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    OP-AMP_Biswajit

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    CAMELLIA INSTITUTE OF

    TECHNOLOGY

    Name: Biswajit Kuila


    Sub: Analog Electronics
    Code: PC EE 302 (CA-2)
    Topic: OP-AMP
    SEM: 3rd
    Year: 2nd
    Content
     Introduction.  Ideal op-amp.
     What is op-amp.  Property of ideal op-amp.
     Circuit symbol.  Non ideal op-amp.
     Operational Amplifiers  Characteristics of op-amp.
    picture.
     Application.
     Pin Diagram.
     Advantages &
     Important terms and disadvantages.
    equation.
     Conclusion.

    Introduction
     The term "operational amplifier" denotes a special type of
    amplifier that, by proper selection of its external components,
    could be configured for a variety of operations.
     First developed by John R. Ragazzine in 1947 with vacuum tube.
     In 1960 at FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION, Robert
    J. Widlar fabricated op amp with the help of IC fabrication
    technology.
     In 1968 FAIRCHILD introduces the op-amp that was to become the
    industry standard.

    1
    What is OP-AMP
     An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain
    electronic voltage amplifier
     Direct- coupled high gain amplifier usually consisting of one or
    more differential amplifiers
     Output stage is generally a push-pull or push-pull complementary-
    symmetry pair.
     Op amps are differential amplifiers, and their output voltage is
    proportional to the difference of the two input voltages. The op
    amp's schematic symbol is shown in the below figure.

    Circuit symbol
     The two input terminals, called the inverting and non-inverting, are
    labeled with - and + respectively.

    2
    OP-AMP pin diagram
     ere are 8 pins in a common Op-Amp, like the 741 which is used in
    many instructional courses.
     Pin 1: Offset null
     Pin 2: Inverting input terminal
     Pin 3: Non-inverting input
    terminal
     Pin 4: -VCC (negative voltage
    supply)
     Pin 5: Offset null
     Pin 6: Output voltage
     Pin 7: +VCC (positive voltage supply) Fig: Pin Diagram

     Pin 8: No connection

    Important terms and equation


     a = gain of amplifiers
     Vd= difference between the voltage.
     Vo= gain of voltage
     The equation : Vo= a(Vp - Vn)

    3
    Important terms and equation
     Electrical parameter:
     1.Input bias current(lb): average of current that flows into the
    inverting and non-inverting input terminal of op-amp.
     2. I/p and O/p impedance: It is the resistance offered by the
    inputs and the output terminals to varying voltages. The quantity is
    expressed in Ohms.
     3. Open Loop Gain: It is the overall voltage gain or the
    amplification.
     4. Input offset voltage: It is a voltage that must be applied
    between the two terminals of an op-amp to null the o/p.
     5. Input offset current (Ii): The algebraic different between the
    current in to the inverting and non-inverting terminal.

    Ideal OP-AMP
     We know to minimize loading, a well-designed voltage amplifier
    must draw negligible current from the input source and must
    present negligible resistance To the output load, Op-amp are no
    Vo.
     exception so we define the ideal op-amp, as an ideal voltage
    amplifier with infinite open loop gain.
     A infinity Its ideal terminal condition are ra=infinity,ro= 0, Ix= In=0

    4
    IDEAL OP-AMP FOLLOWS THE GIVEN
    PROPERTY
     1. Infinite voltage gain a.
     2. Infinite input resistance ri so that almost any signal source can
    drive it and there is no loading of the preceding stage.
     3. Zero output resistance ro so that the output can drive an infinite
    number of other devices.
     4. Zero output voltage when input is zero.
     5. Infinite common mode rejection ratio so that the output common
    mode noise voltage is zero.
     6. Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occurs
    simultaneously with input voltage changes.

    Non ideal OP-AMP


     . This is opposite to the ideal op-amp only the positive and
    Negative terminal are change there position.
     2. There is a single external input signal V1 =V+ that is applied to
    the +Ve pin of op-amp.
     3. A signal is also made to appear at the -Ve input terminal, But this
    is derived from resistors R1 and
    R2.

    5
    CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL OP-AMP
     Infinite input impedance (about 2Mohm)
    • Low output impedance (about 200 ohm)
    • Very large voltage gains at low frequency
    • Thus, small changes in voltages can be amplified by using an op-
    amp
    • Infinite bandwidth (all frequencies are amplified by same factor
     Infinite Common-mode rejection ratio
     Infinite Power supply rejection ratio.

    Characteristics of non-ideal op-amp


     Finite open-loop gain that causes gain error
     Finite input impedance
     Non zero output impedance
     Finite CMRR
     Common-mode input resistance
     Finite bandwidth
     Finite power supply rejection ratio.

    6
    APPLICATIONS
    1. A to D Converters
    2. Power source
    3. Zero Crossing Detector (ZCD)

     A to D Converters
    Digital-to-Analog converters (DACs) and Analog-to-Digital
    converters (ADC) are important building blocks with interface
    sensors. An ADC takes an analog signal and converts it into a
    binary one, while a DAC converts a binary signal into an analog
    value. Figure 1 gives a block diagram of such a system. An
    example of such a system is a PC sound card.

    Figure 1 - Digital processing system with an ADC at the input and a


    DAC at the output

    7
    Op-Amp as a Current Source
    A current source can be made from an inverting amplifier as
    shown in figure. The current in the load resistor, Ro must be equal
    to the current in R₁. The current is then obtained by dividing the
    input voltage by R₁.

    Zero crossing detector applications


     ZCD circuit can be used to check whether the op-amp is in good
    condition. Zero crossing detectors can be used as frequency
    counters and for switching purposes in power electronics circuits.
    ZCD is a basic op-amp circuit.

    8
    ADVANTAGES OF AN OP-AMP: -
     1.OPAM IS AN UNIVERSAL AMPLIFIER.
     2.VOLTAGE COMPARATORS.
     3.PRECISION RECTIFIERS.
     4.ANOLOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS.
     5.DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTERS.

     6. FILTERS.

     7. DIFFRENTIATORS AND INTEGRATORS.

     8. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT REGULATOR.

     9. ANALOGUE TO COMPUTERS

    DISADVANTAGES OF AN OP-AMP: -
     1. MOST OPAM ARE DESIGNED TO FOR LOWER POWER
    OPERATION.
     2. FOR HISH OUTPUT IS DESIRED THEN THE OPAM SPECIFICALLY
    DESIGNED FOR THAT PURPOSE MUST BE SEEN.
     3.MOST COMMERCIAL OPAM SHUTS OFF WHEN THE LOAD
    RESISTANCE IS BELOW A SPECIFIC LEVEL.

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