AS 5100.

5:2017
(Incorporating Amendments up to and including No. 2)

Bridge design
Part 5: Concrete
AS 5100.5:2017

This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-090, Bridge Design. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 17 March 2017.
This Standard was published on 31 March 2017.

The following are represented on Committee BD-090:

Australian Industry Group
Australian Steel Institute
Austroads
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand
Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia-Cement
Concrete Institute of Australia
Consult Australia
Engineers Australia
New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board
Steel Construction New Zealand
Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia
Sydney Trains

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 5100.5.

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ISBN 978 1 76035 718 4

 AS 5100.5:2017
(Incorporating Amendments up to and including No. 2)

Bridge design
Part 5: Concrete

Originated as HB 77.5—1996.
Revised and redesignated as AS 5100.5—2004.
Second edition 2017.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No 1 (November 2018).
Reissued incorporating Amendment No 2 (May 2024).

© Standards Australia Limited 2024

All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
AS 5100.5:2017 ii

Preface
This Standard was prepared by Standards Australia Committee BD-090, Bridge Design, to supersede
AS 5100.5-2004.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (November 2018) and Amendment No. 2 (May 2024).
The start and end of changes introduced by the Amendment are indicated in the text by tags including the
Amendment number.
This Standard is also designated as Austroads publication AP-G51.5-17.
The objectives of the AS(AS/NZS) 5100 series are to provide nationally acceptable requirements for—
(a) the design of road, rail, pedestrian and cyclist path bridges;
(b) the specific application of concrete, steel and composite construction, which embody
principles that may be applied to other materials in association with relevant Standards; and
(c) the assessment of the load capacity and rehabilitation of existing bridges.
These requirements are based on the principles of structural mechanics and knowledge of material
properties, for both the conceptual and detailed design, to achieve acceptable probabilities that the
bridge or associated structure being designed will not become unfit for use during its design life.
The objective of this Part (AS 5100.5) is to specify requirements for the design and construction of
concrete bridges and associated structures.
Whereas earlier editions of the Bridge design series were essentially administered by the infrastructure
owners and applied to their own inventory, an increasing number of bridges are being built under the
design-construct-operate principle and being handed over to the relevant statutory authority after
several years of operation. This Standard includes clauses intended to facilitate the specification to
the designer of the functional requirements of the owner, to ensure the long-term performance and
serviceability of the bridge and associated structure.
Significant changes to the 2004 edition of AS 5100.5 are as follows:
(a) Increase in concrete strength specified in design rules from 65 MPa to 100 MPa. This has
resulted in the review of all equations in AS 5100.5 for strength and has meant, in some
instances, modification of equations such as the rectangular stress block model and inclusion
of requirements for confinement to the core of columns.
The application of the Standard is further influenced by the ductility class of the steel
reinforcement, with some new restrictions applying to the use of Ductility Class L
reinforcement. Ductility Class N stainless steel reinforcement may now be used.
(b) Section 2 ‘Design procedures actions and loads’, has been revised to align with the
AS/NZS 1170 series, Structural design actions, and additional design check methods for
designers to consider has been included.
(c) Section 3 ‘Design properties of materials’ has been reviewed to include—
(i) new shrinkage equations, to address autogenous and drying shrinkage; and
(ii) creep calculations, to modify the creep factor by revising the k2 and k3 factors,
including the addition of environmental and humidity factors.
(d) Specification of additional severe exposure classifications and requirements for sulfate soils
introduced in Section 4 on durability.
(e) The fire resistance criteria in Section 5 ‘Design for fire resistance’ have been updated.
(f) Section 6 ‘Methods of structural analysis’ has been completely revised.

© Standards Australia Limited 2024

 iii AS 5100.5:2017

(g) New Section 7 ‘Strut-and-tie modelling’, which provides rules on strut-and-tie modelling, has
been added.
(h) Clause 8.2 regarding design of flexural members for shear and torsion, incorporating the
modified compression field theory.
(i) Clause 10.7.3 regarding confinement to the core of columns in Section 10 has been significantly
changed due the importance of this issue for high strength concrete.
(j) Section 11 ‘Design of walls’ has been revised to be more consistent with Section 10 ‘Design of
columns for strength and serviceability’.
(k) Section 13 ‘Stress development, splicing of reinforcement and coupling of tendons’ has been
completely revised.
(l) New Section 16 ‘Steel fibre reinforced concrete’ has been added.
NOTE Traditionally, the terms ‘tie’ and ‘fitment’ were used interchangeably in this Standard. The word ‘tie’ is
now used only in the strut-and-tie analysis section while the term ‘fitment’ is used for units such as stirrups and
ligatures that perform various functions, such as restraining the longitudinal reinforcement and resisting shear.

[Text deleted.]

The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of
the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an
‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

© Standards Australia Limited 2024

AS 5100.5:2017 iv

Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ii
Section 1 Scope and general................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Application....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Normative references............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Definitions........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Notation........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Construction................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.7 Existing bridges........................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.8 Design................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
1.8.1 Design data............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
1.8.2 Design details....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.9 Use of alternative materials or methods............................................................................................................................. 22
Section 2 Design procedures, actions and loads............................................................................................................................23
2.1 Design procedures.................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.1 Design for strength and serviceability........................................................................................................... 23
2.1.2 Design for fatigue.............................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.3 Design for earthquake actions.............................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.4 Design for robustness................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.5 Design for durability...................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.6 Design for fire resistance........................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.7 Material properties......................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Design for fatigue..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Maximum range in concrete compressive stresses............................................................................. 24
2.2.3 Shear limited by web compressive stresses.............................................................................................. 24
2.2.4 Shear in slabs....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.5 Tensile stress range in steel..................................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.6 Calculation of stresses in the reinforcement and tendons of flexural
members for members with at least minimum transverse shear
reinforcement................................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.3 Design for strength................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.3.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.3.2 Strength check procedure for use with linear elastic methods of analysis.................... 27
2.3.3 Strength check procedure for use with linear elastic stress analysis.................................. 28
2.3.4 Strength check procedure for use with strut-and-tie analysis.................................................. 28
2.3.5 Strength check procedure for use with non-linear analysis of framed
structures............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
2.3.6 Strength check procedure for use with non-linear stress analysis....................................... 30
2.4 Design for serviceability.................................................................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.2 Deflection................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.3 Cracking.................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.4 Vibration.................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
2.5 Actions and combinations of actions...................................................................................................................................... 31
2.5.1 Actions and loads.............................................................................................................................................................. 31
2.5.2 Combinations of actions and loads................................................................................................................... 31
2.6 Design for strength and serviceability by prototype testing............................................................................. 31
2.7 Other design requirements............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Section 3 Design properties of materials..............................................................................................................................................33
3.1 Properties of concrete......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.1 Strength..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.2 Modulus of elasticity...................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.3 Density....................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
 v AS 5100.5:2017

3.1.4 Stress-strain curves........................................................................................................................................................ 35

3.1.5 Poisson’s ratio...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.1.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion........................................................................................................................ 35
3.1.7 Shrinkage................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
3.1.8 Creep........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2 Properties of reinforcement........................................................................................................................................................... 40
3.2.1 Strength and ductility................................................................................................................................................... 40
3.2.2 Modulus of elasticity...................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.3 Stress-strain curves........................................................................................................................................................ 41
3.2.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion........................................................................................................................ 41
3.3 Properties of tendons.......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.3.1 Strength..................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.3.2 Modulus of elasticity...................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.3 Stress-strain curves........................................................................................................................................................ 42
3.3.4 Relaxation of tendons................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons.......................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.2 Immediate loss of prestress.................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.3 Time-dependent losses of prestress................................................................................................................ 46
3.5 Material properties for non-linear structural analysis........................................................................................... 47
Section 4 Design for durability........................................................................................................................................................................48
4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
4.2 Method of design for durability.................................................................................................................................................. 48
4.3 Exposure classification....................................................................................................................................................................... 49
4.4 Requirements for concrete for exposure classifications A, B1, B2, C1 and C2................................... 51
4.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.4.2 Curing......................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
4.5 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U..................................................................................... 55
4.6 Abrasion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.7 Freezing and thawing........................................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.8 Concrete structures in aggressive soils................................................................................................................................ 56
4.8.1 4.8.1 Sulfate and acidic soils................................................................................................................................... 56
4.8.2 4.8.2 Saline soils................................................................................................................................................................ 56
4.9 Concrete structures in marine environment................................................................................................................... 58
4.10 Alkali aggregate reactivity (AAR)........................................................................................................................................... 58
4.11 Delayed ettringite formation (DEF)..................................................................................................................................... 59
4.12 Early age thermal cracking of large and restrained concrete members............................................... 59
4.13 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete.............................................................................................................. 60
4.13.1 Restriction on chloride-ion content for corrosion protection................................................ 60
4.13.2 Restriction on sulfate content............................................................................................................................ 60
4.13.3 Restriction on other salts....................................................................................................................................... 60
4.14 Requirements for cover to reinforcing steel and tendons................................................................................ 61
4.14.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.14.2 Cover for concrete placement............................................................................................................................. 61
4.14.3 Cover for corrosion protection.......................................................................................................................... 62
4.15 Cracking of concrete.......................................................................................................................................................................... 65
4.16 Provisions for stray current corrosion.............................................................................................................................. 65
Section 5 Design for fire resistance.............................................................................................................................................................66
5.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
5.2 Hydrocarbon fire...................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.3 Non-hydrocarbon fire.......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
5.4 Material properties at elevated temperatures............................................................................................................... 66
5.4.1 Properties of concrete.................................................................................................................................................. 66
5.4.2 Properties of reinforcement.................................................................................................................................... 67
5.4.3 Properties of tendons................................................................................................................................................... 68
Section 6 Methods of structural analysis...............................................................................................................................................70
6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
AS 5100.5:2017 vi

6.1.1 Basis for structural analysis.................................................................................................................................... 70

6.1.2 Interpretation of the results of analysis........................................................................................................ 70
6.1.3 Methods of analysis........................................................................................................................................................ 70
6.2 Linear elastic analysis of indeterminate continuous beams and framed structures.................... 71
6.2.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
6.2.2 Critical sections for negative moments......................................................................................................... 71
6.2.3 Stiffness..................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
6.2.4 Deflections.............................................................................................................................................................................. 71
6.2.5 Secondary bending moments and shears resulting from prestress..................................... 71
6.2.6 Moment redistribution in reinforced and prestressed members for
strength design................................................................................................................................................................ 72
6.2.7 Unbonded prestress....................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.3 Elastic analysis of frames incorporating secondary bending moments................................................... 73
6.3.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.3.2 Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.4 Linear elastic stress analysis of members and structures................................................................................... 73
6.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.4.2 Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
6.4.3 Sensitivity of analysis to input data and modelling parameters.............................................. 74
6.5 Non-linear frame analysis................................................................................................................................................................ 74
6.5.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
6.5.2 Non-linear material effects...................................................................................................................................... 74
6.5.3 Non-linear geometric effects.................................................................................................................................. 74
6.5.4 Values of material properties................................................................................................................................. 74
6.5.5 Sensitivity of analysis to input data and modelling parameters.............................................. 74
6.6 Non-linear stress analysis................................................................................................................................................................ 74
6.6.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
6.6.2 Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
6.6.3 Non-linear material and geometric effects................................................................................................. 75
6.6.4 Values of material properties................................................................................................................................. 75
6.6.5 Sensitivity of analysis to input data and modelling parameters.............................................. 75
6.7 Plastic methods of analysis............................................................................................................................................................. 75
6.7.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
6.7.2 Methods for beams and frames............................................................................................................................ 75
6.7.3 Methods for slabs............................................................................................................................................................. 75
6.8 Analysis using strut-and-tie models....................................................................................................................................... 76
6.8.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
6.8.2 Sensitivity of analysis to input data and modelling parameters.............................................. 76
Section 7 Strut-and-tie modelling.................................................................................................................................................................77
7.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77
7.2 Concrete struts.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
7.2.1 Types of struts..................................................................................................................................................................... 77
7.2.2 Strut efficiency factor.................................................................................................................................................... 77
7.2.3 Design strength of struts............................................................................................................................................ 79
7.2.4 Bursting reinforcement in bottle-shaped struts.................................................................................... 79
7.3 Ties....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
7.3.1 Arrangement of ties........................................................................................................................................................ 82
7.3.2 Design strength of ties.................................................................................................................................................. 82
7.3.3 Anchorage of ties.............................................................................................................................................................. 82
7.3.4 Design stress of reinforcement............................................................................................................................. 82
7.4 Nodes................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 82
7.4.1 Types of nodes.................................................................................................................................................................... 82
7.4.2 Design strength of nodes........................................................................................................................................... 83
7.5 Analysis of strut-and-tie models................................................................................................................................................ 83
7.6 Design based on strut-and-tie modelling........................................................................................................................... 83
7.6.1 Design for strength.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
7.6.2 Serviceability checks..................................................................................................................................................... 83
7.6.3 Specific non-flexural members............................................................................................................................. 83
 vii AS 5100.5:2017

Section 8 Design of beams for strength and serviceability.................................................................................................84

8.1 Strength of beams in bending....................................................................................................................................................... 84
8.1.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
8.1.2 Basis of strength calculations................................................................................................................................ 84
8.1.3 Rectangular stress block............................................................................................................................................ 84
8.1.4 Dispersion angle of prestress................................................................................................................................. 84
8.1.5 Design strength in bending...................................................................................................................................... 85
8.1.6 Minimum strength requirements....................................................................................................................... 85
8.1.7 Stress in reinforcement and bonded tendons at ultimate strength...................................... 86
8.1.8 Stress in tendons not yet bonded....................................................................................................................... 86
8.1.9 Spacing of reinforcement and tendons.......................................................................................................... 87
8.2 Strength of beams in shear and torsion............................................................................................................................... 89
8.2.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 89
8.2.2 Design procedures........................................................................................................................................................... 91
8.2.3 Sectional design of a beam....................................................................................................................................... 92
8.2.4 Concrete contribution to ultimate shear strength of a beam (Vuc)....................................... 93
8.2.5 Transverse shear and torsional reinforcement contribution to the ultimate
shear and torsional strength of a beam (Vus and Tus)................................................................... 98
8.2.6 Hanging reinforcement................................................................................................................................................ 99
8.2.7 Proportioning longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural tension side........................... 99
8.2.8 Proportioning longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural compression side.......... 100
8.2.9 Extension of longitudinal reinforcement and tendons................................................................. 100
8.3 General details........................................................................................................................................................................................ 101
8.3.1 Detailing of flexural reinforcement................................................................................................................ 101
8.3.2 Detailing of shear reinforcement..................................................................................................................... 103
8.3.3 Detailing of torsional reinforcement............................................................................................................ 104
8.4 Longitudinal shear in composite and monolithic beams................................................................................... 104
8.4.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
8.4.2 Design shear stress...................................................................................................................................................... 105
8.4.3 Shear stress capacity.................................................................................................................................................. 105
8.4.4 Shear plane reinforcement.................................................................................................................................... 106
8.4.5 Minimum thickness of structural components.................................................................................... 106
8.5 Deflection of beams............................................................................................................................................................................ 106
8.5.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
8.5.2 Beam deflection by refined calculation...................................................................................................... 106
8.5.3 Beam deflection by simplified calculation............................................................................................... 107
8.6 Crack control of beams.................................................................................................................................................................... 108
8.6.1 Crack control for tension and flexure in reinforced beams....................................................... 108
8.6.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed beams.................................................................................. 110
8.6.3 Crack control in the side face of beams...................................................................................................... 111
8.6.4 Crack control at openings and discontinuities..................................................................................... 111
8.7 Vibration of beams.............................................................................................................................................................................. 111
8.8 T-beams and L-beams....................................................................................................................................................................... 111
8.8.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
8.8.2 Effective width of flange for strength and serviceability for T-beams and
L-beams.............................................................................................................................................................................. 111
8.9 Slenderness limits for beams..................................................................................................................................................... 111
8.9.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
8.9.2 Simply supported and continuous beams................................................................................................ 112
8.9.3 Cantilever beams........................................................................................................................................................... 112
8.9.4 Reinforcement for slender prestressed beams.................................................................................... 112
8.10 Composite members....................................................................................................................................................................... 112
8.10.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 112
8.10.2 Design requirements............................................................................................................................................... 113
8.10.3 Design for applied loads....................................................................................................................................... 114
8.10.4 Shear...................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Section 9 Design of slabs for strength and serviceability................................................................................................. 118
9.1 Strength of slabs in bending........................................................................................................................................................ 118
AS 5100.5:2017 viii

9.1.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 118

9.1.2 Distribution reinforcement for slabs............................................................................................................ 118
9.1.3 Edge stiffening.................................................................................................................................................................. 118
9.1.4 Detailing of tensile reinforcement.................................................................................................................. 119
9.1.5 Spacing of reinforcement, tendons and ducts....................................................................................... 120
9.2 Strength of slabs in shear.............................................................................................................................................................. 120
9.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 120
9.2.2 Shear......................................................................................................................................................................................... 120
9.2.3 Shear strength.................................................................................................................................................................. 123
9.3 Deflection of slabs................................................................................................................................................................................ 125
9.3.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
9.3.2 Slab deflection by refined calculation.......................................................................................................... 125
9.3.3 Slab deflection by simplified calculation................................................................................................... 126
9.4 Crack control of slabs........................................................................................................................................................................ 126
9.4.1 Crack control for flexure in reinforced slabs.......................................................................................... 126
9.4.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed slabs...................................................................................... 127
9.4.3 Crack control for restrained shrinkage and temperature effects......................................... 128
9.4.4 Crack control at openings and discontinuities..................................................................................... 128
9.4.5 Crack control in the vicinity of restraints................................................................................................. 128
9.5 Vibration of slabs.................................................................................................................................................................................. 128
9.6 Moment resisting width for one-way slabs supporting concentrated loads..................................... 129
9.7 Longitudinal shear in composite slabs.............................................................................................................................. 129
9.8 Fatigue design of slabs..................................................................................................................................................................... 129
Section 10 Design of columns and tension members for strength and serviceability........................... 130
10.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
10.1.1 Design strength............................................................................................................................................................ 130
10.1.2 Minimum bending moment............................................................................................................................... 130
10.1.3 Definitions........................................................................................................................................................................ 130
10.2 Design procedures............................................................................................................................................................................ 130
10.2.1 Design procedure using linear elastic analysis................................................................................. 130
10.2.2 Design procedure incorporating secondary bending moments........................................ 130
10.2.3 Design procedure using rigorous analysis........................................................................................... 131
10.2.4 Design of ductile columns for earthquake resistance................................................................. 131
10.3 Design of short columns.............................................................................................................................................................. 131
10.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 131
10.3.2 Short column with small compressive axial force......................................................................... 132
10.4 Design of slender columns........................................................................................................................................................ 132
10.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
10.4.2 Moment magnifier for a braced column................................................................................................. 132
10.4.3 Moment magnifier for an unbraced column....................................................................................... 133
10.4.4 Buckling load................................................................................................................................................................. 133
10.5 Slenderness............................................................................................................................................................................................ 133
10.5.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 133
10.5.2 Radius of gyration...................................................................................................................................................... 134
10.5.3 Effective length of a column.............................................................................................................................. 134
10.5.4 End restraint coefficients for regular rectangular framed structures.......................... 136
10.5.5 End restraint provided by footings............................................................................................................. 137
10.6 Strength of columns in combined bending and compression.................................................................... 137
10.6.1 Basis of strength calculations.......................................................................................................................... 137
10.6.2 Strength of cross-sections calculated using the rectangular stress block................. 138
10.6.3 Design based on each bending moment acting separately.................................................... 139
10.6.4 Design for biaxial bending and compression..................................................................................... 140
10.7 Reinforcement requirements for columns.................................................................................................................. 140
10.7.1 Limitations on longitudinal steel.................................................................................................................. 140
10.7.2 Functions of fitments.............................................................................................................................................. 140
10.7.3 Confinement to the core....................................................................................................................................... 140
10.7.4 Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement................................................................................................. 147
10.7.5 Splicing of longitudinal reinforcement.................................................................................................... 149
 ix AS 5100.5:2017

10.7.6 Additional detailing requirements for earthquake resistance............................................ 150

10.8 Design of tension members...................................................................................................................................................... 155
10.8.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 155
10.8.2 Basic principles............................................................................................................................................................ 155
10.9 Crack control of columns and tension members................................................................................................... 155
Section 11 Design of walls.................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
11.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
11.2 Design procedures............................................................................................................................................................................ 156
11.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 156
11.2.2 Groups of walls............................................................................................................................................................. 156
11.3 Braced walls........................................................................................................................................................................................... 157
11.4 Effective height.................................................................................................................................................................................... 157
11.5 Simplified design method for walls subject to vertical compression forces.................................. 158
11.6 Design of walls for in-plane shear forces...................................................................................................................... 158
11.6.1 Critical section for shear...................................................................................................................................... 158
11.6.2 Strength in shear........................................................................................................................................................ 158
11.6.3 Shear strength without shear reinforcement.................................................................................... 158
11.6.4 Contribution to shear strength by shear reinforcement.......................................................... 159
11.7 Reinforcement requirements for walls.......................................................................................................................... 159
11.7.1 Minimum reinforcement...................................................................................................................................... 159
11.7.2 Horizontal reinforcement for crack control........................................................................................ 159
11.7.3 Spacing of reinforcement.................................................................................................................................... 159
11.7.4 Restraint of vertical reinforcement............................................................................................................ 160
11.7.5 Additional requirements for earthquake detailing....................................................................... 160
Section 12 Design of non-flexural members and anchorage zones........................................................................... 161
12.1 Scope of Section.................................................................................................................................................................................. 161
12.2 Design.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 161
12.2.1 Design for strength................................................................................................................................................... 161
12.2.2 Design for serviceability...................................................................................................................................... 161
12.3 Strut-and-tie models for the design of non-flexural members.................................................................. 161
12.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 161
12.3.2 Design models............................................................................................................................................................... 161
12.3.3 Strut bursting reinforcement........................................................................................................................... 163
12.4 Additional requirements for continuous concrete nibs and corbels.................................................... 163
12.5 Additional requirements for stepped joints in beams and slabs............................................................. 163
12.6 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned members...................................................................................................... 163
12.6.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 163
12.6.2 Reinforcement............................................................................................................................................................... 164
12.6.3 Loading cases to be considered..................................................................................................................... 164
12.6.4 Calculation of tensile forces along line of an anchorage force............................................. 164
12.6.5 Calculation of tensile forces induced near the loaded face.................................................... 164
12.6.6 Quantity and distribution of reinforcement........................................................................................ 165
12.6.7 Special reinforcement details in anchorage zones........................................................................ 165
12.7 Crack control......................................................................................................................................................................................... 166
12.8 Anchorage zones for pretensioned members........................................................................................................... 166
12.9 Bearing surfaces................................................................................................................................................................................. 166
Section 13 Stress development of reinforcement and tendons..................................................................................... 168
13.1 Stress development in reinforcement............................................................................................................................. 168
13.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 168
13.1.2 Development length for a deformed bar in tension..................................................................... 168
13.1.3 Development length of plain bars in tension..................................................................................... 172
13.1.4 Development length of headed reinforcement in tension...................................................... 172
13.1.5 Development length of deformed bars in compression............................................................ 172
13.1.6 Development length of plain bars in compression........................................................................ 173
13.1.7 Development length of bundled bars........................................................................................................ 173
13.1.8 Development length of welded plain or deformed mesh in tension.............................. 174
13.2 Splicing of reinforcement........................................................................................................................................................... 174
AS 5100.5:2017 x

13.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 174

13.2.2 Lapped splices for bars in tension............................................................................................................... 175
13.2.3 Lapped splices for mesh in tension............................................................................................................ 176
13.2.4 Lapped splices for bars in compression................................................................................................. 176
13.2.5 Lapped splices for bundled bars................................................................................................................... 176
13.2.6 Welded or mechanical splices......................................................................................................................... 177
13.3 Stress development in tendons............................................................................................................................................. 177
13.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 177
13.3.2 Pretensioned tendons............................................................................................................................................ 177
13.3.3 Stress development in post-tensioned tendons by anchorages......................................... 178
13.4 Coupling of tendons........................................................................................................................................................................ 178
Section 14 Joints, embedded items and fixings.............................................................................................................................. 179
14.1 Joints............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 179
14.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 179
14.1.2 Construction joints................................................................................................................................................... 179
14.1.3 Movement joints......................................................................................................................................................... 179
14.1.4 Joint fillers and sealants....................................................................................................................................... 180
14.2 Embedded items................................................................................................................................................................................ 180
14.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 180
14.2.2 Pipes...................................................................................................................................................................................... 180
14.2.3 Spacing................................................................................................................................................................................ 180
14.3 Fixings......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180
14.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 181
14.3.2 Post-installed fasteners........................................................................................................................................ 181
14.4 Durability of embedded items and fixings.................................................................................................................. 181
Section 15 Plain concrete members........................................................................................................................................................... 182
15.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182
15.2 Design.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182
15.2.1 Basic principles of strength design............................................................................................................. 182
15.2.2 Section properties..................................................................................................................................................... 182
15.3 Strength in bending......................................................................................................................................................................... 182
15.4 Strength in shear............................................................................................................................................................................... 183
15.5 Strength in combined bending and compression.................................................................................................. 183
15.6 Reinforcement and embedded items............................................................................................................................... 183
Section 16 Steel fibre reinforced concrete.......................................................................................................................................... 184
16.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 184
16.2 Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................................... 184
16.3 Properties of SFRC............................................................................................................................................................................ 185
16.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 185
16.3.2 Compressive strength............................................................................................................................................. 185
16.3.3 Tensile properties...................................................................................................................................................... 185
16.3.4 Modulus of elasticity............................................................................................................................................... 190
16.4 Design of SFRC members containing reinforcement or tendons............................................................. 190
16.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 190
16.4.2 Strength of beams in bending and combined bending and axial force........................ 190
16.4.3 Minimum reinforcement requirements for bending................................................................... 191
16.4.4 Strength of beams in shear................................................................................................................................ 192
16.4.5 Design for serviceability limit states......................................................................................................... 192
16.5 Durability................................................................................................................................................................................................. 195
16.6 Fire................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 195
16.7 Production of SFRC.......................................................................................................................................................................... 195
16.7.1 Fibres.................................................................................................................................................................................... 195
16.7.2 Mixing of fibres............................................................................................................................................................. 195
16.7.3 Pre-construction testing of materials....................................................................................................... 196
16.7.4 Factory production control................................................................................................................................ 196
16.7.5 Determining the steel fibre content........................................................................................................... 197
16.7.6 Sampling, testing and assessment for compliance of hardened SFRC.......................... 198
 xi AS 5100.5:2017

Section 17 Material and construction requirements............................................................................................................... 199

17.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 199
17.2 Test report or test certificates................................................................................................................................................ 199
17.3 Material and construction requirements for concrete and grout............................................................ 199
17.3.1 Materials and limitations on constituents............................................................................................ 199
17.3.2 Assessment and repair of cracked concrete........................................................................................ 199
17.3.3 Handling, placing and compacting of concrete................................................................................. 199
17.3.4 Finishing of unformed concrete surfaces.............................................................................................. 200
17.3.5 Curing and protection of concrete............................................................................................................... 200
17.3.6 Sampling and testing for compliance........................................................................................................ 200
17.3.7 Rejection of concrete............................................................................................................................................... 201
17.3.8 Requirements for grout and grouting....................................................................................................... 202
17.4 Material and construction requirements for reinforcing steel.................................................................. 202
17.4.1 Materials............................................................................................................................................................................ 202
17.4.2 Fabrication....................................................................................................................................................................... 202
17.4.3 Bending............................................................................................................................................................................... 203
17.4.4 Surface condition........................................................................................................................................................ 204
17.4.5 Fixing.................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
17.4.6 Lightning protection by reinforcement................................................................................................... 205
17.5 Material and construction requirements for prestressing ducts, anchorages and
tendons..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
17.5.1 Materials for ducts, anchorages and tendons.................................................................................... 205
17.5.2 Construction requirements for ducts....................................................................................................... 206
17.5.3 Construction requirements for anchorages........................................................................................ 206
17.5.4 Construction requirements for tendons................................................................................................. 206
17.5.5 Construction requirements for unbonded tendons..................................................................... 208
17.6 Construction requirements for joints and embedded items....................................................................... 208
17.6.1 Location of construction joints....................................................................................................................... 208
17.6.2 Embedded and other items not shown in the drawings.......................................................... 208
17.7 Tolerances for structures and members....................................................................................................................... 208
17.7.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 208
17.7.2 Tolerances for position and size of structures and members.............................................. 208
17.7.3 Tolerance on position of reinforcement and tendons................................................................. 209
17.8 Formwork................................................................................................................................................................................................ 209
17.8.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................ 209
17.8.2 Stripping of forms and removal of formwork supports............................................................ 210
Appendix A (normative) Testing of members and structures.............................................................................................. 211
Appendix B (normative) Beam stability during erection......................................................................................................... 218
Appendix C (normative) Design of segmental concrete bridges....................................................................................... 221
Appendix D (informative) Standard precast prestressed concrete girder............................................................. 224
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 233
Amendment control sheet....................................................................................................................................................................................... 234
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