(iv) The immediate cause of the "So on September 3, 1939, Britain

outbreak of the Second World War and France declared a war

was Germany's aggressive attack against Germany and there began
on Poland on September 1, 1939. the Second World War.
In August, 1939 Germany had 9. () Adolf Hitler. Nazi Party.
signed a non-aggressive Pact with (i) Both Museolini and Hitler aimed
Russia. at restoring the status and dignity
" On September 1, 1939, German of their nations by making them
troops stormed Poland. strong powers.
" England asked Germany to vacate " Both aimed at providing storng,
Poland but Hitler refused to do so. stable and efficient Government.

Chapter-3:The Second World War

(A) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 6. (a) The League of Nations had no power
1. The two power blocs that emerged to act on its own, the only weapon
after the Second World War were-the that was available with the League
was the economic sanctions.
American Bloc and the Soviet Bloc.
2. The immediate cause of the outbreak of (b) The USA did not become its
the Second World War was the German member, because the Senate of the
aggression on Poland on lst September, United States did not ratify the
1939. When Hitler was asked by England Covenant of the League of Nations.
to vacate Poland he refused to do. So on 7. The four countries included in the Allied
September 3, 1939, Britain and France Power were Britain, France, America and
declared a war against Germany and thus Russia.
began the Second World War. 8. The Japanese were determined to
3. () Germany (i) Italy (iüi) Japan. dominate the far east. America warned
4. In 1933 Japan withdraw after the League Japan of the dire consequences but Japan
Voiced opposition to its invasion of the ignored and joined the axis.
Chinese territory of Manchuria. 9. Hitler claimed a part of Czechoslovakia
5. Both Nazism and Fascism believed in called Sudetenland which was very
the principle of the 'suruival of the fittest' important because of her industry.
which is the law of life. The strongest Instead of meeting the threat posed by
alone have the right to survive and Germany, the Prime Ministers of Britain
rule. Both believed in the principle and France met Hitler and Mussolini
of expansion. Hitler believed that at Munich in Germany on 29th and
nation became great only by defeating 30th September, 1938, and agreed to
other nations in war. Both Hitler and Germany's terms without the consent of
Mussolini pursued an expansionist Czechoslovakia.
policy abroad. In May, 1936 Italian 10. () City of Danzig was inhabited mainly
troops captured Addis Ababa, capital of by the Germans.
Ethiopia. Hitler also captured Austria,
Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Norway, (i) By occupying the Danzig Corridor,
he could connect East Prussia with
Luxemberg. Holland and Belgium and
Paris too, fell to the Nazis. Germany.
11. Hitler wanted to permit him to have the IIn June 1944, the Allied Forces
city of Danzig as he wanted to construct a under General Eisenhower landed
motor road. in Normandy and liberated
12. After the defeat in the Second World War: France. The German army in Paris
(a) Germany stood dismembered, surrendered on 25th August, 1944.
humiliated and devastated. 19. The United Nations Organisations was
(6) Germany was divided into two parts established on October 24, 1945 with
i.e., the East Germany and the West Headquarters at New York (USA) to save
Germany. the coming generation from the scourge of
war.
13. United States and Soviet Union.
20. It is situation where there is no armed
14. The United Nations Organisations was
established on October 24, 1945 with struggle, but the rivals continue to
Headquarters at New York (USA) to save maintain their peace time diplomatic
the coming generation from the scourge of relations along with their hostility.
war. Or
15. The immediate cause of the outbreak of It was the period of conflict, tension and
the Second World War was the German competition between the USA and the
aggression on Poland on lst September, Soviet Union and their respective allies
1939. When Hitler was asked by England from the mid 1940s till 1990s.
to vacate Poland he refused to do. So on 21. Bernard Baruch.
September 3, 1939, Britain and France 22. A type of government under which means
declared a war against Germany and thus of production are controlled by the state
began the Second World War. or the government, for example USSR.
16. East and West Germany. 23. A type of government under which means
17. The War shattered the colonial empires of production are controlled by private
of Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, individuals.
Italy, ete. A desire for freedom gained 24. Belgium and Switzerland.
ground in the people of the colonies in 25. The world was divided between two
Asia and Africa. India, Burma, Sri Lanka, blocs, i.e., the Anglo-American Bloc or
Malaya, which were under Britain, capitalist nations led by the U.S.A. which
became free. The East-Indies overthrew
included U.S.A., Britain, France and
the Dutch rule; Indo-China became free many other countries and the communist
from French rule ; Indonesia also earned nations led by the Soviet Union which
her freedom. Similarly, the British, included countries of East Europe, i.e.,
the French, Portuguese and Holland's Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania.
colonies in African continent also shed the
These were also formally called the
yoke of colonialism. American Bloc and Soviet Bloc.
18. IItaly too was defeated. The Allies 26. () The Korean War (i) The armament race
took over Sicily in July 1943, and 27. 1. The cold war set in motion a mad race
then marched to Rome.
for armovents.
IMussolini was dismissed and a new 2. Cold War lead to the formation of
government of Badoglio surrendered
before the Allies. Mussolini and various alliavees like NATO, SEATO,
CFNT0 etc.
his mistress were shot dead by the
Italians on 28th April, 1945 when 28. To seek raw materials to fuel it's growing
industries.
they tried to flee.
29. () Germany (i) Italy (u) Japan. (B) STRUCTURED QUESTIONS:
30. (a) In order to achieve the territorial 1. (a) 1. Political Instability in
aims, Italy, Germany and Japan Germany : After her defeat in
began producing firearms, tanks, the First World War, Germany
guns, warships, aircrafts and other
weapons of destruction at large also faced economic crisis,
scale. revolts, disorder, lawlessness,
The Disarmament Conferences unemployment, rise of prices,
etc. William Kaiser II was
failed to stop the stock-piling of
arms and ammunition. Also, the unable to solve these problems.
League of Nations failed in this He was forced to abdicate
regard. and he fled to Holland on
(b) The European nations began to November 10,1918 to save
doubt Hitler's motives. They formed his life. Elections were held
power blocs of nations for their to the new Constituent
securities. So, before the outbreak of Assembly on January 19,1919
the Second World War, Europe was which met at Weimar, and
divided into rival camps.
adopted the new Constitution,
On the one side, there were which set up a democratic
England, France and Russia and, government called the Weimar
on the other, there were Italy,
Germany and Japan. Republic. But it failed to solve
(c) After the First World War, the the current problems of the
Germans. Under the Weimar
USA kept herself aloof from the
European politics. She did not Republic, there existed political
even join the League of Nations. instability.
As a result, England alone could 2. Reaction to the humiliating
not check French revengefulness Treaty of Versailles : The
towards Germany. Hence, the Treaty of Versailles imposed
American aloofness and non very humiliating terms on
interference helped the military Germany, like paying huge war
regimes of Germany and Italy to penalties to the victors, ceding
choose their aggressive and militant chunks of German territory to
policy. them including her overseas
(d The immediate cause of
the outbreak of the Second colonies and disbanding
World War was Germany's German armies. The Treaty
aggressive attack on Poland on was signed by the officers
September 1, 1939. In August, of the German Democratic
1939 Germany had signed Republic in Paris in 1919
a non-aggressive Pact with A.D. The people began to look
Russia. upon the Weimar Republic
On September 1, 1939, German (which accepted the terms and
troops stormed Poland. conditions of the humiliating
England asked Germany Treaty of Versailles) as a
to vacate Poland but Hitler symbol of national disgrace
refused to do so. and an act of betrayal of the
" So on September 3, 1939, German people.
Britain and France declared
3. The Economic Disaster :
a war against Germany and
there began the Second World Unemployment, inflation,
War. price-rise, ruin of German
 trade and industry, coupled everywhere. Mussolini formed the
with general world depression Fascist Party in March 1919 which
created an economic disaster attracted people from all sections
of the worst order in Germany. of society - ex-soldiers, farmers,
The Government's policy of workers, salaried persons and the
borrowing failed to solve the youths. In 1921, elections were held
economic crisis. To cap it all in Italy. Mussolini's party could not
Germany was to pay heavy get majority. It won only 35 seats as
War reparations out of her against 122 seats of the socialists.
crippled economy. Hitler Yet the Fascists grew in number
promised relief to the people and power. The Socialists refused
on the economic front and he to co-operate with Giolitto (Prime
won their confidence. Minister) Government and called a
strike. The Fascists feel confident
(6 " The League of Nations was enough to stage their march to
set up to maintain peace in Rome (Mussolini's March on Rome)
the world. But it failed in its to crush the strike. Thousands of
objective to check the rise his Fascist armed men, known as
of dictatorships in Italy and Black Shirts, (wore black uniform)
Germany. attacked Rome on October 28, 1922.
" When the weaker nations They took over whatever came their
appealed, the League could way. King Victor Emmanuel III of
only apply economic sanctions Italy invited Mussolini to become
against the aggressors. the Prime Minister. Mussolini
" It failed to contain Italy's became the real ruler of Italy.
aggression in Ethiopia, 2. (a) The victors of the First World
Japan's invasion of China and War (Britain, France and U.S.A.)
Manchuria and Germany's forced Germany to sign the unjust
occupation of Austria and and humiliating Treaty of Peace.
attack on Poland. " It imposed heavy war-penalties
on Germany, made her surrender
" Actually, the League of Nations large chunks of her territories
had no power to act on its like Saar, Rhineland, Ruhr area,
own initiative to preserve etc. and some parts of her foreign
peace in the world. It lacked colonies.
its own armed force and so
depended on the great powers " The Treaty also prohibited
Germany from re-arming herself;
to enforce its resolutions, her army was disbanded beyond a
keep to economic sanctions, or limit of one lakh soldiers.
provide an army when needed. " The Germans found it too
Moreover, the U. S. A. did not humiliating. The huge
become its member, because reparations imposed on Germans,
the U.S. Senate did not ratify prevented Germanys' economic
the Convenant of the League recovery.
of Nations. " Moreover, the attitude of France
" Germany was also not allowed towards Germany was revengeful.
to join the League. "Now when Germany layprostrate
(c) In 1922 A.D., the Communists before France, she took revenge
began a general strike in Italy. from her by taking the Saar valley
They created chaos and disorder and the Ruhr zone in 1923 A.D.
 " The Germans began to look upon attack America at Pearl Harbor,
the Weimar Republic (which and so initiate World War II in the
accepted the treaty) as a symbol Far East.
of national disgrace. 3. () After the war, Germany became
" All this created conditions for very weak. The war brought the
Nazis (Hitler) to come to power. end of Hitler and Nazism. Army
(6) " The rulers of Germany, Italy, of Germany was reduced and most
Japan believed in aggressive type of her economic resources were
of nationalism. snatched away from her. Germany
" They wanted to acquire colonies was divided into zones, each zone
for their countries to satisfy their under the army of each of her Allied
nationalist urges and for their Powers.
economic interests. () The Federal Republic of
" Italy annexed Ethopia (Abyssinia) Germany (FRG) commonly
and Albania. Japan annexed known as West Germany
Manchuria ; Germany annexed its was administered by the UK,
neighbouring states like Austria France and the U.S. with Bonn
and Czechoslovakia ; Soviet as the capital. It came under
Russia too pounced upon the weak the capitalist ideology of the
countries of Eastern Europe and Anglo-America and their Allies
Central Asia. Again there was a and became a part of Capitalist
war between China and Japan in bloc.
1937, and many Chinese cities fell (ii) The German Democratic
into Japanese hands. Republic (GDR) known as East
" The League of Nations failed to Germany was administered
check nations in their aggressive by the Soviet Union with
policies of territorial annexation. East Berlin as the capital.
(c) Japan attacked Chinain 1931 and It came under the influence
annexed Manchuria. of the political ideologies of
communists.
" China appealed to the League
of Nations to declare sanctions (ii) Japan : America dropped the atom
against Japan, but the members of bomb on Hiroshima on 6th August
League of Nations followed policy 1945, and another on 9th August
of appeasement. on Nagasaki within a few seconds,
" In1933, Japan left the League of 80,000 lives were lost and 70,000
Nations and started occupying the were seriously wounded, Japanese
British and American properties lost all hopes of winning the war
in China. and officially surrendered on 15th
" The Japanese were determined August. All territories acquired or
to dominate the Far East. seized by Japan since 1895 were
America warned Japan of the dire taken away.
consequences but Japan ignored. The American General Mac-Arthur
" She joined "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo" was given complete control over
Axis. In response to this western Japan until 1952.
nations decided to impose economic Italy : Italy too was defeated.
sanctions (most importantly oil) The Allies took over Sicily in July
against Japan. This transformed 1943, and then marched to Rome.
the nature of the war. Mussolini was dismissed and a new
" It was in response to these government of Badoglio surrendered
sanctions that Japan decided to before the Allies.
 (ü) Though England and France were architect of this policy. He argued
victors, their status and economic that if Greece and Turkey did not
position was lowered. The large receive the aid that they urgently
scale production, minimum loss needed, they would inevitably
during the war and possession of fall to communism with grave
atom bomb made the USA as one consequences throughout the region.
of the Super Powers of the world. The American Congress agreed
Another Super Power was the to send $400 million in military
Soviet Union. and economic aid to support the
(a) The USA : By using the atom government of Greece.
bomb to crush Japan, she () It confirmed the fact of a divided
emerged as a super military world-American Bloc and
and economic power. Russian Bloc.
(6) The Soviet Union : The (i) It formally inaugurated
the Cold War and increased
Russian empire was greatly hostility between America and
expanded. It included half Russia.
of Poland, Ethunia, Latavia,
(ü) The USA, as the leader
Lithuania, Finland and many of free world, gave up its
parts of Germany. It also policy of isolation, which was
emerged as a dominant power a revolutionary departure
in world politics and occupied from American foreign policy
position of a leader of the and took upon itself the
Communist Bloc. responsibility of preventing
Two Power Blocs emerged after communism.
the Second World War. They (c) The Cold War is propaganda war,
were : a war of word fought in the media
() The American Bloc by issuing statements and counter
statements, trading charges an
() The Soviet Bloc counter changes by one country
4. (a) It is situation where there is no against the other and vice-versa. It
armed struggle, but the rivals refers to a state of tension between
continue to maintain their peace two or mnore countries although they
time diplomatic relations along with do not actually fight with each other.
their hostility. 1. Arms Race and Militarisation:
Or The Cold War set in motion a mad
It was the period of conflict, tension race for armaments. Both the
and competition between the USA blocs spent huge sums on arms
and the Soviet Union and their
and amassed deadly weapons.
respective allies from the mid 1940s The Americans lost the nuclear
till 1990s.
weapon monopoly when Russia
exploded its first Atom Bomb
(6) The Truman Doctrine was the in 1949. Once Soviet Russia
American policy in 1947 of providing developed its nuclear weapon,
economic and military aid to Greece she became a rival of the United
and Turkey because they were States and the two came to be
threatened by communism. It was recognised as Super Powers.
the start of the containment policy to 2. Formation of Military
stop Soviet expansion; it was a major Alliances : The Cold War led
step in beginning the Cold War. to the formation of various
President Harry S. Truman was the alliances like.
 () NATO (North Atlantic 3. Setback to the United Nations:The
Treaty Organisation) Cold War gave a major setback to
(üi) SEATO (South-East Asia the working of the United Nations.
Treaty Organisation) The rivalry between the two Blocs
(iün) CENTO (Central Treaty barred admission of certain nations
to the UNO, It was in 1955 that
Organisation) Albania, Austria and Bulgaria were
(iv) The Warsaw Pact, etc.
3. Setback to the United able to join the United Nations.
The USA did not allow for a very
Nations : The Cold War gave
long time the entry of China also
a major setback to the working to the UNO. This prevented the
of the United Nations. The world body from attaining a truly
rivalry between the two Blocs universal character.
barred admission of certain
6. (a) The Cold War set in motion a mad
nations to the UNO. It was in
race for armaments. Both the
1955 that Albania, Austria and blocs spent huge sums on arnms
Bulgaria were able to join the and amassed deadly weapons. The
United Nations. The USA did Americans lost the nuclear weapon
not allow for a very long time monopoly when Russia exploded
the entry of China also to the its first Atom Bomb in 1949. Once
UNO. This prevented the world Soviet Russia developed its nuclear
body from attaining a truly weapon, she became a rival of the
universal character. United States and the two came to
5. The Cold War is propaganda war, a war be recognised as Super Powers.
of word fought in the media by issuing Both the powers started collecting
statemnents and counter statements, new weapons of war like jet fighters,
trading charges an counter changes bombers, chemical weapons,
by one country against the other and biological weapons, etc. The most
vice-versa. It refers to a state of tension worrying point was that they
between two or more countries although started providing these weapons
they do not actually fight with each other. even to their allies,
1. Arms Race and Militarisation:The (b) Setbacktothe United Nations:The
Cold War set in motion a mad race Cold War gave a major setback to
for armaments. Both the blocs spent the working of the United Nations.
huge sums on arms and amassed The rivalry between the two Blocs
deadly weapons. The Americans barred admission of certain nations
lost the nuclear weapon monopoly to the UNO. It was in 1955 that
when Russia exploded its first Atom Albania, Austria and Bulgaria were
Bomb in 1949. Once Soviet Russia able to join the United Nations. The
USA did not allow for a very long
developed its nuclear weapon, she time the entry of China also to the
became a rival of the United States
and the two came to be recognised as UNO. This prevented the world body
Super Powers. from attaining a truly universal
character.
2. Formation of Military Alliances: 7. (a) () Axis Powers : Germany, Italy
The Cold War led to the formation of
various alliances like. and Japan
(ii) Allied Powers : Britain,
() NATO (North Atlantic Treaty France, Soviet Union and USA.
Organisation) (6) The League of Nations was
() SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty set up to maintain peace
Organisation) in the world. But it failed in
(iü) CENTO (Central Treaty its objective to check the rise
Organisation) of dictatorships in Italy and
(iv) The Warsaw Pact, etc. Germany.
 " When the weaker nations sanctions against Japan,
appealed, the League could but the members of League
only apply economic sanctions of Nations followed policy of
against the aggressors. appeasement.
It failed to contain Italy's "In 1933, Japan left the League
aggression in Ethiopia, of Nations and started
Japan's invasion of China and occupying the British and
Manchuria and Germany's American properties in
occupation of Austria and China.
attack on Poland.
"The Japanese were determined
" Actually, the League of Nations to dominate the Far East.
had no power to act on its own America warned Japan of
initiative to preserve peace in the dire consequences but
the world. It lacked its own Japan ignored.
armed force and so depended on " She joined Rome-Berlin
the great powers to enforce its Tokyo' Axis. In response
resolutions, keep to economic to this western nations
sanctions, or provide an army decided to impose economic
when needed.
sanctions (most importantly
" Moreover, the U.S. A. did not oil) aganist Japan. This
become its member, because transformed the nature of
the U.S. Senate did not ratify the war.
the Convenant of the League of " It was in response to these
Nations.
sanctions that Japan decided
" Germany was also not allowed to attack America at Pearl
to join the League. Harbor, and so initiate
8. (a) ) Both Nazism and Fascism World War II in the Far
believed in the principle of East.
the 'survival of the fittest' (6) Mankind looked for a better, a
which is the law of life. The happier and a peaceful world after it
strongest alone have the right had witnessed the nuclear holocaust
to survive and rule. Both
and the widespread destruction and
believed in the principle of death in the Second World War.
expansion. Hitler believed
" To save the coming generations
that nation became great only from the scourge of War, the
by defeating other nations in United Nations Organization
war. Both Hitler and Mussolini
(U.N.O.) was established on
pursued an expansionist October 24, 1945, with its
policy abroad. In May, 1936 headquarters at New York
Italian troops captured Addis (U.S.A.).
Ababa, capital of Ethiopia. " Peace, human dignity,
Hitler also captured Austria, justice, human brotherhood,
Denmark, Czechoslovakia,
Norway, Luxemberg. Holland
cooperation, etc. are the main
objectives of the U.N.O.
and Belgium and Paris too, fell It is the largest world
to the Nazis.
(i) " Japan attacked China in 1931 organisation, and has 192
member-States, and it has done
and annexed Manchuria. acommendable job in almost all
" China appealed to the spheres of life.
League of Nations to declare
 We can say that the U.N.0. is US leadership and the Warsaw
the great gift of the World Pact signed by the representatives
War II to save and serve of Russia and other Communist
mankind. countries.
9. THE COLD WAR AND GROUP " The world was divided between two
RIVALRIES blocs, i.e., the Anglo-American
" The end of the Second World war led Bloc or capitalist nations led by the
to rise of two major centres of power U.S.A. which included U.S.A., Britain,
in USA and Russia. France and many other countries and
The two super powers were keen on the communist nations led by the
Soviet Union which included countries
expanding their spheres of infuence
in different parts of the world leading of East Europe, i.e., Poland, Hungary,
to cold war. Bulgaria and Romania. These were
Cold War set in motion a mad also formally called the American
race for armaments. It also led to Bloc and Soviet Bloc.
the formation of various military 10. () Axis Powers : Germany, Italy and
alliances, such as the NATO (North Japan
Atlantic Treaty Organisation) under (ii) Allied Powers : Britain, France,
Soviet Union and USA.

Chapter-4: The United Nations

(A) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 9. Under the Uniting for Peace' resolution
adopted by the General Assembly in 1950,
1. 24th October, 1945.
the assembly is empowered to take action
2. Poland. if the Security Council because of lack of
3. Fifty. unanimity of its permanent members,
4. At New York, in the USA. Membership is fails to exercise its primary responsibility
for the maintenance of International
open to all place loving states that accept
the obligations contained in the UN peace and security.
Charter. 10. () It considers and approves the budget
of the United Nations.
5. Arabic, French, Spanish, Russian,
Chinese and English. (i) It appoints the Secretary-General
upon the recommendation of the
6 () To maintain peace and security in Security Council.
the world with the cooperation of all
the nations. 11. () It considers and approves the budget
of the United Nations.
(i) To safeguard human rights and
provide justice to all. (i1) It appoints the Secretary-General
upon the recommendation of the
7. () The United Nations shall not Security Council.
intervene in the domestic, internal
affairs of any state. 12. If the Security Council is deadlocked due
(i) The principle of the sovereign to lack of unanimity or the use of veto
equality of all its members. by any or more of permanent members
8 () The General Assembly. the General Assembly can deal with
the problem. It can recommend for a
(i) The Security Council. collective measure including the use of
(ii) The International Court of Justice. armed forces in case of aggression or
(iv) The Secretariat. breach of peace.