LEC

LEC-1: Introduction to DBMS 1. What is Data? a.
Data is a collection of raw, unorganized facts and details like text,

observations, figures, symbols, and descriptions of things etc. In other words, data does not carry any specific
purpose and has no significance by itself. Moreover, data is measured in terms of bits and bytes – which are basic
units of information in the context of computer storage and processing. b. Data can be recorded and doesn’t have
any meaning unless processed. 2. Types of Data a. Quantitative i. Numerical form ii. Weight, volume, cost of an
item. b. Qualitative i. Descriptive, but not numerical. ii. Name, gender, hair color of a person. 3. What is
Information? a. Info. Is processed, organized, and structured data. b. It provides context of the data and enables
decision making. c. Processed data that make sense to us. d. Information is extracted from the data, by analyzing
and interpreting pieces of data. e. E.g.,you have data of all the people living in your locality, its Data, when you
analyze and interpret the data and come to some conclusion that: i. There are 100 senior citizens. ii. The sex ratio
is 1.1. iii. Newborn babies are 100. These are information. 4. Data vs Information a. Data is a collection of facts,
while information puts those facts into context. b. While data is raw and unorganized, information is organized. c.
Data points are individual and sometimes unrelated. Information maps out that data to provide a big-picture view
of how it all fits together. d. Data, on its own, is meaningless. When it’s analyzed and interpreted, it becomes
meaningful information. e. Data does not depend on information; however, information depends on data. f. Data
typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers, figures, or statistics. Information is typically presented through
words, language, thoughts, and ideas. g. Data isn’t sufficient for decision-making, but you can make decisions
based on information. 5. What is Database? a. Database is an electronic place/system where data is stored in a
way that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. b. To make real use Data, we need Database
management systems. (DBMS) 6. What is DBMS? a. A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of
interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data, usually referred to as the
database, contains information relevant to an enterprise. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store
and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient. b. A DBMS is the database itself, along
with all the software and functionality. It is used to perform different operations, like addition, access, updating,
and deletion of the data. CodeHelp 7. 8. DBMS vs File Systems a. File-processing systems has major disadvantages.
i. Data Redundancy and inconsistency ii. Difficulty in accessing data iii. Data isolation iv. Integrity problems v.
Atomicity problems vi. Concurrent-access anomalies vii. Security problems b. Above 7 are also the Advantages of
DBMS (answer to “Why to use DBMS?”) CodeHelp LEC-2: DBMS Architecture 1. View of Data (Three Schema
Architecture) a. The major purpose of DBMS is to provide users with an abstract view of the data. That is, the
system hides certain details of how the data is stored and maintained. b. To simplify user interaction with the
system, abstraction is applied through several levels of abstraction. c. The main objective of three level
architecture is to enable multiple users to access the same data with a personalized view while storing the
underlying data only once d. Physical level / Internal level i. The lowest level of abstraction describes how the data
are stored. ii. Low-level data structures used. iii. It has Physical schema which describes physical storage structure
of DB. iv. Talks about: Storage allocation (N-ary tree etc), Data compression & encryption etc. v. Goal: We must
define algorithms that allow efficient access to data. e. Logical level / Conceptual level: i. The conceptual schema
describes the design of a database at the conceptual level, describes what data are stored in DB, and what
relationships exist among those data. ii. User at logical level does not need to be aware about physical-level
structures. iii. DBA, who must decide what information to keep in the DB use the logical level of abstraction. iv.
Goal: ease to use. f. View level / External level: i. Highest level of abstraction aims to simplify users’ interaction
with the system by providing different view to different end-user. ii. Each view schema describes the database part
that a particular user group is interested and hides the remaining database from that user group. iii. At the
external level, a database contains several schemas that sometimes called as subschema. The subschema is used
to describe the different view of the database. iv. At views also provide a security mechanism to prevent users
from accessing certain parts of DB. g. 2. Instances and Schemas a. The collection of information stored in the DB at
a particular moment is called an instance of DB. CodeHelp b. The overall design of the DB is called the DB schema.
c. Schema is structural description of data. Schema doesn’t change frequently. Data may change frequently. d. DB
schema corresponds to the variable declarations (along with type) in a program. e. We have 3 types of
LEC-1: Introduction to DBMS 1. What is Data? a. Data is a collection of raw, unorganized facts and details like text,
observations, figures, symbols, and descriptions of things etc. In other words, data does not carry any specific

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LEC-1: Introduction to DBMS 1. What is Data? a.

Data is a collection of raw, unorganized facts and details like text,

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