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    Hobby Project

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    Hobby Project

    Uploaded by

    bodhanisoham
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views9 pages

    Hobby Project

    Uploaded by

    bodhanisoham

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    HOBBY PROJECT

    BY:-
    SOHAM BODHANI
    BIPIN MANDAL
    KAUSTUBH VISPUTE
    OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

     The term “operational amplifier” denotes a special type of amplifier that,


    by proper selection of its external components, could be configured for a
    variety of operations.
    HISTORY
     First developed by John R. Ragazzine in 1947 with vacuum tube.
     In 1960 at FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTER CORPORATION, Robert J. Wildar
    fabricated op amp with the help of IC fabrication technology.
     In 1968 FAIRCHILD introduces the op-amp that was to become the
    industry standard.
    CIRCUIT SYMBOL

     Figure shows the symbol of op-amp & the power


    supply connections to make it work. The input
    terminal identified by the ‘-’ and “+” symbols
    are designated inverting & non-inverting. Their
    voltage w.r.t ground are denoted as Vn & Vp
    and output voltage as Vo. OP-amp do not have
    zero volt ground terminal Ground reference is
    established externally by the power supply
    common.
    OP-AMP PIN DIAGRAM

     There are 8 pins in a common Op-Amp, like the 741 which is used in many
    instructional courses.
     Pin1&5 : Offset null
     Pin2 : Inverting input terminal
     Pin3 : Non-inverting input terminal
     Pin4 : -Vcc
     Pin6 : Output voltage
     Pin7 : +Vcc
     Pin8 : No connection
    ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

    1. Input Bias Current: Average of current that flows into the inverting and
    non-inverting input terminal of op-amp.
    2. I/p and O/p Impedance: It is the resistance offered by the inputs and the
    output terminals to varying voltages. The quantity is expressed in Ohms(Ω).
    3. Open Loop Gain: It is the overall voltage gain or the amplification.
    4. Input Offset Voltage: It is a voltage that must be applied between the two
    terminal of an op-amp to null the o/p.
    5. Input Offset Current: The algebraic different between the current in to the
    inverting and non-inverting terminal.
    IDEAL OP-AMP

     We know to minimise loading, a well designed voltage amplifier must


    draw negligible current from the input source and must present
    negligible resistance to the output load.
     Op-amp are no exception so we define the ideal op-amp as an ideal
    voltage amplifier with infinite open loop gain.
     Its ideal terminal condition are rd=infinity, ro= 0, ip=in=0
    IDEAL OP-AMP FOLLOWS THE GIVEN
    PROPERTIES
    1. Infinite voltage gain a.
    2. Infinite input resistance rd so that almost any signal source can drive it and there is no
    loading of the preceding stage.
    3. Zero output resistance r0 so that the output can drive an infinite number of other device.

    4. Zero output voltage when input is zero.


    5. Infinite common mode rejection ratio so that the output common mode noise voltage is
    zero.
    6. Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occurs simultaneously with input
    voltage changes
    CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL OP-AMP

    • Infinite input impedance(about 2Mohm).


    • Low output impedance(about 200 ohm).
    • Very large voltage gain at low frequency.
    • Thus, small changes in voltages can be amplified by using op-amp.
    • Infinite bandwidth(all frequencies are amplified by same factor).
    Infinite Common-mode rejection ratio(CMRR).
    Infinite Power supply rejection ratio.
    THANK YOU

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