into India's parliament on 22 December 2011, promulgated as a
presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013, and enacted into law on 12 September 2013.
Government of Odisha announced implementation of the act in 14 district from 17 November
2015. Government of Assam implemented the Act on 24 December 2015.

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WHAT IS THE CURRENT FRAMEWORK FOR
FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

 Constitutional Provision:
Though the Indian Constitution does not have any explicit provision regarding right to
food, the fundamental right to life enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution can be
interpreted to include the right to live with human dignity, which may include the right
to food and other basic necessities.

 Buffer Stock:
Food Corporation of India (FCI) has the prime responsibility of procuring the food
grains at minimum support price (MSP) and stored in its warehouses at different
locations and from there it is supplied to the state governments in terms of requirement.

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 Public Distribution System:
Over the years, Public Distribution System has become an important part of
Government’s policy for management of the food economy in the country. PDS
is supplemental in nature and is not intended to make available the entire requirement of
any of the commodity.
o Under the PDS, presently the commodities namely wheat, rice, sugar and
kerosene are being allocated to the States/UTs for distribution.
o Some States/UTs also distribute additional items of mass consumption through the
PDS outlets such as pulses, edible oils, iodized salt, spices, etc.

 National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA):


It marks a paradigm shift in the approach to food security from welfare to rights based

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o NFSA covers 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under:
 Antyodaya Anna Yojana:
It constitute the poorest of-the-poor, are entitled to receive 35 kg of
foodgrains per household per month.

 Priority Households (PHH):


 Households covered under PHH category are entitled to receive 5 kg of
foodgrains per person per month.

o The eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above is mandated to be the
head of the household for the purpose of issuing ration cards.
o In addition, the act lays down special provisions for children between the ages of 6
months and 14 years old, which allows them to receive a nutritious meal for free
through a widespread network of Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS) centres, known as Anganwadi Centres.

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CH : 2 CONCEPTUAL DISCUSSION

 Food Security and Nutrition: Vision 2020 ; R.Radha krishna , k. Venkata


reddy

In a scholarly article named 'Food Security and Nutrition: Vision 2020' written by R.
Radhakrishna and K. Venkata Reddy mentioned that while India achieved success in
combating transient food insecurity caused by droughts or floods, it miserably failed to make
muchdent in chronic food insecurity as reflected in the low energy intake and high incidences
of malnutrition. The overall improvement in nutritional statushas also been very slowThere is
a chronic under-nourishment in about half of the population, particularly among the vulnerable
groups of children, women and elderly from the lower half of the expenditure class. Curiously,
the proportion of consumption expenditure spent on food is slowly going down even in the
households with chronic under-nourishment. Under nourishment in the bottom 30% of the
expenditure class is alarming.And even the middle 40% is not free from it. The mounting food
stocks miserably failed to banish mass under-nourishment. While the current growth rate would
significantly reduce income poverty by 2010, chronic food insecurity is likely to persist.

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 Food security and national security of india;
March 27,2023 by Sunil Madan and Badri Narayanan Gopalkrishnan

Access to safe and nutritious food has been a fundamental concern of governments since
ancient times. As far back as the Zhou dynasty in China, emperors who failed to address
famines risked losing their legitimacy to rule. Also, during the Cold War, the United
States strategically decided to implement initiatives to increase food accessibility for its
allies. In ancient times, it was common practice for the Romans to seize food from areas
with ample resources, such as Egypt. Following the death of Cleopatra in 30 BCE, Egypt
was vulnerable to the Roman conquest, and the Romans took advantage of this
opportunity. For centuries, they conquered the kingdom and exploited its resources,
particularly its abundant grain supply. Due to its vital role in supplying grain, the region
became known as “The Breadbasket.”

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 The public distribution system and food security in India ; 3
September 2019 , by- Neetu abbey George and Fiona H. mckay

The Public Distribution System (PDS) of India plays a crucial role in reducing food insecurity by acting
as a safety net by distributing essentials at a subsidised rate. While the PDS forms a cornerstone of
government food and nutrition policy, India continues to be home to a large population of hungry
and malnourished people. This review seeks to explore the functioning and efficiency of the PDS in
achieving food and nutritional security in India. A comprehensive and systematic search using the
key terms “food insecurity” OR “food security” AND “Public Distribution System” OR “PDS” OR
“TPDS” AND “India” identified 23 articles which met the inclusion criteria. This review draws
attention to the lack of published literature in areas of PDS and food security in India. The findings
of the review emphasise the role of PDS in tackling hunger and malnutrition while highlighting its
limited role in improving food security and childhood mortality due to operational inefficiencies.
The PDS has the potential to act as a solution to food insecurity in India if the operational
inefficiencies and environmental footprints are addressed by adequate policy reforms.

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 Measuring food insecurity in India : A systematic review of the
current evidence ; April 6, 2023 . by- Fiona h. mckay , Alice sims, Paige van
der Pilgt

Food insecurity has been identified as a “pressing public health concern” in India .At the
household level, food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough
food for an active, healthy life Individuals who are food secure do not live with hunger or fear
starvation. Across urban settings, the prevalence of food insecurity has been found to range
from 51 to 77%, yet over 70% of India’s population resides rurally, where data concerning
food insecurity is limited The concept of food security consists of six main dimensions:
availability, access, utilization, stability, agency, and sustainability. The first three dimensions
are interlinked and hierarchical. Food availability is concerned with ensuring that sufficient
quantities of food of appropriate quality are supplied through domestic production or imports
(including food aid). Access to food is necessary but not sufficient for access.

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 Food security policy in india : challenges and performances ; Om jee
Ranjan

Scholarly article titled 'Food Security Policy in India: Challenges and Performance' authored
by Om Jee Ranjan extensively addresses the situation of food availability for every person,
examines the actual challenges of food security, and tries to scrutinise related government
policies and their efforts. This paper is organized into three sections- the first section
elaborates the concept of Food Security and its dimensions. The second section of this paper
examines the issues and Indian Government's policies related to Food Security; and the third
and final section is the denouement of this paper.Food security is one of the burning issues of
this time. It is one of the fundamental rights. Without food insurance, we cannot achieve our
MDG. Today about one-third Indians are not ensured to get food as required. For ensuring at
all times, basic food for all, we have to improve our production, improve our purchasing
power and make a sustainable strategy in this direction. Food security is like a life
improvement vehicle with four gears - availability, approach, allocation and absorption.

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CH 3 : RESEARCH METHOLOGY

 TITLE : ZERO HUNGER ( FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA )

 TITLE JUSTIFICATION :
The title "Zero Hunger in India: Enhancing Food Security for Sustainable Development"
encapsulates a multifaceted approach to addressing one of India's most pressing challenges. By
setting the ambitious goal of "Zero Hunger," the title emphasizes the urgency and importance
of eradicating hunger entirely. This objective is particularly crucial in India, where millions

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still grapple with food insecurity and malnutrition.Furthermore, the inclusion of "Food
Security" underscores the broader aim of ensuring that all individuals have access to sufficient,
safe, and nutritious food. It acknowledges that addressing hunger goes beyond merely
providing food but also involves factors such as access, utilization, and stability.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY :
The objective of the study titled "Zero Hunger in India: Enhancing Food Security for
Sustainable Development" is to provide a comprehensive analysis of India's food security
landscape and propose actionable strategies to achieve the ambitious goal of zero hunger.
Through this study, we aim to delve into the multifaceted dimensions of food security,
encompassing aspects such as availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability of food
resources across various regions and demographics within India.
Our primary aim is to assess the current state of food security in India, identifying the
persistent challenges and gaps that perpetuate hunger and malnutrition. By understanding the
root causes and barriers, we seek to propose evidence-based policy recommendations and
interventions that can effectively address these issues.

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 RESEARCH METHOLOGY :

The research methodology for the study "Zero Hunger in India: Enhancing Food Security for
Sustainable Development" encompasses a multi-faceted approach designed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the food security situation in India and propose effective
strategies for achieving zero hunger. The methodology consists of the following key
components:

Literature Review:
Conducting an extensive review of existing literature on food security, nutrition, agriculture,
poverty alleviation, and sustainable development in India. This helps in gaining insights into
previous research findings, identifying gaps in knowledge, and informing the development of
research questions and hypotheses.

Data Collection:
Gathering primary and secondary data sources related to food availability, accessibility,
utilization, and stability in India. This may include national surveys, government reports,
academic publications, and datasets from relevant organizations. Additionally, primary data
collection methods such as surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions may be
employed to gather specific insights from stakeholders and communities affected by food
insecurity.

Quantitative Analysis:
Utilizing statistical methods to analyze quantitative data obtained from surveys, government
databases, and other sources. This may involve descriptive statistics, regression analysis,
spatial analysis, and other techniques to examine patterns, trends, and relationships related to

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food security indicators, socio-economic factors, and environmental variables.Conducting
qualitative analysis of data obtained from interviews, focus group discussions, and textual
sources. This may involve thematic analysis, content analysis, and discourse analysis to
identify themes, perspectives, and narratives related to food insecurity, community
perceptions, policy impacts, and implementation challenges.

Policy Analysis:
Evaluating existing policies, programs, and interventions aimed at addressing food security in
India. This includes assessing their effectiveness, identifying gaps and areas for
improvement, and analyzing policy coherence and alignment with sustainable development
goals.

Stakeholder Engagement:
Engaging with diverse stakeholders including government agencies, non-governmental
organizations, academia, industry partners, and community representatives throughout the
research process. This may involve consultation meetings, workshops, and participatory
approaches to ensure the relevance, legitimacy, and ownership of research findings and
recommendations.

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Synthesis and Reporting:
Integrating findings from quantitative and qualitative analyses, policy evaluations, and
stakeholder inputs to develop coherent narratives and actionable recommendations. This
culminates in the preparation of research reports, policy briefs, academic publications, and
presentations aimed at informing policy and practice in the field of food security and
sustainable development in India.

 Limitations and Delimitations:

 Data Availability and Quality: The availability and quality of data related to food
security indicators, especially at the sub-national and community levels, may be
limited. This could affect the comprehensiveness and reliability of the analysis.
 Sampling Bias: If primary data collection methods such as surveys are used, there
may be a risk of sampling bias, particularly if certain population groups or regions are
underrepresented or excluded.
 Time and Resource Constraints: The research may be subject to time and resource
constraints, which could impact the scope of the study and the depth of analysis that
can be conducted.

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 Achieving "Zero Hunger" is not just a lofty aspiration; it's a fundamental human
right and a crucial component of sustainable development. While the goal of
eradicating hunger globally by 2030, as outlined in the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), may seem ambitious, it is imperative for building a
more equitable and resilient world.

 Humanitarian Imperative:

Hunger and malnutrition are not only tragic in themselves but also perpetuate a cycle of
poverty, ill health, and diminished opportunities, particularly among the most vulnerable
populations. Ensuring access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food is essential for
promoting human dignity and well-being.

 Social Equity:

Hunger disproportionately affects marginalized groups, including women, children,


indigenous communities, and rural populations. Addressing food insecurity requires
tackling root causes of poverty, inequality, and discrimination, and promoting inclusive
development that leaves no one behind.

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 Economic Development:

Hunger undermines economic productivity and growth by impairing physical and


cognitive development, reducing workforce participation, and increasing healthcare
costs. Investing in food security not only improves individual livelihoods but also
contributes to broader economic prosperity and stability.

 Environmental Sustainability:

Sustainable food systems are essential for safeguarding natural resources, biodiversity,
and ecosystems. Agriculture is a major contributor to environmental degradation,
including deforestation, water depletion, and greenhouse gas emissions. By promoting
agroecological practices and reducing food waste, we can mitigate environmental impacts
and build resilience to climate change.

 Global Responsibility:

Hunger is a global challenge that requires collective action and solidarity. International
cooperation, trade, and assistance are vital for addressing food insecurity in regions
affected by conflict, climate disasters, and economic crises. Building resilience and
supporting sustainable agriculture in vulnerable countries can help prevent humanitarian
emergencies and mass displacement.

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CH 4 : RESEARCH ANALYSIS

 SWOT ANALYSIS : ( STRENGTHS , WEAKNESS ,


OPPORTUNITIES , THREATS )

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Strengths:

 Government Commitment: Strong political will and commitment from the


government to address hunger and malnutrition through various initiatives and
programs.
 Diverse Agricultural Resources: India's diverse agro-climatic zones and
agricultural resources provide the potential for increased food production and
diversity.
 Technological Advancements: Adoption of innovative technologies and
practices in agriculture, such as precision farming and biotechnology, can boost
productivity and efficiency.
 Growing Awareness: Increasing awareness among the public, civil society, and
policymakers about the importance of addressing food security and malnutrition.
 Global Partnerships: Collaboration with international organizations and
partnerships with other countries can facilitate knowledge sharing, resource
mobilization, and capacity building.

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Weaknesses:

 Infrastructure Challenges: Inadequate rural infrastructure, including


transportation, storage facilities, and market access, hampers the efficient
distribution of food.
 Regional Disparities: Significant regional disparities in food availability,
accessibility, and nutrition outcomes persist, exacerbating hunger in certain areas.
 Inequitable Distribution: Unequal distribution of food and resources, coupled
with socio-economic disparities, contributes to food insecurity and malnutrition
among marginalized populations.
 Climate Vulnerability: Climate change impacts, such as extreme weather events
and erratic rainfall patterns, pose risks to agricultural productivity and food
security.
 Policy Implementation Gap: Challenges in the effective implementation of
policies and programs, including corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and lack
of coordination among government agencies.

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Opportunities:

Investment in Agriculture: Increased investment in agricultural research and


development, infrastructure, and market linkages can enhance productivity and income
for farmers.

Nutrition-sensitive Agriculture: Promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture practices,


including crop diversification and biofortification, can improve dietary diversity and
nutritional outcomes.

Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration with the private sector to enhance value


chain efficiency, promote agribusiness development, and facilitate technology transfer.

Empowerment of Women: Empowering women farmers through access to resources,


education, and decision-making can improve household food security and nutrition.

Innovative Financing: Exploring innovative financing mechanisms, such as social


impact investing and microfinance, to support smallholder farmers and food security
initiatives.

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Threats:

Climate Change Risks: Increasing frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters


pose risks to agricultural production, food availability, and livelihoods.

Political Instability: Political instability, conflicts, and social unrest can disrupt food
supply chains, exacerbate food insecurity, and hinder humanitarian efforts.

Global Economic Shocks: Economic downturns, trade disruptions, and commodity price
volatility can affect food affordability and access for vulnerable populations.

Natural Resource Degradation: Degradation of land, water, and biodiversity due to


unsustainable agricultural practices threatens long-term food security and environmental
sustainability.

Population Growth: Rapid population growth exerts pressure on food demand and
agricultural resources, necessitating strategies for sustainable intensification and food
system transformation.

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 PESTLE ANALYSIS : ( POLITICAL , ECONOMIC ,
SOCIAL , TECHNOLOGY , LEGAL , ETHICAL )

Political Factors:

 Government Policies: The political landscape heavily influences food security


policies and programs. Strong government commitment to addressing food insecurity
through initiatives like the National Food Security Act can significantly impact the
success of the "Zero Hunger" initiative.
 Political Stability: Political stability is essential for sustained efforts towards
achieving food security goals. Political unrest or frequent changes in government can
disrupt policy implementation and hinder progress in combating hunger.
 International Relations: Global political dynamics, including trade agreements and
geopolitical tensions, can affect food availability and access through their impact on
agricultural trade and aid distribution.

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Economic Factors:

 Budget Allocation: Adequate budget allocation to agriculture, rural development, and


social welfare programs is crucial for addressing food insecurity. Economic
fluctuations and budget constraints may impact funding availability for food security
initiatives.
 Income Levels: Income disparities influence food access, with low-income
households often facing challenges in affording nutritious food. Economic growth and
employment opportunities play a significant role in improving purchasing power and
reducing hunger.
 Market Dynamics: Market forces such as commodity prices, inflation rates, and
supply chain disruptions can affect food availability and affordability, impacting food
security outcomes.

Social Factors:

 Nutritional Awareness: Increasing nutritional awareness and promoting healthy


eating habits are essential for combating malnutrition. Social campaigns, education
programs, and community interventions can raise awareness about the importance of
balanced diets and adequate nutrition.

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 Cultural Preferences: Cultural beliefs, dietary habits, and food preferences influence
food consumption patterns. Understanding cultural diversity is important in designing
culturally appropriate food security interventions.

 Social Safety Nets: Social safety nets such as food assistance programs, school
feeding schemes, and nutritional supplementation are critical for supporting
vulnerable populations and ensuring access to food during times of crisis.

Technological Factors:

 Technological Innovation: Advances in agricultural technology, such as precision


farming, biotechnology, and digital agriculture, have the potential to enhance
productivity and resilience in the agricultural sector, contributing to food security
goals.
 Digital Access: Access to digital technologies and information platforms can
facilitate knowledge sharing, market access, and financial services for farmers,
improving efficiency and effectiveness in food production and distribution.

Environmental Factors:

 Climate Change Impacts: Climate change poses significant risks to agriculture, with
increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events

45
impacting crop yields and food production. Adaptation strategies are necessary to
mitigate climate-related risks to food security.
 Natural Resource Management: Sustainable management of land, water, and
biodiversity is essential for ensuring long-term food security. Conservation practices,
water management strategies, and soil health initiatives contribute to resilient food
systems.

Legal Factors:

 Food Safety Regulations: Compliance with food safety regulations and standards is
crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of food products. Regulatory frameworks
for food production, processing, and distribution protect consumer health and
confidence in the food supply.

 Land Tenure Laws: Secure land tenure rights are critical for smallholder farmers'
access to land and investment in agriculture. Strengthening land tenure laws and
addressing land ownership issues can support agricultural development and food
security.

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THESE ARE THE SOME EXAMLES OF

 THESE ARE THE SOME EXAMPLES OF GRAPHICAL


REPRESTATIVE OF ZER HUNGER IN INDIA

 ZERO HUNGER TARGET FOR INDIA

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 FULFILLING THE SDG ON ZERO HUNGER

 GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX

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 GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX FROM 2018 TO 2022

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CH 5 : OBSERVATION OF ZERO HUNGER

Observing the progress and impact of initiatives aimed at achieving "Zero Hunger" in India
involves assessing various factors and indicators related to food security, nutrition, and
sustainable development. Here are some key observations that can be made:

 Reduction in Hunger Levels:


One of the primary objectives of the "Zero Hunger" initiative is to reduce hunger levels
across the country. Observations may include trends in hunger indicators such as the
prevalence of undernourishment, malnutrition rates, and food insecurity levels.

 Improvement in Nutritional Status:


Progress towards "Zero Hunger" entails improving the nutritional status of the population,
particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and marginalized
communities. Observations may focus on indicators such as stunting, wasting, and
micronutrient deficiencies.

 Enhanced Food Accessibility:

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Assessing the availability and accessibility of nutritious food is crucial for achieving food
security. Observations may include changes in food production levels, distribution systems,
market access, and affordability of food items, especially in rural and remote areas.

 Sustainable Agriculture Practices:


Promoting sustainable agriculture practices is essential for long-term food security and
environmental sustainability. Observations may involve monitoring the adoption of practices
such as organic farming, agroforestry, water conservation, and soil health management.

 Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups:


Empowering vulnerable groups, including smallholder farmers, women, and indigenous
communities, is integral to achieving "Zero Hunger." Observations may focus on initiatives
aimed at enhancing their access to resources, knowledge, and livelihood opportunities in the
agricultural sector.

 Policy Implementation and Governance:


Effective implementation of policies and programs is critical for realizing the goals of the
"Zero Hunger" initiative. Observations may assess the effectiveness of government
interventions, institutional mechanisms, and governance structures in addressing food
security challenges.

 Resilience to Climate Change:

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Climate change poses significant risks to food security, necessitating adaptation and
mitigation strategies. Observations may include efforts to enhance resilience to climate-
related shocks and disasters, such as droughts, floods, and crop failures.

 Partnerships and Collaboration:


Achieving "Zero Hunger" requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including
government agencies, civil society organizations, academia, and the private sector.
Observations may focus on partnerships, knowledge sharing, and coordination mechanisms
established to address food security issues collectively.

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CH – 6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the pursuit of "Zero Hunger" in India is a multifaceted endeavor that requires
coordinated efforts across sectors and stakeholders to address the complex challenges of food
insecurity and malnutrition. While significant progress has been made, there are still
considerable gaps and obstacles that need to be overcome to achieve the ambitious goal of
ensuring food security for all.

 Progress and Achievements:


Over the years, various initiatives, policies, and programs have contributed to reducing
hunger levels and improving food security in India. Efforts such as the National Food
Security Act, nutritional supplementation schemes, and agricultural development programs
have helped alleviate food insecurity and malnutrition in many parts of the country.

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 Challenges and Remaining Gaps:
Despite progress, challenges persist, including regional disparities in food access, inadequate
nutrition outcomes, climate change impacts on agriculture, and socio-economic inequalities.
Marginalized communities, including women, children, and rural populations, continue to
face significant barriers to accessing nutritious food.

 Need for Holistic Approaches:


Addressing "Zero Hunger" requires holistic approaches that encompass not only
increasing food production but also enhancing food accessibility, promoting dietary
diversity, improving nutritional awareness, and empowering vulnerable populations.
Sustainable agriculture practices and climate-resilient food systems are essential
components of long-term food security strategies.

 Importance of Collaboration:
Achieving "Zero Hunger" necessitates collaboration among governments, civil society
organizations, academia, the private sector, and communities. Multi-stakeholder partnerships,
knowledge sharing, and innovation are key drivers of progress in addressing food security
challenges effectively.

 Call to Action:

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As we look towards the future, there is an urgent need for renewed commitment and
accelerated action to achieve "Zero Hunger" in India. This requires political will, adequate
resource allocation, evidence-based policies, and participatory approaches that prioritize the
needs of the most vulnerable populations.

In conclusion, while the goal of "Zero Hunger" may seem daunting, it is attainable with
sustained efforts, collective action, and a commitment to leaving no one behind. By
addressing the root causes of food insecurity, promoting sustainable agriculture, and
empowering communities, India can move closer to realizing the vision of a hunger-free
nation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 RESEARCH ON GOOGLE BROWSER

 PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE

 https://sdgs.un.org/goals

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development

 https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals

 https://www.zerohungerportal.com/

 https://www.portal.com/about-itc/profile/history-and-
evolution.aspx#:~:text=The%20Company%20was%20incorporated%20on,1970%20a
nd%20then%20to%20I.T.C.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zerohunger

 https://wwwzerohunger .com/sustainability/sustainability-integrated-report-2023/ITC-
Sustainability-Integrated-Report-2023.pdf

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