UNIT II

DATA, EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS

Python interpreter and interactive mode; values and types: int, float, boolean, string,
and list; variables, expressions, statements, tuple assignment, precedence of operators,
comments; Illustrative programs: exchange the values of two variables, circulate the
values of n variables, distance between two points.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON:
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-
level programming language.
It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990.
Python got its name from “Monty Python’s flying circus”. Python was released in the
year 2000.

Python is interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You

do not need to compile your program before executing it.
Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with
the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for the beginner-
level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of
applications.
1.1. Python Features:
Easy-to-learn: Python is clearly defined and easily readable. The structure of
the program is very simple. It uses few keywords.
Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the
same interface on all platforms.
Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. So, there is no
need to compile a program before executing it. You can simply run the program.
Extensible: Programmers can embed python within their C,C++,Java script
,ActiveX, etc.
Free and Open Source: Anyone can freely distribute it, read the source code, and
edit it.
High Level Language: When writing programs, programmers concentrate on
solutions of the current problem, no need to worry about the low level details.
Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs
than shell scripting.
1.2. Applications:
Bit Torrent file sharing
Google search engine, Youtube
Intel, Cisco, HP, IBM
i–Robot
NASA
 Facebook, Drop box

1.3. Python interpreter:

Interpreter: To execute a program in a high-level language by translating it one line at
a time.
Compiler: To translate a program written in a high-level language into a low-level
language all at once, in preparation for later execution.

Compiler Interpreter
Interpreter Takes Single instruction as
Compiler takes Entire program as input
input
No Intermediate Object Code
Intermediate Object Code is Generated
is Generated
Conditional Control Statements Conditional Control Statements
Execute faster Execute slower
Memory Requirement is More (Since Object
Memory Requirement is Less
Code is Generated)
Every time higher level program is
Program need not be compiled every time
converted into lower level program
Errors are displayed after entire Errors are displayed for every
program is checked instruction.
Example : C Compiler Example : PYTHON

1.4 MODES OF PYTHON INTERPRETER:

Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code. It uses 2 modes
of Execution.
1. Interactive mode
2. Script mode
Interactive mode:
Interactive Mode, as the name suggests, allows us to interact with the Operating
System (OS).
When we type Python statement, interpreter displays the results
immediately.
Advantages:
Python, in interactive mode, is good enough to learn, experiment or explore.
Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing small
pieces of code.
Drawback:
We cannot save the statements and have to retype all the statements once again to
re-run them.
In interactive mode, you type Python programs and the interpreter displays the result:
>>> 1 + 1
2
The chevron, >>>, is the prompt the interpreter uses to indicate that it is ready for you
to enter code. If you type 1 + 1, the interpreter replies 2.
>>> print ('Hello, World!')
Hello, World!
This is an example of a print statement. It displays a result on the screen. In this
case, the result is the words.

Script mode:
In script mode, we type python program in a file and then use interpreter to
execute the content of the file.
Scripts can be saved to disk for future use. Python scripts have the
extension .py, meaning that the filename ends with .py
Save the code with filename.py and run the interpreter in script mode to execute
the script.

Interactive mode Script mode

A way of using the Python interpreter by A way of using the Python interpreter to
typing commands and expressions at the read and execute statements in a script.
prompt.
Cant save and edit the code Can save and edit the code
If we want to experiment with the code, If we are very clear about the code, we can
we can use interactive mode. use script mode.
we cannot save the statements for further we can save the statements for further use
use and we have to retype and we no need to retype
all the statements to re-run them. all the statements to re-run them.
We can see the results immediately. We cant see the code immediately.

Integrated Development Learning Environment (IDLE):

Is a graphical user interface which is completely written in Python.
It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and also
comes with optional part of the Python packaging.
Features of IDLE:
Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting.
Auto completion with smart indentation.
Python shell to display output with syntax highlighting.
2. IDENTIFIERS:
Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables etc. in
Python.
Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to
Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).
An identifier cannot start with a digit.
Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
Cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.
Identifier can be of any length.
Example:
Names like myClass, var_1, and this_is_a_long_variable

Valid declarations Invalid declarations

Num Number 1
Num num 1
Num1 addition of program
_NUM 1Num
NUM_temp2 Num.no
IF if
Else else

3.4 STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS:

3.4.1 Statements:
-Instructions that a Python interpreter can executes are called statements.
-A statement is a unit of code like creating a variable or displaying a value.
>>> n = 17
>>> print(n)
Here, The first line is an assignment statement that gives a value to n.
The second line is a print statement that displays the value of n.
3.4.2 Expressions:
-An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.
- A value all by itself is considered an expression, and also a variable.
- So the following are all legal expressions:
>>> 42
42
>>> a=2
>>> a+3+2
7
>>> z=("hi"+"friend")
>>> print(z)
hifriend

15 Unit 2: Data ,expressions, Statements

3.Variables,Keywords Expressions, Statements, Comments, Docstring ,Lines And
Indentation, Quotation In Python, Tuple Assignment:

3.1 VARIABLES:
A variable allows us to store a value by assigning it to a name, which can be used
later.
V a r i a b l e s a r e named memory locations to store values.
Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful.
It can be of any length. No space is allowed.
We don't need to declare a variable before using it. In Python, we simply assign a
value to a variable and it will exist.

Assigning value to variable:

Value should be given on the right side of assignment operator(=) and variable on left
side.
>>>counter =45
print(counter)

Assigning a single value to several variables simultaneously:

>>> a=b=c=100
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

>>> a,b,c=2,4,"ram"

KEYWORDS:
Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
We cannot use a keyword as variable name, function name or any other
identifier.
They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
Keywords are case sensitive.
3.Variables,Keywords Expressions, Statements, Comments, Docstring ,Lines And
Indentation, Quotation In Python, Tuple Assignment:

3.1 VARIABLES:
A variable allows us to store a value by assigning it to a name, which can be used
later.
V a r i a b l e s a r e named memory locations to store values.
Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful.
It can be of any length. No space is allowed.
We don't need to declare a variable before using it. In Python, we simply assign a
value to a variable and it will exist.

Assigning value to variable:

Value should be given on the right side of assignment operator(=) and variable on left
side.
>>>counter =45
print(counter)

Assigning a single value to several variables simultaneously:

>>> a=b=c=100
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

>>> a,b,c=2,4,"ram"

3.2 KEYWORDS:
Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
We cannot use a keyword as variable name, function name or any other
identifier.
They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
Keywords are case sensitive.

14 Unit 2: Data ,expressions, Statements

3.3 IDENTIFIERS:
Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables etc. in
Python.
Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to
Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).
An identifier cannot start with a digit.
Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
Cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.
Identifier can be of any length.
Example:
Names like myClass, var_1, and this_is_a_long_variable

Valid declarations Invalid declarations

Num Number 1
Num num 1
Num1 addition of program
_NUM 1Num
NUM_temp2 Num.no
IF if
Else else

3.2 STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS:

Statements:
-Instructions that a Python interpreter can executes are called statements.
-A statement is a unit of code like creating a variable or displaying a value.
>>> n = 17
>>> print(n)
Here, The first line is an assignment statement that gives a value to n.
The second line is a print statement that displays the value of n.
Expressions:
-An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.
- A value all by itself is considered an expression, and also a variable.
- So the following are all legal expressions:
>>> 42
42
>>> a=2
>>> a+3+2
7
>>> z=("hi"+"friend")
>>> print(z)
hifriend
4.VALUES AND DATA TYPES

Value:
Value can be any letter ,number or string.
Eg, Values are 2, 42.0, and 'Hello, World!'. (These values belong to different
datatypes.)
Data type:
Every value in Python has a data type.
It is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values.
Python has four standard data types:

4.1Numbers:
Number data type stores Numerical Values.
This data type is immutable [i.e. values/items cannot be changed].
Python supports integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers. They
are defined as,
4.2 Sequence:
A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers.
It is a combination of mutable (value can be changed) and immutable (values
cannot be changed) data types. There are three types of sequence data types
available in Python, they are
1. Strings
2. Lists
3. Tuples
4.2.1 Strings:
A String in Python consists of a series or sequence of characters - letters,
numbers, and special characters.
Strings are marked by quotes:
single quotes (' ') Eg, 'This a string in single quotes'
double quotes (" ") Eg, "'This a string in double quotes'"
triple quotes(""" """) Eg, This is a paragraph. It is made up of
multiple lines and sentences."""
Individual character in a string is accessed using a subscript (index).
Characters can be accessed using indexing and slicing operations
Strings are immutable i.e. the contents of the string cannot be changed after it is
created.
Indexing:

Positive indexing helps in accessing the string from the beginning

Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end.
Subscript 0 or –ve n(where n is length of the string) displays the first element.
Example: A[0] or A[-5] will display “H”
Subscript 1 or –ve (n-1) displays the second element.
Example: A[1] or A[-4] will display “E”

Operations on string:
i. Indexing
ii. Slicing
iii. Concatenation
iv. Repetitions
v. Member ship
Creating a string >>> s="good morning" Creating the list with elements of
different data types.
Indexing >>> print(s[2]) Accessing the item in the
o position 2
>>> print(s[7]) Accessing the item in the
r position 7
Slicing(ending >>> print(s[2:]) - Displaying items from 2nd till
position -1) od morning last.
Slice operator is >>> print(s[:4]) - Displaying items from 1st
used to extract Good position till 3rd .
part of a data
type
Concatenation >>>print(s+"friends") -Adding and printing the
good morningfriends characters of two strings.

Repetition >>>print(s*2) Creates new strings,

good morning good concatenating multiple copies of
morning the same string
in, not in >>> s="good morning" Using membership operators to
(membership >>>"m" in s check a particular character is in
operator) True string or not. Returns true if
>>> "a" not in s present.
True
4.2.2 Lists
List is an ordered sequence of items. Values in the list are called elements / items.
It can be written as a list of comma-separated items (values) between square
brackets[ ].
Items in the lists can be of different data types.
Operations on list:
Indexing
Slicing
Concatenation
Repetitions
Updation, Insertion, Deletion
Creating a list >>>list1=["python", 7.79, 101, Creating the list with
"hello”] elements of different data
>>>list2=["god",6.78,9] types.
Indexing >>>print(list1[0]) Accessing the item in the
python position 0
>>> list1[2] Accessing the item in
101
the position 2
Slicing( ending >>> print(list1[1:3]) - Displaying items from 1st
position -1) [7.79, 101] till 2nd.
Slice operator is >>>print(list1[1:]) - Displaying items from 1st
used to extract [7.79, 101, 'hello'] position till last.
part of a string, or
some part of a list
Python
Concatenation >>>print( list1+list2) -Adding and printing the
['python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'god', items of two lists.
6.78, 9]
Repetition >>> list2*3 Creates new strings,
['god', 6.78, 9, 'god', 6.78, 9, 'god', concatenating multiple
6.78, 9] copies of the same string
Updating the list >>> list1[2]=45 Updating the list using index
>>>print( list1) value
[‘python’, 7.79, 45, ‘hello’]
Inserting an >>> list1.insert(2,"program") Inserting an element in 2nd
element >>> print(list1) Position
['python', 7.79, 'program', 45,
Removing 'hello']
an >>> list1.remove(45) Removing an element by
element >>> print(list1) giving the element directly
['python', 7.79, 'program', 'hello']
4.2.3 Tuple:
A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses
instead of square brackets.
A tuple is an immutable list. i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add
elements to a tuple or remove elements from the tuple.
Benefit of Tuple:
Tuples are faster than lists.
If the user wants to protect the data from accidental changes, tuple can be used.
Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists can't.
Operations on list:
Indexing
Slicing
Concatenation
Repetitions

Basic Operations:
Creating a tuple >>>t=("python", 7.79, 101, Creating the tuple with elements
"hello”) of different data types.
Indexing >>>print(t[0]) Accessing the item in the
python position 0
>>> t[2] Accessing the item in the
101
position 2
Slicing( ending >>>print(t[1:3]) Displaying items from 1st
position -1) (7.79, 101) till 2nd.

Concatenation >>> t+("ram", 67) Adding tuple elements at

('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', 'ram', the end of another tuple
67) elements
Repetition >>>print(t*2) Creates new strings,
('python', 7.79, 101, 'hello', concatenating multiple copies of
'python', 7.79, 101, 'hello') the same string

Altering the tuple data type leads to error. Following error occurs when user tries to
do.
>>> t[0]="a"
Trace back (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
Type Error: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
4.3 Mapping
-This data type is unordered and mutable.
-Dictionaries fall under Mappings.
3.3.1Dictionaries:
Lists are ordered sets of objects, whereas dictionaries are unordered sets.
Dictionary is created by using curly brackets. i,e. {}
Dictionaries are accessed via keys and not via their position.
A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the
dictionary is associated (or mapped) to a value.
The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are
unordered key-value-pairs(The association of a key and a value is called a key-
value pair )
Dictionaries don't support the sequence operation of the sequence data types like
strings, tuples and lists.

Creating a >>> food = {"ham":"yes", "egg" : Creating the dictionary

dictionary "yes", "rate":450 } with elements of
>>>print(food) different data
{'rate': 450, 'egg': 'yes', 'ham': types.
'yes'}
Indexing >>>> print(food["rate"]) Accessing the item with
450 keys.
If you try to access a key which doesn't exist, you will get an error message:
>>> words = {"house" : "Haus", "cat":"Katze"}
>>> words["car"]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'car'

Data type Compile time Run time

int a=10 a=int(input(“enter a”))
float a=10.5 a=float(input(“enter a”))
string a=”panimalar” a=input(“enter a string”)
list a=[20,30,40,50] a=list(input(“enter a list”))
tuple a=(20,30,40,50) a=tuple(input(“enter a tuple”))
4.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT

INPUT: Input is data entered by user (end user) in the program.

In python, input () function is available for input.
Syntax for input() is:
variable = input (“data”)
>>>x=input(“enter the name:”)
enter the name: george
>>>y=int(input("enter the number"))
enter the number 3
#python accepts string as default data type. conversion is required for type.

OUTPUT: Output can be displayed to the user using Print statement .

Syntax:
print (expression/constant/variable)
Example:
>>> print ("Hello")
Hello

4.5 COMMENTS:
A hash sign (#) is the beginning of a comment.
Anything written after # in a line is ignored by interpreter.
Eg:percentage = (minute * 100) / 60 # calculating percentage of an hour
Python does not have multiple-line commenting feature. You have to
comment each line individually as follows :
Example:
# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

4.6 DOCSTRING:
Docstring is short for documentation string.
It is a string that occurs as the first statement in a module, function, class, or
method definition. We must write what a function/class does in the docstring.
Triple quotes are used while writing docstrings.
Syntax:
functionname__doc.__
Example:
def double(num):
"""Function to double the value"""
return 2*num
>>> print(double.__doc__)
Function to double the value
4.7 LINES AND INDENTATION:
Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a
block of code. But, python uses indentation.
Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
It is a space given to the block of codes for class and function definitions or flow
control.
Example
a=3
b=1
if a>b:
print("a is greater")
else:
print("b is greater")
4.8 QUOTATION IN PYTHON:
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals.
Anything that is represented using quotations are considered as string.
single quotes (' ') Eg, 'This a string in single quotes'
double quotes (" ") Eg, "'This a string in double quotes'"
triple quotes(""" """) Eg, This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple lines
and sentences."""

4.9 TUPLE ASSIGNMENT

An assignment to all of the elements in a tuple using a single assignment
statement.
Python has a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of
variables on the left of an assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the
right of the assignment.
The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of values.
Each value is assigned to its respective variable.
All the expressions on the right side are evaluated before any of the assignments.
This feature makes tuple assignment quite versatile.
Naturally, the number of variables on the left and the number of values on the
right have to be the same.
>>> (a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 3)
ValueError: need more than 3 values to unpack
Example:
-It is useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignment
statements, we have to use a temporary variable. For example, to swap a and b:

Swap two numbers Output:

a=2;b=3
print(a,b) (2, 3)
temp = a (3, 2)
a=b >>>
b = temp
print(a,b)

Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly:

(a, b) = (b, a)

-One way to think of tuple assignment is as tuple packing/unpacking.

In tuple packing, the values on the left are ‘packed’ together in a tuple:

>>> b = ("George", 25, "20000") # tuple packing

-In tuple unpacking, the values in a tuple on th e r igh t ar e ‘u np acke d ’ into

the variables/names on the left:

>>> b = ("George", 25, "20000") # tuple packing

>>> (name, age, salary) = b # tuple unpacking
>>> name
'George'
>>> age
25
>>> salary
'20000'

-The right side can be any kind of sequence (string,list,tuple)

Example:
-To split an email address in to user name and a domain
>>> mailid='god@abc.org'
>>> name,domain=mailid.split('@')
>>> print name
god
>>> print (domain)
abc.org
5. OPERATORS:
Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is
called operator
Types of Operators:
-Python language supports the following types of operators
Arithmetic Operators
Comparison (Relational) Operators
Assignment Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Membership Operators
Identity Operators
5.1 Arithmetic operators:
They are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication etc. Assume, a=10 and b=5
Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand a – b = -10
operand.

* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

Multiplication

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b%a=0

and returns remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to the

operators power 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands where the 5//2=2

result is the quotient in which the digits after the
decimal point are removed
Examples Output:
a=10 b=5 a+b= 15
print("a+b=",a+b) a-b= 5
print("a-b=",a-b) a*b= 50
print("a*b=",a*b) a/b= 2.0
print("a/b=",a/b) a%b= 0
print("a%b=",a%b) a//b= 2
print("a//b=",a//b) a**b= 100000
print("a**b=",a**b)
5.2 Comparison (Relational) Operators:
Comparison operators are used to compare values.
It either returns True or False according to the condition. Assume, a=10 and b=5

Operator Description Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition
(a == b)
becomes true.
If values of two operands are not equal, then condition
!= (a!=b)
becomes true.
If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right
> (a > b)
operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than the value of right
< (a < b
operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the
>= (a >= b)
value of right operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value
<= (a <= b)
of right operand, then condition becomes true.

Example
a=10 Output:
b=5 a>b=> True
print("a>b=>",a>b) a>b=> False
print("a>b=>",a<b) a==b=> False
print("a==b=>",a==b) a!=b=> True
print("a!=b=>",a!=b) a>=b=> False
print("a>=b=>",a<=b) a>=b=> True
print("a>=b=>",a>=b)

5.3 Assignment Operators:

-Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side c = a + b

operand assigns
value of a +
b into c

+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign c += a is
the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c + a

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left operand and c -= a is

AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c - a
*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left operand and c *= a is
AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c * a

/= Divide It divides left operand with the right operand and c /= a is

AND assign the result to left operand equivalent
to c = c / ac
/= a is
equivalent
to c = c / a

%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and assign the c %= a is

AND result to left operand equivalent
to c = c % a

**= Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on c **= a is

AND operators and assign value to the left operand equivalent
to c = c ** a

//= Floor It performs floor division on operators and assign c //= a is

Division value to the left operand equivalent
to c = c // a

Example Output
a = 21 Line 1 - Value of c is 31
b = 10 Line 2 - Value of c is 52
c=0 Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
c=a+b Line 4 - Value of c is 52.0
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ", c) Line 5 - Value of c is 2
c += a Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c) Line 7 - Value of c is 99864
c *= a
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ", c)
c /= a
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c)
c =2
c %= a
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ", c)
c **= a
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ", c)
c //= a
print("Line 7 - Value of c is ", c)
5.4 Logical Operators:
-Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Example Output
a = True x and y is False
b = False x or y is True
print('a and b is',a and b) not x is False
print('a or b is',a or b)
print('not a is',not a)
5.5 Bitwise Operators:
A bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns at the level of individual bits
Example: Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)

Example Output
a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100 Line 1 - Value of c is 12
b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101 Line 2 - Value of c is 61
c=0 Line 3 - Value of c is 49
c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100 Line 4 - Value of c is -61
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c Line 5 - Value of c is 240
c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101 Line 6 - Value of c is 15
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011
print "Line 4- Value of c is ", c
c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111
0000
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000
1111
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
5.6 Membership Operators:

Evaluates to find a value or a variable is in the specified sequence of string, list,

tuple, dictionary or not.
Let, x=[5,3,6,4,1]. To check particular item in list or not, in and not in operators
are used.

Example:
x=[5,3,6,4,1]
>>> 5 in x
True
>>> 5 not in x
False

5.7 Identity Operators:

They are used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the same part of
the
memory.

Example Output
x=5 False
y=5 True
x2 = 'Hello'
y2 = 'Hello'
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)
6.OPERATOR PRECEDENCE:
When an expression contains more than one operator, the order of evaluation
depends on the order of operations.
Operator Description

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method

names for the last two are +@ and -@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift

& Bitwise 'AND'

^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= < > >= Comparison operators

<> == != Equality operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

-For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical convention.
-The acronym PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation, Multiplication, Division,
Addition, Subtraction) is a useful way to remember the rules:
Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to
evaluate in the order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated
first, 2 * (3-1)is 4, and (1+1)**(5-2) is 8.
You can also use parentheses to make an expression easier to read, as in (minute
* 100) / 60, even if it doesn’t change the result.
Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 1 + 2**3 is 9, not 27, and 2
*3**2 is 18, not 36.
Multiplication and Division have higher precedence than Addition and
Subtraction. So 2*3-1 is 5, not 4, and 6+4/2 is 8, not 5.
Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except
exponentiation).
Example:
a=9-12/3+3*2-1 A=2*3+4%5-3/2+6
a=? A=6+4%5-3/2+6 find m=?
a=9-4+3*2-1 A=6+4-3/2+6 m=-43||8&&0||-2
a=9-4+6-1 A=6+4-1+6 m=-43||0||-2
a=5+6-1 A=10-1+6 m=1||-2
a=11-1 A=9+6 m=1
a=10 A=15
a=2,b=12,c=1 a=2,b=12,c=1 a=2*3+4%5-3//2+6
d=a<b>c d=a<b>c-1 a=6+4-1+6
d=2<12>1 d=2<12>1-1 a=10-1+6
d=1>1 d=2<12>0 a=15
d=0 d=1>0
d=1
ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAMS
Program for SWAPPING(Exchanging )of Output
values
a = int(input("Enter a value ")) Enter a value 5
b = int(input("Enter b value ")) Enter b value 8
c=a a=8
a=b b=5
b=c
print("a=",a,"b=",b,)
Program to find distance between two Output
points
import math enter x1 7
x1=int(input("enter x1")) enter y1 6
y1=int(input("enter y1")) enter x2 5
x2=int(input("enter x2")) enter y2 7
y2=int(input("enter y2")) 2.5
distance =math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2)+((y2-
y1)**2)
print(distance)
Program to circulate n numbers Output:
a=list(input("enter the list")) enter the list '1234'

print(a) Output: ['1', '2', '3', '4']

for i in range(1,len(a),1): ['2', '3', '4', '1']
print(a[i:]+a[:i]) ['3', '4', '1', '2']
['4', '1', '2','3']
Part A:
1. What is interpreter?
2. What are the two modes of python?
3. List the features of python.
4. List the applications of python
5. List the difference between interactive and script mode
6. What is value in python?
7. What is identifier? List the rules to name identifier.
8. What is keyword?
9. How to get data types in compile time and runtime?
10. What is indexing and types of indexing?
11. List out the operations on strings.
12. Explain slicing?
13. Explain below operations with the example
(i)Concatenation (ii)Repetition
14. Give the difference between list and tuple
15. Differentiate Membership and Identity operators.
16. Compose the importance of indentation in python.
17. Evaluate the expression and find the result
(a+b)*c/d
a+b*c/d
18. Write a python program to print ‘n’ numbers.
19. Define function and its uses
20. Give the various data types in Python
21. Assess a program to assign and access variables.
22. Select and assign how an input operation was done in python.
23. Discover the difference between logical and bitwise operator.
24. Give the reserved words in Python.
25. Give the operator precedence in python.
26. Define the scope and lifetime of a variable in python.
27. Point out the uses of default arguments in python
28. Generalize the uses of python module.
29. Demonstrate how a function calls another function. Justify your answer.
30. List the syntax for function call with and without arguments.
31. Define recursive function.
32. What are the two parts of function definition? give the syntax.
33. Point out the difference between recursive and iterative technique.
34. Give the syntax for variable length arguments.
Part B
1. Explain in detail about various data types in Python with an example?
2. Explain the different types of operators in python with an example.
3. Discuss the need and importance of function in python.
4. Explain in details about function prototypes in python.
5. Discuss about the various type of arguments in python.
6. Explain the flow of execution in user defined function with example.
7. Illustrate a program to display different data types using variables and literal
constants.
8. Show how an input and output function is performed in python with an example.
9. Explain in detail about the various operators in python with suitable examples.
10. Discuss the difference between tuples and list
11. Discuss the various operation that can be performed on a tuple and Lists
(minimum 5) with an example program
12. What are membership and identity operators?
13. Write a program to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, integer
division, floor division and modulo division on two integer and float.
14. Write a program to convert degree Fahrenheit to Celsius
15. Discuss the need and importance of function in python.
16. Illustrate a program to exchange the value of two variables with temporary
variables
17. Briefly discuss in detail about function prototyping in python. With suitable
example program
18. Analyze the difference between local and global variables.
19. Explain with an example program to circulate the values of n variables
20. Analyze with a program to find out the distance between two points using
python.
21. Do the Case study and perform the following operation in tuples i) Maxima
minima iii)sum of two tuples iv) duplicate a tuple v)slicing operator vi)
obtaining a list from a tuple vii) Compare two tuples viii)printing two tuples of
different data types
22. Write a program to find out the square root of two numbers.