GEO: LN: RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Define Resource:

* Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource.

2. . Distinguish between renewable and non renewable resources

Renewable resources Non Renewable resources

1. These can be renewed or reproduced by physical , These occur over a very long period of
chemical or mechanical processes time.
2. These get renewed over a short period of time. These are limited in availability.
3. Also known as replenishable resources These are exhaustible

4. These are divided into continuous and flow. These are divided into recyclable and non-
recyclable
5. Eg: Water, wind, forest, wildlife and soil Eg: Minerals and fossil fuel.

3. Write the difference between stock and reserves:

Stock Reserves
1. The things present in the nature which have the 1. These are the subset of stock which can be put to
potential to satisfy the human needs but due to non – use with the help of existing technology but they are
availability of technology these cannot be used for the still unused.
time being are called stock.
2. For Example: Water – it has oxygen and 2. They can be used for future generation for
hydrogen, these can be used in energy sector but we requirements.
cannot use them as much.

4. Distinguish between Biotic and Abiotic resources:

Biotic Abiotic
1. All those resources which have life 1. All those resources which are composed of non – living
and are obtained from the biosphere. things.
2. 2. They consist of the living 2. They consist of the non – living components of the
component of the environment environment.
3. They are renewable 3. They are renewable as well as non renewable
4. 4. EX: Marine life, Birds etc., 4. EX: Rocks, metals, etc.,

5.On the basis of ownership:

* INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES:

* These are owned privately by individuals.

*These resources can be allotted to individuals by government against the payment of revenue.

*Eg: plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc.

*These can be directly purchased by individuals, for eg: plots, houses and other property.

*COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES:

* These resources are accessible to all the members of the community.

* Eg: public parks, picnic spots, playground etc.

*NATIONAL RESOURCES:

* These resources are owned by a nation.

*Technically, all the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12
nautical miles from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.

*INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES:

*these resources do not belong to any individual country.

*These resources are regulated by international institution.

*the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone as belong to open ocean are termed as
international resources.

*No individual country can utilise international resources without the permission of international institutions.

6.Potential resources:

* These are the resources that are found in a region, but have not been utilized.

*Eg: Rajasthan and Gujarat have the potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far, they have not been
developed on a large scale.

7. Developed Resources:

* These are the resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been ascertained for utilization.

*The development of these resources depends upon availability of technology and level of feasibility.

8. Indiscriminate use of resources leads to what problems?

* Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.

*Accumulation of resources in few hands.

* Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises – global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental pollution and land degradation.

9. What is Sustainable development?

* Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and
development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

10. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992:

* For the first International Earth Summit, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janerio, Brazil in June 1992.

*The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at
the global level.

*declaration on Global Climatic change and Biological Diversity had been signed.

*For achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century., The Rio Convection adopted Agenda 21.

11.Agenda 21:

Agenda 21 is a declaration accepted by the heads of states in the Earth Summit held at Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992 in order to
achieve global sustainable development.

OBJECTIVES:

 to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs
and shared responsibilities.
 Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

12. In India some regions which are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources”-Explain

*There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some
regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
 For ex:

 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
 *Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lack in infrastructural resources.
 Rajasthan is well supplied with solar and wind energy but lack in water resources.
 *Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but deficient in water and infrastructural resources.

13. Explain the 3 stages of Resource planning:

*Identification and inventory of resources by surveying, mapping and estimating.

*Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institution.

*Matching the resources development plans with overall national development plans.

14.Land is an asset of a finite magnitude- Explain.

*We live on land, we perform our economic activities.

*Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.

*It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, transport and communication.

15.”India’s vast and diverse size is the most important resource”- Support the statement.

*India has a variety of relief features-

*Mountains- 30%- perennial flow of some rivers, tourism and ecological aspects.

*Plains- 43%- agriculture and industry.

*Plateau- 27% -rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

16.Mention some of the human activities led to land degradation.

*Deforestation *over grazing *mining *quarrying.

17.What are the causes of land degradation?

* Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha – deforestation due to mining have caused land degradation.

*Madhya pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra- overgrazing is one of the reason.

* Punjab, Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh- over irrigation is responsible for land degradation.

18.Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked? Explain.

*Main cause- Large scale overgrazing has caused land degradation.

*Measures- * Afforestation

* Proper management and control on overgrazing.

19.Explain any three steps taken to solve the problem on land degradation in India.

* Afforestation and proper management of grazing.

*Planting of shelter belts, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.

*Proper management of wastelands, control of mining activities

*Proper discharge of industrial wastes after treatment.

20. Alluvial Soil:

* Most widely spread and important soil.

*It comprise of sand, silt and clay.

*It is classified as khadar and bangar

*It’s very fertile, good for the growth of wheat, paddy, sugar cane, pulses

* This soil is found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, eastern coastal plains.

21. Black soil:

* Black coloured, and is also called regur soil.

* Made up of fine, clayey matter.

*Well known for their capacity to hold moisture.

* Ideal for growing cotton and known as black cotton soil.

*These soil are sticky when wet, develop deep cracks when hot.

* Found in Plateau of Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh .

22. Red and Yellow soil:

* Develop on crystallize rocks

* Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron

*look yellow when occur in a hydrated form.

*develop in eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.

*found in parts of odisha, chattisgarh.

23. Laterite soil:

* result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.

*low humus content, acidic, prone to erosion and degradation.

*suitable for cultivation with doses of manures and fertilizers.

*more suitable for crops like cashew nut

* develop in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall.

* found in Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

24.Arid soil:

*colour ranges from red to brown.

*sandy in texture, saline in nature.

*in some areas their salt content is high.

*Lack humus and moisture.

*Kankar is found in lower levels of soil.

* Become cultivable after proper irrigation has been done (Rajasthan)

25.Forest soil:

*loamy and silty in valley and coarse grained in upper slopes.

*fertile in the lower parts of valleys.

*texture varies according to the mountain environment.

*acidic with low humus content.

*found in hilly and mountainous where sufficient rainforests are available.

26. How is Bangar alluvium different from khadar?

Bangar Soil Khadar Soil

1. The old alluvium deposits are locally known as 1. The new alluvium deposits are called Khadar
Bangar
2. Bangar soil is less fertile 2. It is very fertile as compared to Bangar
3. It is light in colour 3. It is dark in colour
4.This type of soil is found away from the river valley 4. This type of soil is found near river valley or
or floodplains floodplains
5. It has higher concentration of Kankar nodules 5. It has fine granules and is more fertile.

27.What is soil erosion? Describe the types of soil erosion.

* Denudation of soil cover and washing of top soil is known as soil erosion.

*The soil forming processes and the erosional processes ,go on side by side.

* Gully Erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels.

* The land becomes unfit for cultivation. It is known as badland.

* In the Chambal basin, such lands are called ravines.

* Sheet Erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet down a slope. In such a situation top part of the soil is washed away, This
is called sheet erosion.

*Wind erosion: Wind blows loose soil off from flat or sloping land. This is known as wind erosion.

28.Suggest some measures to check Soil Erosion Or

Explain measures of soil conservation.

 Contour ploughing: By ploughing along the contour lines, water does not run down the slopes.
 Terrace farming: Steps can be cut out on the slopes and terraces made. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
 Strip farming: Large fields are divided into steps. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This break up the
force of the wind, and this method is known as strip cropping.
 Shelter Belts: Planting of trees to create shelter also works effectively. The rows of trees are called shelter belts, They
reduce the wind flow and loose soil is not blown away.

PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1. Explain the features of accordion book.
#The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing.
#Books in China were printed by rubbing paper – against the inked surface of woodblocks.
#As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched
at the side.
#Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.

2. How had the imperial state in China been the major producer of printed material for a long time?
#The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.
#China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. #Textbooks
for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
#From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.

3. Explain the reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China. [OR]
Explain the different stages of development of printing technology in China.
#By the seventeenth century, Print was no longer used just by scholar officials.
#Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. Reading increasingly became a leisure
activity.
#Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
#Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
# This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology.
# Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late nineteenth century.
# Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture.

4. How did the use of printing on visual material encourage publishing practices in Japan? [OR]
Describe the process of print in Japan.
#Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan
#The oldest Japanese book, printed is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra
#In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers were regularly published, and books were cheap and abundant.
#Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices.
# In the late eighteenth century, in the flourishing urban circles at Edo illustrated collections of paintings

5. What is manuscript? Mention any two limitations of it. [OR]

What is Manuscript? Why were they not used widely? [OR] Features of manuscript.
# Manuscript were documents or books written by hand
#the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books.
#Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
#Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried around or read easily.
# Their circulation therefore remained limited.

6. How did Gutenberg developed the first printing press?

# From his childhood he had seen wine and olive presses.
#He learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used
for making trinkets.
# Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design his innovation.
#moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
# The first book he printed was the Bible.
#About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.
# By the standards of the time this was fast production

7. “ The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand” – Support the statement. [OR]
How Gutenberg did personalized the printed books? – Explain.
#Printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
#The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
#Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and illustrations were painted.
#In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page.
# Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

8. How were the printing presses set up in most of the countries of Europe between 1450 and 1500? What were its effects?
#Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and illustrations were painted.
#In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page.
# Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.
* In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
* Printers from Germany travelle to other countries, seeking work and helping to start new presses.
* As the number of printing presses grew- book production was boomed.
* It transformed the lives of people
* It influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.

9. How did Print bring the reading public and hearing public closer? (OR)
How did print revolution create a new reading public and new culture of reading?
* Printing reduced the cost of books.
* The time and labour required came down,
* Multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.
* Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites.
* Common people heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated.
* The rate of literacy in most European countries were low till 12th century.
*Those who did not read could enjoy listening to books.
*So printers published popular ballads and folk tales, with illustrated pictures.
* These were then sung and recited at gathering in villages and in taverns in towns.

10. How did print introduce a new world of debate and discussion? What were its implications in sphere of religion?
(OR)
How did print create the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and discussion?
* Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
* Those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas.
* Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.
* The implication of this in one sphere of life in early modern Europe- namely, religion.
* The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman
Catholic Church.
* A printed copy of this was posted on a church door.
* This lead to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

11. Martin Luther King remarked “Printing in the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one”- Explain this remark in the light of
religious reforms that took place in Europe in 16th century.
(or)
How did Martin Luther writing bring religions reforms? Exp.

* The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman
Catholic Church.
* A printed copy of this was posted on a church door.
*It challenged the Church to debate his ideas.
*Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers.
* This lead to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
*Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies
*Luther said “ Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one’
12. Why was there fear of print among some people in Europe? Exp.
#Many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books,
#It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might
spread.
#If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed.
#Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists,
#this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had began to circulate.

13. Who was Menocchio? Why and how did he face the wrath of Roman Catholic Church?
#Menocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality.
# He reinterpreted the message of the Bible,that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
#When the Roman Church began its investigation to repress heretical ideas, Menocchio was hauled
up twice and ultimately executed.
#The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questionings of faith.
#imposedsevere controls over publishers
# booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

14. Which factors led to reading mania in the 16th and 17th CE in Europe? [OR]
Describe the causes for extreme enthusiasm for reading in 17th and 18th CE in Europe.

15. How did new forms of popular literature appear in print targeting new audience in the 18th CE? Explain with examples.
# New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences.
#Booksellers employed pedlars, carrying little books for sale.
# There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales.
# In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor
could buy them.
# In France, were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue’, which were low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper, in cheap blue
covers.
# Books were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interests.

16. How did the scientists and philosophers in the 18th CE Europe find it easier to reach out to people? Explain.
# Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published.
#maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
#Sir Isaac Newton discoveries, could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.
# The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau were also widely printed and read.
# Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature.

17. Why did some people in the 18th CE Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism? [OR]
‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’ – Justify the statement.
# Many believed that books could change the world, liberate society from despotism
# Mercier, declared: ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will
sweep despotism away.’
# In many of Mercier’s novels, the heroes are transformed by acts of reading.
# They consume books, are lost in the world books create, and become enlightened in the process.
# Convinced of the power of print in bringing enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism,
# Mercier proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’

18. “Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred”. –
Justify [OR]
How far is it right to say the print culture was responsible for French Revolution? Explain.
#First: print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
# their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
# They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state,
# The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.

# Second: print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.

# All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated
# recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
# new ideas of social revolution came into being.

# Third: there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality.
# it raised questions about the existing social order
# Cartoons and caricaturessuggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures
# the common people suffered immense hardships.

19. What difference did printing technology make in the lives of women, children and workers in the 19th century? Explain.
CHILDREN:
#Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry.
# A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France
# This press published old fairy tales and folk tales.
# The Grimm Brothers in Germany compiled traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.
# Anything that was considered unsuitable for children was not included in the published version.
# Rural folk tales acquired a new form.

WOMEN:
#Women became important as readers as well as writers.
# Penny magazines were especially meant for women, teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping.
# In the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers.
# Some of the best known novelists were women: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot.
# Their writings became important in defining a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality,
determination and the power to think.

WORKERS:
#In the 19th century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans
and lower-middle-class people.
# Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves.
# After the working day was gradually shortened, workers had some time for self-improvement and self-expression.
# They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

20. Highlight the innovations which have improved the print technology from 19th CE onwards.
# By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. # This was
capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour.
# This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
# In the late 19th century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.
# From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
.# Methods of feeding paper improved,
# the quality of plates became better,
# The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.
21. Describe any 5 strategies developed by the printers and publishers in the 19th century to sell their products.
# Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies to sell their product.
# 19th -century periodicals serialized important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.
# In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.
# The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.
# With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared a decline in book purchases.
# To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions.

22. Explain briefly the initial efforts made by foreigners to introduce printing press in India.
# The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries
# Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.
# By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages.
# Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin
# in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them.
# By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts
# James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that described itself as ‘a commercial paper
open to all, but influenced by none’.
# Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of slaves.

23. Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but it also connected
communities and people in different parts of India”- Explain.
*From early 19th century there were intense debates around religious issues.
*Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
*Controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow
immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood.
* In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments.
*In north India, the ulama were deeply anxious about the collapseof Muslim dynasties.
*They feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws.
*To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed
religious newspapers and tracts.
*Among Hindus, print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in the vernacular languages.
*The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas.
*. From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous
religious texts in vernaculars.
*Religious texts, encouraged discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.

24. What do you understand by visual culture and its role in printing in India?
*By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape
*increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
*Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation
*Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their
homes or places of work.
*These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.

25. Describe the attitude of liberals and conservative Indians towards women’s reading.

26. Write a short note on the folk literature written in Punjab in 20th CE.
*In Punjab, too, a similar folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth century.
*Ram Chaddha published the fast-selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives.
*The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message.
*Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good woman.

27. Write a short note on Batala publication.

*In Bengal, an entire area in central Calcutta – the Battala – wasdevoted to the printing of popular books.
*Here you could buy cheap editions of religious tracts and scriptures, as well as literature that was considered obscene and
scandalous.
*By the late nineteenth century, a lot of these books were being profusely illustrated with woodcuts and coloured lithographs.
*Pedlars took the Battala publications to homes, enabling women to read them in their leisure time.

28.How did the printed books of India attract the poor class as readers in the 19th CE.? Explain.
*Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century Madras towns and sold at crossroads.
*Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books.
*Kashibaba, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.
*The poems of Sudarshan Chakr brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan.
* Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.

29. What were effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in the 19th CE India?
**Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century Madras towns and sold at crossroads.
*Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books.
* Jyotiba Phule, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871).
*In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar,
wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India.
*Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts criticising ancient scriptures.
*Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences.
* Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.
30. What was the contribution of print culture in the growth of Naionalism in India? How did the British attempt to check
them?
* After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed
*As vernacular newspapers became nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of control.
*In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
*It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
* When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned,
*if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
*Nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India.
*They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
*It provoked militant protest.
*This in turn led persecution and protests.
*When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his
Kesari.
*This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

31. What made the Englishmen under colonial rule demand a clamp on the native press after the revolt of 1857? How was it
done? OR
Why did the attitude of the Colonial government towards the freedom of the press change after the revolt of 1857? What
repressive measures were adopted by them to control the freedom of press?
*After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed
*As vernacular newspapers became nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of control.
*In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
*It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
* When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned,
*If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
32. How did Governor General William Bentinck react to the petition bled by the editors of English and vernacular
newspapers?
*Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship.
*Its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India.
*The Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its trade monopoly in India.
* By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom.
*The Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate Britsh rule.
*In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to
revise press laws.
*Thomas Macaulay, formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedoms

LN: SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

1. Explain primary, secondary and tertiary activities with example.
* Primary activities:
*These are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources.
* When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.
*this sector is also called as agriculture and related sector
*Eg: agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry.
*Secondary activities:
* Secondary activities transforming raw materials into valuable products.
* The product is not produced by nature but has to be made by some process.
* For example: Different kinds of industries.
*This sector is also called as industrial sector.
* Tertiary sector:
* It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors
* Banking, transport, trade, teaching are some examples of tertiary sectors.
* This sector is also called as service sector.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
* The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the
sector of that year
* And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the GDP.
* In India, the task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a Central government ministry.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is tertiary sector different from each other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
* This sector provides the facilities like transport, insurance, banking etc.,
* This sector helps primary and secondary sectors to sell their products.
* for Ex: Sugar is made with the help of sugarcane and it is sold in the market with services of tertiary sector.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How are the three sectors of economy interdependent? Explain
* The Primary sector is the basic sector of the three.
* This is because it produces raw materials for the manufacturing of goods in the secondary sector.
* The secondary sector collects these raw materials and makes use of them in the industries.
* The manufactured goods are then used by the tertiary sector for providing goods and services to all.
* The tertiary sector is the money earning one, and it supports the growth of the primary and secondary sector.
* Without the primary sector the secondary sector would not survive, and without the tertiary sector, the primary would not
survive.
* Hence, all the three sectors of the Indian economy are highly interdependent on each other.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Historical Change in Sectors:

* Primary sectors:
* As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper
* There were increasing number of craftsperson and traders.
* Buying and selling activities increased many times.
* most of the goods produced were natural products from the primary sector and most people were also employed in this
sector.
* Secondary sectors:
* New methods of manufacturing were introduced; factories came up and started expanding.
* people who earlier worked on farms now began to work in factories in large numbers.
* People began to use many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap rates.
* Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
* Tertiary sector:
* In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in developed countries.
* The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.
* Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Give five reasons for Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector in Production.
OR
Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India?
* First, in any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post, police stations, courts, transport, banks,
etc. are required.
* These are called as basic services.
* In a developing country the government has to take responsibility.

* Second, the development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, *Greater
the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services.

* Third, as income levels rise, people start demanding services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private
schools, etc.

* Fourth, certain new services like information and communication technology have become important.
* The production of these services has been rising rapidly.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_7. Why has the entire tertiary not grown in importance? OR

“Not all of the service sector is growing equally well”. – Justify

* Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people.

* At one end there are highly skilled and educated workers.
* At the other end, there are workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc.
* These people barely manage to earn a living, because no alternative opportunities are available to them.
* Hence, only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

8. How can more employment opportunities be created in the rural areas,?

RURAL AREAS
* Loans should be provided to small farmers in banks to have irrigation facilities
* New dams and canals should be constructed. This will lead to more employment in agricultural sector.
* Transportation and storage facilities provide employment not only to farmers but also to others in services like transport and
trade.
* Banks should provide credit to farmers for farming.
SEMI- RURAL AREAS:
*Promote and locate industries
* Industries such as dal mill, cold storage, honey collection centers and vegetable processing should be set up in rural or semi-
rural areas.
* This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas

URBAN AREAS
* More schools should be opened in urban areas..
* Health services should be improved to create job for doctors, nurses and other staffs.
* Tourism regional craft industry and I.T should be encouraged by government.
*If tourism is improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005)

*The central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India.
*It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005).
*Under MGNREGA 2005, guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government, in rural areas .
*If the government fails to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances .
*The types of work is to increase the production from land.
* 1/3rd of the jobs are reserved for women.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Distinguish between organized sector and unorganized sector:

ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR

* Workers have job security * Workers do not have job security
* Workers get regular monthly salary * Workers get daily wages
* Rules and regulations are followed here. * Rules and regulations are not followed here.
*Workers get benefits like PF, medical benefits etc. * Workers do not get benefits
*Working hours are fixed here * Working hours are not fixed here.
* Working conditions are favourable * Working conditions are not favourable
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Distinguish between public and private sector:

12. Explain how public sector contributes to economic development of a nation.

* It promotes rapid economic development through expansion of infrastructure.
* It creates employment opportunities
* It generates financial resources for development
* It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.
* It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________13.
How to Protect Workers in the Unorganised Sector?
RURAL AREAS:
*The unorganised sector mostly comprises of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, artisans etc.
* 80 per cent of rural households in India are in small and marginal farmer category.
*These farmers need to be supported through facilities for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage
facilities and marketing outlets.

URBAN AREAS:
*The unorganised sector comprises mainly of workers in small-scale industry, casual workers, trade and transport etc., and
those who work as street vendors, head load workers, garment makers, rag pickers etc.
*Small-scale industry also needs government’s support for procuring raw material and marketing of output.
*The casual workers in both rural and urban areas need to be protected.

SCHEDULED CASTES, TRIBES AND BACKWARD COMMUNITIES:

*Besides getting the irregular and low paid work, these workers also face social discrimination.
* Protection and support to the unorganised sector workers is thus necessary for both economic and social development.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
14. UNEMPLOYMENT: When the person is willing to work but he/she is not getting a job.

SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT: The unemployment which takes place due to the variation in the season. It is mostly seen
in agricultural sector.

DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT: When more people are working than its requirement then it is called disguised
unemployment, Even if we remove a few people from the job the process of production will not be affected. It is also known
as underemployment.

GEO – LN – 4 – AGRICULTURE
1. PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
 It is practised on the small patches of land
 Farmers use tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks
 Only family labour is used for farming
 It depends on monsoon and natural fertility of the soil
 It is also known as slash and burn agriculture.
2. What is slash and burn agriculture? Explain its salient features.
 It is also called as shifting agriculture
 It is mostly practised by tribal people
 Farmers clear a patch of land and produce food crops
 When the soil fertility decreases the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
 Farmers do not use fertilizers or other modern inputs.
3. Intensive subsistence farming:
 It is practised in areas of high density of population
 It is labour intensive farming
 High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
 Farm size is small and uneconomical due to division of land
 The farmers take maximum output from the limited land.
4. Commercial farming:
 Farmers use HYV seeds, fertilizers, farming tools etc.
 Commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another
 Ex: rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha it is a subsistence crop
5. Plantation farming:
 It is a type of commercial farming
 A single crop is grown over large area
 It is capital intensive
 A well developed network of transport and communication plays an important role in the development of plantations.
 Ex: tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc.,
6. Cropping pattern or Cropping seasons:
Rabi Kharif Zaid
Sowing October to December May to July April to June
Harvesting February to April September to October
Crops Wheat, barley, peas, Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, Watermelon,
gram and oilseeds sugarcane and jute cucumber, Musk
melon.
Areas Punjab, Haryana, Assam, West Bengal, Andhra
 Himachal Pradesh, Pradesh, Kerala.
Uttar Pradesh.
Three crops of paddy – Aus,
Aman and Boro grown only in
Assam, West Bengal and Odisha

MAJOR CROPS:
7. RICE:
 It is the staple food crop for majority of people in India
 Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
 It is a Kharif crop
 High temperature – above 250c
 High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm
 Main rice growing regions: Northern plains, north – eastern states, coastal areas, deltaic plains.
8. WHEAT:
 It is the second most important cereal crop
 It is a rabi crop

 It requires a cool growing season.

 Bright sunshine at the time of ripening
 It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall
 Two important wheat growing zones: The Ganga Satluj plains in the north west, Black soil region of Deccan
9. MILLETS:
 Millets are coarse grain like ragi, bajra and jowar.
 They are highly nutritious.
 Ragi is rich in iron and calcium.
 Ragi is a crop of dry regions
 It grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy soils
 Ragi producing states – Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.

 Jowar is the third most important food crop

 It is a rain fed crop, grown in the moist areas
 Jowar producing states – Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh

 Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.

 Bajra producing states – Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat, Haryana.
10. MAIZE:
 It is used both as food and fodder.
 It is a kharif crop
 requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C
 grows well in old alluvial soil.
 In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also.
 Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of
maize.
 Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.
11. PULSES:
 India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
 These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
 Pulses need less moisture
 survive even in dry conditions.
 Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
12. SUGARCANE:
 It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop.
 It grows well in hot and humid climate.
 temperature - 21°C to 27°C
 annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm.
 Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.
 It can be grown on a variety of soils
 needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
 India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
 It is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.
 The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
13. Oil Seeds:
 Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton
seeds, linseed and sunflower.
 Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums.
 Some of these are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
 Groundnut is a kharif crop
 Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in 2011-12.
 Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.
 Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
 Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.
14. TEA:
 It is a plantation agriculture.
 It is also an important beverage crop
 introduced in India initially by the British.
 The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates
 Grows well in deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
 Tea is a labourintensive industry.
 It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
 Major teaproducing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala.
15. COFFEE:
 Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
 The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country.
 This variety is in great demand all over the world.
 Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is confined to the
Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
16. HORTICULTURE CROPS:
 India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
 Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
 bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
 lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of Meghalaya,
 grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra,
 apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world
overIndia produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables.
 It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
17. RUBBER:
 It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
 It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C.
 Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
 It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of
Meghalaya.
18. COTTON:
 India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant.
 Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
 It requires high temperature,
 light rainfall or irrigation,
 210 frost-free days and bright sun-shine for its growth.
 It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
 Major cotton-producing states are– Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
19. JUTE:
 It is known as the golden fibre.
 Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
 High temperature is required during the time of growth.
 West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.
 It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.
 Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon

20. Institutional and technological reforms undertaken by the Government of India to improve agriculture in the 1980s and
1990s were:

Institutional Reforms:
 Land development programme was initiated.
 Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease was introduced.
  Grameen Banks, Co-operative societies and banks were established for providing loan at low interest rates.
 Kissan Credit Card was introduced.
 Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) was introduced.
 The government announced Minimum support price to reduce exploitation of farmers.
Technological reforms:
 Hyv seeds, chemical fertilizer and pesticides were provided.
 Methods of irrigation were modernized.
 Latest agricultural equipments were introduced
 Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and television.

LN:4 CIVICS: POLITICAL PARTIES

2. What are the three components of political parties?

* the leaders,

*the active members and

* the followers

3. Functions of political parties:

* Parties contest election.

* Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them

* Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

*Parties form and run governments.

*Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power.

* Parties shape public opinion.

* Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare scheme.

4. TO CONTEST ELECTION:

* In most democracies, elections are fought through the candidates put up by them.

* They put up candidates for the election and try to get them elected.

DIFFERENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES:

* In democracy, people hold different views on, what policies are useful for the society and the country.

* Political parties group various opinions together and provide on what policies should be framed by the government.

* A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.

ROLE IN MAKING LAWS FOR THE COUNTRY:

* Laws are passed by the legislature.

* The members who belong to one party or the other go by the guidance given by their parties.

TO FORM AND RUN THE GOVERNMENT:

* The party which gets an absolute majority in the legislature forms the government and runs the administration of
the country.

* If no party gets absolute majority, then several parties join each other to form an alliance and form a government.

ROLE OF OPPOSITION:

* Political parties which lose in the election, form the opposition.

 * They criticize the government for its wrong policies and keep it under check.

* They also mobilise the people against the government for wrong policies.

TO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION:

* Political parties, through their public meetings and media, educate the masses about the various problems facing the
country.

* Sometimes, they also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by the people.

ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT MACINERY AND WELFARE SCHEMES OF THE GOVERNMENT:

* For an ordinary citizen it is easy to contact a local party leader than a government officer.

* Local party leaders help an ordinary citizen to get his work done.

5. NECESSITY OF POLITICAL PARTIES:

* Without political parties, formation of a stable government is not possible.

* Without political parties, no candidate will be able to make any promise to the people about any major policies

* As societies become large, they need some agency to-gather different views of the people on various issues, and to
present these to the government.

6. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARTY:

ONE PARTY SYSTEM:

* Only one party is allowed to control and run the government.

* Communist party in China is the best example of one-party system.

TWO PARTY SYSTEM:

* Power usually changes between two main parties.

* Other parties may exist, contest elections and win only a few seats.

* The United States of America and the United Kingdom are the examples of two-party system.

MULTI PARTY SYSTEM:

* More than two parties have a chance of coming together to form the government.

* Coalition government and alliance system are the specific feature of multiparty system.

* Eg: India.

7.What are the merits and demerits of multi party system?

Merits:

* This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

* People can make a choice between several candidates.

Demerits:

* No one party is likely to gain power alone.

* Leads to political instability and often appears to be very messy.

8.Why India adopted a multi party system?

* India has evolved a multiparty system, it is because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily
absorbed by two or even three parties.
* No system is ideal for all countries and all situations.

9.National Parties:

* They are country wide parties in several states.

* They follow almost same policies and programmes.

* A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four
seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party.

STATE PARTIES:

* These are present in only one of the federal units.

* State parties have their own policies, programmes and strategy to be at the state or regional level.

* A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to Legislative Assembly and wins at least two seats is
recognized as a state party.

10.Recognised political parties:

* Every party in the country has to register with the election commission.

* It offers some special facilities to large parties.

* These parties are given a unique symbol- only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.

* Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are recognized by the election commission for this purpose.

11.ALL INDIA TRINAMOOL CONGRESS (AITC0

* Launched on 1 January 1998 under the leadership of Mamata Banerjee.

* Recognised as a national party in 2016.

* Committed to secularism and federalism.

* In power in West Bengal since 2011.

* In 2014 elections, it got 3.84% votes and won 34 seats, become fourth largest party in the Lok Sabha.

BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY:

* Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.

* Aims to represent and secure power for the Bahujan samaj, including the Dalits, adivasis, other backward communities and
religious minorities.

* Follows ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker.

*Has its main base in Uttar Pradesh and formal presence in Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab.

12.BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY:

* Founded in 1980.

* Formed by Syama Prasad Mukherjee.

* Stresses modern India on the basis of ancient Indian culture and values

* Hindutva is its basic element.

* Favours political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India

* Uniform civil code and ban on religious conversions.

* Presently leads the ruling coalition at centre.

13.COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA:

* Formed in 1925.

* Believes in Marxism- Leninism, secularism and democracy.

* supports parliamentary democracy.

* split in 1964 and led to the emergence of CPI ie. Communist part.

* Has support base in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

* Proposes the coming together of all left parties to form a strong alliance of Left Front.

14.COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA: MARXIST:

* Founded in 1964.

* Believes in Marxism- Leninism and supports socialism, secularism and democracy.

* Opposes imperialism and communalism, and accepts democratic elections.

* Opposes the new economic policies and free trade.

* Has been in power in West Bengal for 34 years.

* In 2014 elections, it won about three per cent of votes and 9 seats in the Lok sabha.

15. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS:

* Oldest political party of the world.

*founded in 1885.

* Favour secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.

* Supports new economic reforms.

* Formed united progressive alliance in 2004.

16. NATIONALIST CONGRESS PARTY:

* Formed in 1999

* Advocated democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism.

* Demands that high offices in government to natural-born citizens of the country.

* Major party in Maharashtra.

* a member of United Progressive Alliance.

17.CHALLENGES TO POLITICAL PARTIES:

Lack of internal democracy:

* Concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top

* No record of membership registers.

* No regular internal elections.

* Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information.

* Personal loyalty to the leaders becomes more important than loyalty to the party.

18.Dynastic Succession:

* Leader of the party favour people close to them or even their family members.
* In many parties the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.

* As a result people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions power.

* Dynastic succession is present all over the world even in some of the older democracies.

19.Growing role of money and muscle power:

* The role of money and muscle power is growing in parties.

* Most of the parties are focused only on winning elections, so they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.

* Candidates are nominated on the basis of their money and muscle power.

* Rich people and companies give funds to the parties and tend to influence the policies and decisions of the party.

* In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

20.Lack of meaningful choice:

* No party offers a meaningful choice to the voters.

* There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties

* Those who want really different policies have no option available to them.

* Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders.

21.How can parties be reformed?

ANTI-DEFECTION LAW:

* The constitution was amended to prevent elected MLA’s and MP’s from changing parties.

* This was done because many elected representatives were indulging in defection in order to become minister or for cash
rewards.

* According to law, if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the legislature.

AFFIDAVIT:

* The supreme court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals.

* It is mandatory for every candidate who contests election to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases
pending against them.

* The system has made a lot of information available to the public.

MANDATORY ORGANISATIONAL MEETINGS:

* The election commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organizational elections and
file their income tax returns.

* Sometimes it is mere formality.

* It is not clear if this step has led to greater internal democracy in political parties.

22.SUGGESTIONS:

* It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members and to follow its own constitution.

* It should be made mandatory to give a minimum number of tickets to women.

* There should be a quota for women in decision- making bodies of the party.

*The government should give parties money to support their election expenses.

* It should be in kind or cash .

LN: FOREST AND WILDLIFE

1. Factors which have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity:
* Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires
* Unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources
* differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being
* Over-population
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
* In the 1960s and 1970s, conservationists demanded a national wildlife protection programme.
*The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972
*An all India list of protected species was also published.
*The aim of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by banning
hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
*central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
*The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals
* tiger, the onehorned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag, three types of crocodiles, the Asiatic lion, the Indian elephant,
black buck, the great Indian bustard, the snow leopard, etc.
*Under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to the
list of protected species.
*In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Project Tiger:
* In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827
*The major threats to tiger population are poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing
human population, etc
* The trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines
*“Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973.
*Corbett National Park , Sunderbans National Park , Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary , Manas Tiger Reserve and Periyar Tiger
Reserve are some of the tiger reserves of India.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the classification of forests?
(i) Reserved Forests:
More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.
Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
(ii) Protected Forests:
Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the Forest Department.
This forest land is protected from any further depletion.
(iii) Unclassed Forests:
These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Community and Conservation:
*In SARISKA TIGER RESERVE, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
* The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the
BHAIRODEV DAKAV ‘SONCHURI’, having their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are
protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.
*The famous CHIPKO MOVEMENT in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas
*the BEEJ BACHAO ANDOLAN IN TEHRI AND NAVDANYA- crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals
*JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM) programme: involving local communities in the management and restoration of
degraded forests
*local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest
department.

________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. SACRED GROVES:
* Nature worship is an age old tribal belief that all creations of nature have to be protected.
*Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses).
*These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people.
* The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees,
* the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind, mango trees during weddings.
* macaques and langurs around many temples are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees.
* In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an part of the
community and nobody harms them.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Chipko movement:
*The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation
* community afforestation with indigenous species.
* Attempts to revive the traditional conservation methods or developing new methods of ecological farming are now
widespread.
* Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of
diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable
________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Joint Forest Management
* In India joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving local communities in the
management and restoration of degraded forests.
* The programme has been in formal existence since 1988
* the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
* JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest
land managed by the forest department.
* In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and share
in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’

=========================================================================================
=====================LN: WATER RESOURCES
1. Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity?

*water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population.

* A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food.

*Water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.

*Thus it may lead to falling groundwater levels.

*Intensive industrialisation and urbanization has led to more demand for water.

*Industries need much of energy which comes from hydroelectric power.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Water is a very important and critical resource in India. Support the statement by explaining any three points.

* Water us a very important and critical resource in India because

* Water is a precondition of life. All living things need water to survive.

* The erratic rainfall has added to its critical nature.

* Water is needed not only for domestic purpose but also for agriculture, industries, power generation, navigation and disposal
of municipal sewage.

* The growing urbanization has resulted in increased consumption of water.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.How do increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing fresh water resources? OR

Examine the ill effects of industrialization and urbanization on water resources. OR

How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed great pressure on existing fresh water resources in India?

* The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse as they have exerted pressure on existing fresh water
resources.

* Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them.

* Multiplying urban centre with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy
requirement but also have further aggravated the problem of water scarcity.

* Most of the housing societies or colonies in the cities have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water
needs. They use more water than their requirements.

*Therefore, the fragile water resources are over exploited.

*Thus resulting in their depletion in several cities.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

• In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood
water of the river Ganga.
• During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
• Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, Bennur, Kolhapur etc.
• In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
• In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

5. What is a multipurpose river valley project? Give any four objectives of the multipurpose river valley projects. [OR]
What are dams and how do they help us in conserving and managing water?
The multipurpose river valley project is a project in which a dam is constructed on the river and stored water is then used in
many ways like irrigation and power generation.
Objectives of multipurpose river valley projects:
1. To check floods by regulating flow of water
2. To generate hydro- electricity
3. To provide irrigation facilities
4. To check soil erosion
5. Recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. What is a dam?
*A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or
impoundment.
* “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure.
*Most dams have a section called a spillway over which or through which it is intended that water will flow either
intermittently or continuously.
*Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.
* Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with
several subtypes.
* According to the height, dams can be categorized as large dams and major dams or alternatively as low dams, medium
height dams and high dams.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
7. “ Large multipurpose river projects leads to land degradation” – Explain [OR]
“ In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of
reasons” – Justify the statement.
*Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow.
*Excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’
aquatic life.
*Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
* Soil submersion leads to its decomposition over a period of time.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
8. Mention the negative effects of irrigation. How can irrigation transform the social landscape? [OR]
“ Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions” – Justify.
*Farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops lead to salinisation of the soil.
* At the same time, it has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and
the landless poor.
* the dams did create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources.
* In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas *Inter-
state water disputes are also becoming common .
9. “The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods” – Analyse the statement. [or]
Explain the reasons due to which large dams have come under great opposition in recent years.
* Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built. *triggered
floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
*the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
*The floods devastated life and property and caused extensive soil erosion.
*Due to Sedimentation the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser lead to land degradation.
* multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution due to excessive use of
water.
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 POLITICAL SCIENCE: POWER SHARING
1. Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.
*Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch
language.
*Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French
*Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German
*In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking
*The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka.
* Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
*The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per
cent).
* Among Tamils there are two subgroups.
* Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 per cent)
* Most of the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or
Muslims.
*There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain 3 measures taken by Sri Lanka according to an act passed in1956:
* In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language
* The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university
positions and government jobs
* A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism
__________________________________________________________________________________
4.Describe the main elements of the Belgium model of power sharing .
* Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in
the central government.
* Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments
* The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
* Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation
* Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This
‘community government’.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5.Why power sharing is desirable?
PRUDENTIAL REASONS:
*It helps to reduce conflict between social groups
*it ensures stability of political order.
*It undermines the unity of the nation.
MORAL REASONS:
* Power sharing is very spirit of democracy.
*People have the right to be consulted
*A legitimate government is were citizens participate and they are the stake in system
_____________________________________________________________________________
6.Distinguish horizontal and vertical form of power sharing.

.
7. Power may also be shared among different social groups”- explain
* Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic group
* ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
* the system of ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and the parliament is meant to give space in
the government and administration to diverse social group to give a fairer share of power for
minorities.
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and
movements control or influence those in power”- explain.
* competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand
*power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social
groups.
* In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists,
farmers and industrial workers.
* They also will have a share in governmental power or bringing influence on the decision-making
process.
__________________________________________________________________________________
POLITICAL SCIENCE: FEDERALISM

1. What is federalism?

* It is a system of government where the powers are divided between different levels of the
government.

* One is the government for the entire country.

* The others are governments at the level of states that look after the day-to-day administering of their
state.

* Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independently.

* There may be third level also, like in India which is called local government.

2. Difference between unitary and federal form of government.

3. Features of federalism:

* Two or more levels of government.

* Each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation etc.

* Existence and authority of each tier is constitutionally guraranteed

* Changes by consent of both the levels of government.

* Independent judiciary

*Financial autonomy

* Dual objectives – safeguard and promote unity of the country.

Accommodate regional diversity.

4. Two routes of federation

Coming together:

1. States come together to form bigger unit.

2. All the states have equal power.

3. Eg: USA, Switzerland, Australia.

Holding together:
1. Large country divides its power between the constituent units.

2. The central government tends to be more powerful than the states.

3. Eg: India, Spain,Belgium.

5. Describe the 3 fold distribution of legislative powers between Union and State Government.

* UNION LIST: * Union government alone can make law in the subjects of union list.

* These subjects are of national importance

* Eg: defence, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

* STATE LIST: *State government alone can make law in the subjects of state list.

* These subjects are of local importance.

* Eg: police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.

* CONCURRENT LIST: * Both the union as well as the state government can make laws.

* It includes subjects of common interest.

* Eg: education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession

* RESIDUARY POWERS: * The union government has the power to legislate on these subjects.

* Eg: cyber law, information technology etc.

6. Union territories:

* There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power.

* These are areas which are too small to become an independent state but which could not be merged
with any of the existing state.

* Eg: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep..

7. What Role is played by the judiciary in India?

* The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions
and procedures.

* If any dispute about the division of power, the High courts and the Supreme court make a decision.

* The Union and state governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes.

8.How is federalism practiced?

* Linguistic States:

* In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new states.

*Some states were created on basis of language and some on basis of culture, ethnicity or geography.
* Eg; Nagaland, Uttarakhand , and Jharkhand.

*Some national leaders feared it would lead to disintegration of the country,

*But the experience has showed that formation of linguistic states has actually made the country,
more united.

* Language Policy:

* In India, no language has the status of national language.

*Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as Scheduled languages by the constitution,
which can be used by the states as their official language.

* A candidate in an examination conducted for the central government positions, may appear in any
of these languages of his choices.

* States also have their own official languages.

*Centre- State relations:

* For a long time, one party ruled both the centre and in most of the states. So, there were fewer
problems with centre and state governments.

*If the ruling party at the state level was different, the parties that ruled at the centre tried to
undermine the power of the states.

* However, the regional parties were emerged and Supreme court judgements have made state and
regional parties strong.

9. What is decentralisation?

*When power is taken away from central and state governments and given to local government is
called decentralisation.

* The idea behind is that there are large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the
local level.

*People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

* They have better idea on where to spend money and how to manage it.

*Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self
government.

10. “A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992”- explain.

* Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

*Seats are reserved in the elected bodies for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and obc’s.

* At least one third of the seats are reserved for women.

*An independent institution called the State election commission has been created to conduct
election.

*The state government are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

11.Describe the structure of Panchayati Raj- rural local government in India.

* At village level—

* Each village or a group of villages has a gram panchayat.

* This panchayat consists of several members, called panch, and a president or sarpanch.

* All the adult population living in that village directly elects them.

*Gram sabha—

*The panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha.

* all the voters in the village are its members.

*It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve annual budjet.

* Panchayat samiti:

*A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form panchayat samiti or block or manal.

*The members of this body are elected by all the panchayat members.

Zilla Parishad:

*All the panchayat samitis or mandals together in a district forms the zilla parishad.

*The members of the zilla parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha, MLAs of that district are
also its members.

*Zilla parishad is headed by chair person.

* Municipalities:

* They are set up in towns.

*Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipalities

*Municipal corporation—

* Big cities constituted in to municipal corporation

* Mayor is the political head of municipal corporation.

HISTORY: 1. NATIONALISM IN INDIA

1. Describe the implications of I st world war on economic and political situation of India.

* It led to huge rise in the defense expenditure.

* Custom duties were increased and income tax was introduced.

* The prices of goods doubled and created hardship for the people.

* Forced recruitment was carried in villages for soldiers.

* It created a demand for industrial goods and caused a decline of imports.

2. How did MG successfully organise satyagraha movement in various places just after arriving to
India? Explain by giving three examples.

* In 1917, he travelled to champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation of Indigo.

*In 1917, he organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda who were affected by crop
failure and plague and could not pay the revenue.

*In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise Satyagraha movement amongst cotton
mill workers.

3.Write about Rowlatt Act,1919.

* This act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative council even when opposed by
the Indian members.

* It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of
political prisoners without trial for two years.

*Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws which started with
a hartal on 6th of April.

4.How was the Rowlatt act opposed by the people of India? or Aftermath of Rowlatt act.

* Rallies were organised in various cities.

*Workers went on strike in railway workshops, shops were closed.

*Scared that railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British decided to clamp down on
nationalists.

*Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

* On 10th april, the police fired upon the peaceful procession.

* Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

5.Describe the incident of Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

* On 13th April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.

*On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh

* Some came to protest and others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
*Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.

6. Describe the after math of Jallianwalla Bagh . Which Basic rights did the British violate?

* Crowds took to the streets.

*There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

*Seeking to terrorise people: sathyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground,

* Crawl on the streets, and do salaam to all sahibs.

*People were flogged and villages were bombed.

*Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement

7. Explain the issue behind the Khilafat movement or What was the Khilafat agitation? Why did
Gandhiji support to this agitation?

*The Khilafat movement initiated by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was a mass movement against
the reduction of temporal powers of Caliph after defeat of ottoman-Turkey in the First World War.

* To defend Khalifa’s powers, Khilafat committee was formed in 1919.

* Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an opportunity to bring Muslims unified in National

movement.

8.How could non- cooperation become a movement? OR Discuss the various stages of the Non-
cooperation movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.

* 1st stage- Surrender of titles that the government awarded.

*2nd stage- Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign
goods.

*3rd stage- If the government uses repression then a full civil disobedience movement will be
launched.

9.How did the NCM spread in cities across the country?

* it started with participation of middle- class people.

* Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters resigned.

*Lawyers gave up legal practices.

*The council election were boycotted.

10. Why did the NCM gradually slow down in the cities?

* Khadi clothes were more expensive than mill clothes.

*Poor people could not afford to buy it.

*The boycott of British institutions posed a problem.

*Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools.

*Lawyers joined back work in government courts.

11.Describe the spread of NCM in the country side of Awadh.

* Peasants were led by Baba Ramachandra.

*The movement was against taludars and landlords who demanded high rents.

* Peasants had to do begar.

*As tenants they did not had security of tenure and were regularly evicted.

* Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh.

* The Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up in the villages.

*As the movement spread, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted
and grains were hoarded.

12.Mention the features of the Gudem hills rebellion? What methods were adopted by the tribal to
gain swaraj?

* A militant guerrilla movement spread in early 1920’s.

* The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests
to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.

* Not only the tribal livelihood were affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being
denied.

*When the government forced to do begar they revolted.

*Alluri Sitarama Raju talked of the greatness of MG and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up
drinking.

* But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by using force.

*The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla
warfare.

*Raju was captured and executed in 1924.

13. Plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of MG and the notion of swaraj”-
support the statement.

* For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined
space and having a link to the village.

*Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea
gardens without permission.

* When they heard the NCM, thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.
* They believed that Gandhi would give land in their own village.

14.What were the causes of the withdrawal of the NCM?

* Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.

*Within the Congress, some leaders wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils as it
was a way to oppose British policies.

* The incident of Chauri- Chaura in which 22 policemen died was the main reason for the withdrawal
of the NCM.

15. Explain the Chauri- Chaura incident.

* A clash took place at chauri- chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

* A group of volunteers picketed a liquor shop were beaten up by a police officer.

* In protest a group of peasants went to the police station, bolted the door and set fire to the police
station killing 22 policemen.

*This event shocked Gandhiji and he immediately withdraw NCM.

16.Simon commission was greeted with slogan “Go back Simon” at arrival in India. Support this
reaction of Indians with arguments.

* The new Tory government constituted a Statutory commission under Sir John Simon.

*It was set up in response to the nationalist movement and they are going to look into the
constitutional system and suggest changes.

*But the commission did not have a single Indian member.

* When the Simon commission arrived in India it was greeted with slogan “Go back Simon”.

17. Difference between CDM and NCM.

NCM:

1. The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.

2. Foreign goods were boycotted.

*Liquor shops were boycotted.

4. Foreign clothes were burnt.

5.Traders refused to trade on foreign goods.

6. Students left the government schools and colleges.

CDM:

1. People were asked to break colonial laws.

2. The country men broke the salt law.

3. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.

4. Village officials resigned from their jobs.

5. Forest people violated forest rules and laws.

18. Why was Salt march considered an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism? Explain.

* Salt was consumed by all the sections of the society.

* It was the most essential item of food.

* The tax on salt and monopoly over its production, MG revealed the most oppressive face of British
rule.

* He found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

* He sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands.

* The most important one was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

19.Explain in brief the Dandi March. OR Describe the main features of the salt march.

* MG started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 volunteers.

*The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi.

* The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.

*On 6th April he reached Dandi and violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

20. Why did MG decided to call off the CDM?

* The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders.

* When ABDUL Ghaffar Khan was arrested the angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshwar.
Many were killed.

* When Gandhiji was arrested the industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal
buildings, law courts and railway stations.

*People were attacked women and children were beaten and arrested.

*Hence, MG decided to call off the CDM.

21.Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates for Muslims and
dalits?

* Dalit began demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, a separate electorate.

*After the decline of the NC – Khilafat movement, muslims felt alienated from the congress.

* Many muslim leaders expressed about the status of Muslims as a minority in India.
* They feared their culture and identity as minority would be submerged under the domination of a
Hindu majority.

22.Explain the efforts made by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for the political empowerment of the Dalits or
Depressed class.

* After the clash with Mahatma Gandhi Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the Depressed Classes
Association in 1930, for demanding separate electorate for dalits.

* When the British government accepted the demand, Gandhiji began to fast unto death.

* He believed that separate electorates would slow down the process of their integration into society.

*Ambedkar accepted and POONA PACT was formed.

* It gave Depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative council.

23.The identity of the nation is the most often symbolised in a figure or image.- explain

* The identity of the India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

* It was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

*he wrote Vande Mataram as a hymn to the motherland.

*Later, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.

* In his painting Bharat Mata was portrayed as ascetic figure, she is calm, composed, divine and
spirtitual.

* In following years Bharat Mata acquired many different forms.

24. What type of flag was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal? Explain its features .

SWADESHI FLAG:

* During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag- red, green and yellow was designed.

* It had 8 lotuses representing 8 provinces of British of India.

* A crescent moon, representing Hindu and Muslims.

______________________________________________________________________

25.Explain the main features of this swaraj flag? Who had designed the swaraj flag in 1921?

* In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag.

* It was a tri colour - red, green and white- it had a spinning wheel in the centre( representing idea of
self – help ).

* Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.
26.How did the reinterpretation of history created the feeling of nationalism among Indians?

* By the end of 19th century many Indians felt that Indian history had to be thought about differently.

* The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.

* In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.

* They wrote the glorious developments in art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and
culture, law crafts and trade.

* This glorious time was a decline, when India was colonised.

* Nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India in past and struggle to change the
miserable conditions of life under British rule.

27. Why did Gandhiji start NCM? Explain.

* Against rowlatt act

* Jallianwala Bagh incidence

*Khilafat movement

> Gandhiji launched the NCM with the aim of self governance and obtaining full independence.

> The INC withdrew its support for British reforms against the rowlatt act and Jallianwala Bagh
incident.

> Indian muslims who had participated in the Khilafat movement to restore the status of Khalifa gave
their support to the NCM.

28. Quit India movement:

*The Quit India Movement was a movement started by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 during
the World War II asking for an end to British rule in India.
*The movement was started in a speech in Bombay where Mahatma Gandhi asked Indians to Do or
Die.
*People observed hartals, and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs
and slogans.
* thousands of ordinary people, namely students, workers and peasants were actively participated in
the movement.
*however the British imprisoned most of the Congress leadership within a day of the speech in a
effort to suppress the movement.
*The British refused to grant independence until the war ended.