†mB A¯¿ 139

KweZv web¨vm
wk¶v_©xMY! m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i bq, cvV¨eBwbf©i
†gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© MíwUi wkLb dj, cvV
cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ, Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I
UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbv GKvš— Avek¨K|

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

 wkLb dj 4
 cvV cwiwPwZ 4
 †jLK cwiwPwZ 4
 Drm cwiwPwZ 5
 e¯‘ms‡¶c 5
 bvgKiY 5
 kãv_© I UxKv 6
 evbvb mZK©Zv 6

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

 Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi 7
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi 8
 †U·U eyK GbvjvBwmm 20
K. Ávbg~jK 20
L. Abyavebg~jK 22
 eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi 27
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi 31

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

 evwoi KvR 32
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv 32

cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)

 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK 33
cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)
140 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
m„Rbkxj c×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i we`¨v bq, cvV¨eB wbf©i †gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB
Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi Av‡M Mí/KweZvi wkLb dj, cvV cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ,
Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv
m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme welq¸‡jv †R‡b
wb‡j G Aa¨v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv m¤¢e
n‡e|
 wkLb dj
 A‡¯¿i aŸsmvZ¥K i~cwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 fv‡jvevmvi kw³‡K Abyfe Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 cÖK…wZi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡Z wkL‡e|
 gvbeZv‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e|
 gnvwek¦ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 c„w_ex‡Z Ai‡Y¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© fve‡Z wkL‡e|
 †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤cÖxwZi †PZbv RvMÖZ n‡e|
 we‡k¦i BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi cÖwZ D¾xweZ n‡Z cvi‡e|
 cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvwU Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ôwe`xY© `c©‡Y gyLÕ
Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB KweZvq Kwei GKgvÎ cÖZ¨vkv -
fv‡jvevmv bv‡gi gnvb A¯¿‡K cybivq GB gvbemgv‡R wd‡i cvIqv| Kwei
Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmv †Kej †Kv‡bv Av‡eM wKsev Abyf~wZi †`¨vZbv RvMvq
bv| Zuvi wek¦vm, GwU gvbyl‡K mKj Ag½j †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi c_ evZ‡j †`q|
ZvB Kwe we‡k¦i gvbeKz‡ji Kv‡QB GB fv‡jvevmv wdwi‡q †`evi Aby‡iva
K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl hw` Aci gvby‡li wnsmv, †jvf, Cl©v †_‡K gy³ _v‡K Z‡e
c„w_ex‡Z weivR Ki‡e kvwš—; c„w_ex GwM‡q hv‡e myL, kvwš— I
mg„w×i w`‡K| wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q _vKv we‡Ø‡li welev®ú‡K hw` AcmviY
Ki‡Z nq Z‡e fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿‡K Kwei Kv‡Q Ges Kwei g‡Zv AviI eû
gvby‡li Kv‡Q wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Kwe Rv‡bb, wnsmv Avi ¯^v_©ciZvi Kivj
MÖv‡m A‡b‡KB gvbweKZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o| Avi ZvB Kwe gvbweKZvi †mB
üZ‡eva‡K wd‡i †c‡Z Pvb Z_v gvbemgv‡R wdwi‡q w`‡Z Pvb| c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q
w`‡Z Pvb Adzivb fv‡jvevmv|
KweZvwUi MVbMZ we‡klZ¡ n‡jv, Gi Abvo¤^i mnR MwZgqZv| †Kv‡bv
fvwi kã e¨envi bv K‡i mvejxj fvlvq Kwe Zuvi GKvš— cÖZ¨vwkZ
fv‡jvevmvi cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb| iwPZ GB KweZvwU kvwš—wcÖq
c„w_exevmxi Rb¨ GK wPivqZ cÖv_©bvmsMxZ|
KweZvwU Aš—¨wgjnxb A¶ie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi ce©¸‡jvi web¨vmI Amg|
 Kwe cwiwPwZ
bvg Avnmvb nvexe|
Rb¥ cwiPq Rb¥ZvwiL : 2 Rvbyqvwi, 1917 wLª÷vã|
Rb¥¯’vb : k¼icvkv, wc‡ivRcyi|
wk¶vRxeb D”P gva¨wgK : AvBG, eªR‡gvnb, K‡jR, ewikvj|
Kg©Rxeb mnKvix m¤úv`KÑ ˆ`wbK ZKexi, gvwmK eyjeyj; fvicÖvß
m¤ú`KÑ gvwmK mIMvZ| ÷vd AvwU©÷Ñ AvKvkevYx, KvjKvZv,
mvsevw`KZvÑ ˆ`wbK AvRv`, gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x, ˆ`wbK K…lK,
ˆ`wbK B‡Ënv`, mvßvwnK cÖevn| mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`KÑ ˆ`wbK
cvwK¯—vb (cieZ©xKv‡j ˆ`wbK evsjv)|
 †mB A¯¿ 141
mvwnZ¨Kg Kve¨MÖš’ : ivw·kl, QvqvnwiY, mviv `ycyi, Avkvq
© emwZ, we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL cÖf„wZ|
M`¨MÖš’: Ai‡Y¨ bxwjgv, ivYx Lv‡ji muv‡Kv cÖf„wZ|
wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ : †QvU‡`i cvwK¯—vb, e„wó c‡o
Uvcyi Uzcyi, QywUi w`b `ycy‡i|
cyi¯‹vi I evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi (1961), GKz‡k c`K (1978)
m¤§vbbv cÖf„wZ|
Rxebvemv g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 10 RyjvB, 1985 wLª÷v‡ã|
b

 Drm cwiwPwZ
Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvwU Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ôwe`xY© `c©‡Y gyLÕ
Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 e¯‘ms‡¶c
evsjv Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ A½‡bi AwffveK,
cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb AvaywbK Kwe Avnmvb nvexe| wZwb w·kvËi
Kwe‡`i avivq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g AvaywbK Kwe| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq
gvbeRvwZi Kj¨v‡Y Kwe cÖej Avkvev` e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| KweZvwUi Pi‡Y Pi‡Y
cybtgvbweKxKi‡Yi D‡Øvab NwU‡q‡Qb Kwe Avnmvb nvexe| KweZvq
Kwe Ô†mB A¯¿Õ wd‡i †P‡q‡Qb †h A¯¿ gvbemf¨Zv‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡e| hvi
AvNv‡Z c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿ aŸsm n‡e| mvwn‡Z¨i ¸YMZ gvb‡K m¤§vb
Rvwb‡q wbiew”Qbœ MwZ‡Z eZ©gvb c„w_exi ev¯—e wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq| ¶gZvi `‡¤¢ AÜ c„w_exi gvbyl‡K wZwb
Rxe‡bi A‡gvN WvK, A_©vr gvbweKZvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kivi
AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb KweZvwU‡Z| Kwe †mB A¯¿ †P‡q‡Qb, †h
A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j AiY¨ n‡e AviI meyR, cvwLiv kvwš—‡Z bx‡o Nygv‡e,
dm‡ji gv‡S Av¸b R¡j‡e bv, gvbe emwZi ey‡K Av¸b Si‡e bv, j¶ j¶ gvbyl
n‡e bv c½y| †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j evievi aesm n‡e bv Uªq bMix, _vK‡e
bv †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f`, RvZ¨vwfgvb, N„Yv, we‡Øl, AnsKvi| †m A¯¿ gvby‡li
AvwacZ¨ we¯—v‡ii †jvf‡K wbwðý K‡i †`‡e, gvby‡li gv‡Si †f`v‡f`‡K fywj‡q
Ki‡e mgvweóÑ †mB A‡gvN A¯¿wU n‡jv Ôfv‡jvevmvÕ| Kwe GB A‡¯¿i
AvNv‡Z mviv c„w_ex‡Z kvwš—i cveb NUv‡Z Pvb| ZvB †Zv wZwb
fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wUi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib wek¦e¨vcx|
 bvgKi‡Yi mv_©KZv hvPvB
¯^ífvlx, AvZ¥gMœ, ¯úóev`x gvbe`iw` wkíx Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ô†mB
A¯¿Õ KweZvi bvgKiY h_v_© I mv_©K n‡q‡Q| KviY †`k I RbMY Z_v GB
c„w_exi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv I myMfxi RxebNwbô Avkvev`x †PZbv
KweZvwU‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe wek¦vm K‡ib fv‡jvevmv w`‡q gvby‡li
wnsmv we‡Øl `~i Kiv m¤¢e| kvwš—i A¯¿ fv‡jvevmv w`‡q Kwe mKj
gviYv¯¿‡K civf~Z Kivi AvKv•¶v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î bvgKiY h_vh_ I mv_©K
n‡q‡Q| AviI †`Lv hvq, Kwei GKgvÎ cÖZ¨vkv fv‡jvevmv bv‡gi H gnvb
A¯¿‡K cybivq GB gvbemgv‡R wd‡i cvIqv| Kwe GB KweZvq eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q _vKv we‡Ø‡li welev®ú‡K hw` AcmviY Ki‡Z nq
Z‡e fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿‡K Kwei Kv‡Q Ges Kwei g‡Zv eû gvby‡li Kv‡Q
wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| KweZvwU †hb kvwš—wcÖq c„w_exi Rb¨ GK wPivqZ
142 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖv_©bv m½xZ| g~je³e¨ Z_v wel‡qi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L KweZvi bvgKiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q weavq †mB A¯¿ bvgKiY my›`i I mv_©K n‡q‡Q|
 kãv_© I UxKv
A‡gvN Ñ Ae¨_©, mv_©K, Aek¨¤¢vex|
†h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿
n‡e AvbZ Ñ Kwe fv‡jvevmv Avi kvwš—i A¯¿ w`‡q mKj gviYv¯¿‡K civf‚Z Kievi
AvKv•¶v e¨³ K‡ib|
†h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
dm‡ji gv‡V Av¸b
R¡j‡e bv Ñ Kwe wek¦vm K‡ib, fv‡jvevmv w`‡q gvby‡li wnsmv
we‡Øl `~i Kiv m¤¢e| fv‡jvevmv _vK‡j gvbyl gvbyl‡K
kΓ fve‡e bv, K…l‡Ki `ytL-R¡vjvi Aemvb n‡e Ges
we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡j‡e bv|
†h A¯¿ e¨vß n‡j
b¶ÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K
Av¸b Si‡e bv Ñ Kwe GLv‡b hy‡× e¨eüZ †QvU-eo †¶cYv‡¯¿i K_v
eywS‡q‡Qb| Kwe Pvb, gvbyl †hb hy‡×i fqvenZvq
Rwo‡q bv c‡o, we‡k¦ †hb kvwš— wbwðZ nq|
gvbe emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i
AMœy¨rcvZ j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K
Ki‡e c½y-weK…Z Ñ fv‡jvevmvnxb we‡Ølc~Y© c„w_ex‡Z hy‡×i
Awbevh© ¶wZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri DrKÉv Kwe GLv‡b
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Abygvb Kiv hvq, Kwe‰PZ‡b¨ wØZxq
wek¦hy‡× Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv-bvMvmvwK‡Z N‡U
hvIqv b„ksmZvi ¯§„wZ RvMÖZ wQj| ZvB AvYweK
†evgvi AvNv‡Z g„Z wKsev cÖRb¥-ci¤úivq
c½yZ¡ eiYKvix eû gvby‡li AvZ©bv` Kwei GB
hy×we‡ivax gbb‡K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i‡Q|
UªqbMix Ñ cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi ¯’vcZ¨Kjvq bw›`Z GK kni| gvby‡li
wnsmv-we‡Øl Cl©v Avi `‡¤¢i wkKvi n‡q c„w_exi
BwZnv‡m evisevi aŸsm n‡q‡Q GB bMix| hy‡×i
wbg©gZvi GK wPivqZ `„óvš— GB Uªq|
RvZ¨wfgvb Ñ †Kv‡bv hyw³ QvovB wbR RvwZ‡K me©‡kÖô Ávb
Kivi AnsKvix g‡bvfve|
mgvweó Ñ mgfv‡e Avweó| mgv‡ek n‡q‡Q Ggb; mg‡eZ nIqv
A‡_©|
 evbvb mZK©Zv
A¯¿, mf¨Zv, cÖwZkÖ“wZ, Abb¨, D‡ËvwjZ, AiY¨, K‡jvwjZ, Luv Luv,
M„n¯’vwj; e¨vß, b¶ÎLwPZ, gyn~Z©, AMœy¨rcvZ, c½y-weK…Z, weaŸ¯—,
Awebvkx, cÖZ¨vkx, N„Yv, we‡Øl, AnsKvi, RvZ¨vwfgvb, wbwðý,
mgvweó, e¨vß|

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
mev‡i evwme fv‡jv, Kwie bv AvZ¥ci †f`
 †mB A¯¿ 143
msmv‡i Mwoe GK bZzb mgvR
gvby‡li gv‡S Kfy i‡e bv we‡”Q`Ñ
me©Î ˆgÎxi fve Kwi‡e weivR|
...............................
wnsmv †Øl iwn‡e bv †Kn Kv‡i Kwi‡e bv N„Yv
ci¯ú‡i euvwa w`e cÖxwZi e܇b
wek¦Ry‡o GK my‡i evwR‡e †Mv wgj‡bi exYv
gvbe RvwM‡e be Rxeb ¯ú›`‡b|
K. Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvq ewY©Z bMiwUi bvg Kx? 1
L. Òj¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½yÑweK…Z|ÓÑ Dw³wU Øviv Kx 2
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 3
M. KweZvs‡ki cÖ_g ¯—e‡K Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvi †Kvb fv‡ei 4
cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒKweZvs‡ki wØZxq ¯—eK †hb Kwe-fvebvi P~ovš—
cÖwZdjbÓÑ gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki|
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 KweZvq ewY©Z bMixi bvg Uªq bMix|

 cÖ‡kœv³ Pi‡Y fv‡jvevmvnxb we‡Ølc~Y© c„w_ex‡Z hy‡×i Awbevh©

¶wZ m¤ú‡K© Kwei DrKÉvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|
 gvbyl hw` Aci gvby‡li cÖwZ wnsmv, †jvf, Cl©v †_‡K gy³ bv _v‡K Z‡e
c„w_ex‡Z wech©q †b‡g Avm‡e| Kwe GB wech©q Avk¼vq fxZ| wZwb
wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvmvwK‡Z N‡U hvIqv
b„ksmZvi ¯§„wZ Øviv ZvwoZ n‡q‡Qb| ZvB wZwb AvYweK †evgvi
AvNv‡Z g„Z wKsev cÖRb¥-ci¤úivq c½yZ¡eiYKvix gvbyl‡`i cÖwZ
mg‡e`bvi †PZbvi fvewU cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb PiYwU‡Z|

 KweZvs‡ki cÖ_g ¯—e‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq gvbemgv‡Ri mK‡ji cÖwZ

fv‡jvevmvi fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
 fv‡jvevmv Øviv c„w_exi mKj A‡Rq †¶Î‡K Rq Kiv m¤¢e| fv‡jvevmvi kw³
Amxg| gvby‡li gv‡S GB fv‡jvevmvi wgjb †gjv emv‡Z cvi‡j c„w_exi
A‡a©K mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡Zv| A_P gvbyl GB mnR mZ¨‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv ev K‡i bv| GRb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z GZ Akvwš—, hy×weMÖn †j‡MB
Av‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K Kwe mevB‡K fv‡jvevmvi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡Ri AvZ¥cÖmv‡`
we‡fvi n‡q Avcbci †f`v‡f` bv K‡i GK bZzb mgvR MVb Kivi cÖZ¨q e¨³
K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li gv‡S †Kv‡bv we‡”Q` fve Kwe Kvgbv K‡ib wb| me©Î
GKUv ˆgÎxi fve weivR Ki‡e GUvB Kwe cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| GB fvewU Ô†mB
A¯¿Õ KweZv‡ZI cwijw¶Z nq| KweZvq Kwe Ggb A¯¿ wdwi‡q w`‡Z e‡j‡Qb,
†h A‡¯¿i AvNv‡Z gv‡V Av¸b R¡j‡e bv| Luv Luv Ki‡e bv M„n¯’vwj, b¶Î
LwPZ AvKvk †_‡K Av¸b Si‡e bv| †m A¯¿ fv‡jvevmvi| Kwe fv‡jvevmv
w`‡qB GB we‡k¦i mg¯— wnsmv nvbvnvwb eÜ Ki‡Z Pvb| gvby‡li gv‡Si
RvZ¨wfgv‡bi †`qvj †f‡O †dj‡Z Pvb| N„Yv we‡Øl `~i K‡i mevB‡K
fv‡jvevmvi gva¨‡g GK myLx I mg„×kvjx c„w_ex MVb Ki‡Z Pvb| KweZvi
GB fvewUB DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g ¯—e‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
144 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 KweZvs‡ki wØZxq ¯—eK †hb Kwei fvebvi P~ovš— cÖwZdjbÑ gš—e¨wU
h_v_©|
 gvby‡li cÖwZ hLb fv‡jvevm-†ev‡ai m„wó nq ZLb wPËRMr gnr nq| †mB
gnr †PZbv gvbemgv‡Ri Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡b| GwU gvbyl‡K me ai‡bi Ag½j
†_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi c_ evZ‡j †`q| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i GB gvbemgv‡R wnsmv Avi
¯^v_©ciZvi Kivj MÖv‡m A‡b‡KB gvbweKZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o‡Q| ci¯ú‡ii
cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvB cv‡i GKwU ˆelg¨nxb Awnsm gvbemgvR Mo‡Z|
 DÏxc‡Ki Kwe Ggb mgv‡RiB cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †hLv‡b wnsmv-we‡Øl _vK‡e
bv| †KD KvD‡K N„Yv Ki‡e bv| ci¯úi‡K cÖxwZi e܇b †eu‡a GLv‡bB ¯^M©
iPbv Ki‡e| †mB RMr msmv‡i RvM‡e be Rxe‡bi ¯ú›`b| DÏxc‡Ki GB
†k‡lv³fv‡e †hb Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei fvebvi P~ovš— cÖwZdjb
N‡U‡Q|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwe fv‡jvevmv bv‡gi A¯¿‡K AveviI GB gvbemgv‡R
wd‡i †c‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Kwei Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmv †Kej Av‡eM wKsev Abyf~wZi
†`¨vZbv RvMvq bv| GwU gvbyl‡K Akvwš—, Ag½j †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi c_ †`Lvq|
ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœvwjwLZ gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
AwZwi³ Abykxjb (m„Rbkxj) Ask
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
c„w_ex‡K my›`i ivL‡Z n‡j cÖK…wZi mvejxj MwZ‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z †h cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi NbNUv, Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv
cÖK…wZi ey‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK wbh©vZb| †hgbÑ ivmvqwbK A¯¿
KviLvbv, Pzwj I A¯¿ Dr‡¶cY cix¶v|
K. fv‡jvevmvi A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j AiY¨ Kx n‡e? 1
L. AiY¨ Av‡iv meyR nIqv ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖK…wZi mvejxjZvi K_vi mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei 3
AvKv•¶vi mv`„k¨ Zz‡j ai| 4
N. Òwewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK Kg©h‡Ái Kvi‡YB eZ©gvb cÖK…
wZ GZ †ewk wech©¯—ÓÑ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K
Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbi~cY Ki|
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 fv‡jvevmvi A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j AiY¨ Av‡iv meyR n‡e|

 AiY¨ Av‡iv meyR nIqvi Avek¨KZv Abyfe Kivi KviY n‡jv c„w_exi cwi‡ek‡K
Av‡iv my›`i, m‡ZR I emevm Dc‡hvMx Kiv|
 cÖvwYKz‡ji Rxeb wbf©i K‡i Dw™¢‡`i Ici| meyR Dw™¢` bv _vK‡j
c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖvYxB Aw¯—Z¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ ee©i
gvbwmKZvi gvbyl MvQcvjv †K‡U c„w_ex‡K µgk gi“f~wg evwb‡q †dj‡Q|
Kwe G gi“Ki‡Yi fqvenZv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z Pvb| GRb¨B Kwe AiY¨ Av‡iv
meyR nIqv, A_©vr Av‡iv Dw™¢‡`i Drcv`b Avek¨K e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv I DÏxc‡K Ai‡Y¨i e„w× Kvgbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv ci¯úi
mv`„k¨c~Y©|
 †mB A¯¿ 145
 c„w_exi fvimvg¨ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡j ch©vß cwigvY Dw™¢` ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb| Dw™¢‡`i wbqZ wbab gvbe mf¨Zv‡K w`‡b w`‡b fqven Ae¯’vq
wb‡q hv‡”Q Ges cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM µgk †e‡o Pj‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Dw™¢‡`i nvi K‡g hvIqvq c„w_ex‡Z cÖvK…wZK
RwUjZv w`bw`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| gvbyl wewfbœfv‡e e„¶ wbab Ki‡Q|
ivmvqwbK Kg©Kv‡Ê Dw™¢‡`i e¨vcK ¶wZ nq| wKš‘ G KvR †KD eÜ Ki‡Q
bv| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe G Rb¨ nvnvKvi K‡i‡Qb| mey‡Ri
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kivq wZwb AiY¨‡K Av‡iv meyR K‡i †Zvjvvi `vwe
Rvwb‡q‡Qb| KviY AiY¨ hZ a~mi n‡e, hZ wb®cÖf n‡e, c„w_ex I
cÖvwYKzj ZZB wecbœZvi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e| Gw`K we‡ePbvq ejv hvq,
DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi gv‡S AvKv•¶vMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡kœvwjwLZ Dw³wUi †hŠw³KZv wePvi Kiv

hyw³hy³|
 gvbyl bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Q| weÁv‡bi DrK‡l© bZzb bZzb w`K
D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ aŸsmhÁI †_‡g †bB| weÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡YB gvbyl
ˆZwi Ki‡Q bZzb bZzb g„Zz¨evY, hv ïay gvbyl‡K bq, cwi‡ek cÖK…wZ‡KI
aŸsm Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L|
 ivmvqwbK Kg©Kv‡Êi fqvenZv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b A¯¿-KviLvbvq e¨eüZ n‡”Q ivmvqwbK cÖhyw³| G cÖhyw³i
cÖfve cwi‡e‡k e¨vcK nv‡i co‡Q| w`bw`b bó n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨,
d‡j meyR AiY¨ Av‡iv wb®cÖf n‡q hv‡”Q| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe G
w`KwU wb‡q Av‡¶c cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, wZwb Av‡iv meyR AiY¨ `vwe K‡ib|
hv gvbe Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ GKvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ N„Y¨ A‡¯¿i K_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv
gvby‡li g‡bi cw¼jZv †_‡K m„ó A¯¿, gvbeZv‡eva bv _vKvq cÖKvwkZ
n‡”Q cvkweKZv; GB cvkweKZvi P~ovš— i~c ev¯—evqb Ki‡ZB gvbyl
evbv‡”Q wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK A¯¿|
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv, wbDwK¬qvi †evgv ev G RvZxq A¯¿ ˆZwii Rb¨ m„ó
ivmvqwbK Pzwj cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ Lye †ewk ûgwK¯^i~c| e¯‘Z, eZ©gvb
c„w_exi wnsmª gvbyl¸‡jv ivmvqwbK A¯¿ ˆZwii cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Pvjv‡”Q,
hv cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³i mZ¨Zv cÖgvY K‡i|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Avmyb, wPi‡Pbv c„w_ex‡Z
gvbeZvi myi awi|
S¼vi Zzwj we‡e‡Ki Zv‡i,
exYvq evRvB fv‡jvevmvi KweZv|
K. †mB A‡gvN A¯¿ Kx? 1
L. Ômf¨Zvi cÖwZkÖ“wZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
M.ÒAvgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q `vI, mf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZÓÑ 3
jvBbwUi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ wbY©q Ki| 4
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Kwe I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwe GKB gvbwmZvi
AwaKvixÓ Ñgš—e¨wUi mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Ki|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
146 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 †mB A‡gvN A¯¿ n‡jv fv‡jvevmv|

 mf¨Zvi cÖwZkÖ“wZ ej‡Z gvby‡li gvbweKZv‡eva‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

 gvbyl mgv‡R, iv‡óª evm Kivi Rb¨ eûhyM a‡i PP©v K‡i Avm‡Q Ges e¨vcK
mdjZv jvf K‡i‡Q, gvbyl mvgvwRK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q| GUv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q ïay fv‡jvevmvi Kvi‡YB| e¯‘Z, †h‡Kv‡bv mf¨Zv ev mgvR
m„wói cÖ_g kZ© n‡jv mngwg©Zv, fv‡jvevmv I c‡ivcKvix g‡bvfve|
G¸‡jv bv n‡j †Kv‡bv mf¨ZvB m„wó n‡Zv bv|

 ÒAvgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q `vI, mf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZÓÑ PiYwUi mv‡_
DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 fv‡jvevmv gvby‡li Rxe‡b GK †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY| fv‡jvevmv
e¨wZ‡i‡K mf¨Zv PP©v Kiv Av‡`Š m¤¢e bq| Av‡e‡Mi ewntcÖKvk `yi~n I
Rvbvi AvKv•¶v cÖvq wbt‡kl n‡q c‡o| KviY fv‡jvevmv Qvov †Kv‡bv
wKQyB Zvi my›`i i~c †g‡j a‡i bv| Kwe ZvB gvbeZvi myi Zzj‡Z e‡j‡Qb,
we‡e‡Ki Kv‡Q AvZ¥wRÁvmvq wbgMœ n‡Z e‡j‡Qb| KviY Gi gva¨‡gB
m„wó n‡e fv‡jvevmvi KweZv|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe G fv‡jvevmv‡K mf¨Zvi cÖwZkÖ“wZ wn‡m‡e
AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| mf¨Zvi cÖvPxb cÖwZkÖ“wZ n‡jv fv‡jvevmv, hv cÖvq
nvwi‡q hv‡”Q| G fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ Kwe †Rvi `vwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| KviY
fv‡jvevmv Qvov gvbeZv ùywiZ n‡e bv| A_©vr, cÖ‡kœv³ PiYwUi mv‡_
DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb|

 DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv cv‡V `yB Kwei gvbwmKZvq PgrKvi mvgÄm¨
j¶ Kiv hvq| KviY `yR‡bB fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ †Rvi `vwe Zz‡j‡Qb|
 fv‡jvevmv gv‡b g‡bi myKzgvi e„wËi bv›`wbK i~c| Avi myKzgvi e„wË
Av‡Q e‡jB gvbyl mf¨ I my›`i| hvi g‡b myKzgvi e„w˸‡jv KvR K‡i bv, Zvi
Avi cïi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| mf¨Zvq kvwš— †mŠ›`h© evov‡Z g‡bi
GB myKzgvi e„wËi PP©v DˇivËi e„w× cÖ‡qvRb|
 fv‡jvevmv‡K RvwM‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki Kwe gvby‡li cÖwZ D`vË
AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| wPi‡Pbv GB c„w_ex‡Z gvbeZv‡eva‡K RvwM‡q
†Zvjv AvR‡Ki me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv `vwe| we‡e‡Ki Kv‡Q G cÖkœ me‡P‡q
Av‡e`bgqx| hw` gvbeZvi PP©v ev‡o, Z‡e RvM‡e fv‡jvevmv| G
fv‡jvevmv cÖvwßi Rb¨ nvnvKvi Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei K‡É Av‡iv
†Rviv‡jvfv‡e aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe fv‡jvevmv‡K mf¨Zvi cÖwZkÖ“Z A¯¿ I
†mŠ›`h© m„wói GKgvÎ A¯¿ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G A¯¿ KivqË Ki‡Z
cvi‡jB Kwe c„w_exi hveZxq mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| c„w_ex‡Z hZ
Ab¨vq, wbcxob me n‡”Q fv‡jvevmvnxb wbôziZvi djvdj| hw` fv‡jvevmv
RvwM‡q †Zvjv hvq, Z‡e RvM‡e gvbeZv, RvM‡e †mŠ›`h©, hv DÏxcK I
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwe؇qi K‡É mgvbfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| A_©vr,
`yR‡bB GKB gvbwmKZvi aviK|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

wMÖK Ges Uªq bMixi hy×-BwZnv‡mi Kjw¼Z Aa¨vq| Uªq bMixi cÖwZ BwÂ
gvwU‡Z wg‡k Av‡Q jvL ˆmwb‡Ki i³, AmsL¨ AvnZ †Nvovi nvnvKvi, AMwYZ
gv‡qi cyÎ †kv‡Ki AvZ©bv` Avi RvwZ-we‡Ø‡li cwiYvg|
 †mB A¯¿ 147
K. RvZ¨vwfgvb‡K evi evi civwRZ Ki‡Z Kx cÖ‡qvRb? 1
L. Òevi evi weaŸ¯— n‡e bv Uªq bMixÓÑ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv 2
n‡q‡Q? 3
M.Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Uªq bMixi aŸs‡mi BwZnv‡mi †h Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zvi 4
mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ †`LvI|
N. ÒAvgv‡`i wnsmª gvbwmKZvB Uª‡qi BwZnv‡mi cybive„wË
NUv‡”Q cÖwZwbqZÓÑ Dw³wU DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi
Av‡jv‡K wePvi Ki|
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 RvZ¨vwfgvb‡K evi evi civwRZ Ki‡Z fv‡jvevmv cÖ‡qvRb|

 Òevi evi weaŸ¯— n‡e bv Uªq bMixÓ ej‡Z wewfbœ mf¨Zvi cZb‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q, hvi †cQ‡b `vqx GKgvÎ gvbyl|
 mf¨Zv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ A‡bK kZvãxi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖR‡b¥i
wbiš—i cÖ‡Póvq M‡o I‡V GK GKwU mf¨Zv| A_P Aí¶‡YB Zv aŸsm Kiv hvq|
†Kv‡bv GK cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡li fqvj nvbvnvwb‡Z †kl n‡Z cv‡i nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv
mf¨Zv| ïay Uªq bq, c„w_ex‡Z Ggb A‡bK mf¨ZvB gvby‡li wbôziZvq nvwi‡q †M‡Q|

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Uªq bMixi aŸs‡mi BwZnv‡mi †h Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zvi
mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 Uªq GK mywekvj bMixi bvg| cÖvPxbKv‡j G bMix‡Z DbœwZi †Rvqvi e‡q
wM‡qwQj| gvbyl wQj cÖej †kŠh©-ex‡h©i AwaKvix| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g‡b
fv‡jvevmvi †P‡q wnsmªZv †ewk wQj| d‡j wMÖK bMixi mv‡_ hy× euva‡j
Uªq bMix ay‡jvq wg‡k hvq|
 DÏxc‡Ki Uªq I wMÖ‡Ki HwZnvwmK hy‡×i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Uª‡qi fqven
cZ‡bi K_v Av‡Rv BwZnv‡mi cvZvq b„ksmZvi mv¶¨ w`‡”Q| ïay Uªq bq,
AmsL¨ wMÖK †mbviI cÖqvY N‡UwQj G hy‡×| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv‡ZI Kwe
GB HwZnvwmK b„ksmZv‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe g~jZ aŸsm n‡q
hvIqv mKj mf¨Zvi K_vB e‡j‡Qb| A_©vr, DÏxc‡K ewY©Z hy× Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi
mf¨Zvi cZ‡bi w`KwU‡Z my›`ifv‡e DcwgZ n‡q‡Q|

 ÒAvgv‡`i wnsmª gvbwmKZvB Uª‡qi BwZnv‡mi cybive„wË NUv‡”Q

cÖwZwbqZÓÑ Dw³wUi cÖgvY DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q|
 gvby‡li Pwi‡Î wnsmªZv i‡q‡Q| G wnsmªZv hvi Pwi‡Î myß, myKzgvi
e„wËi PP©v †mB †ewk K‡i, wKš‘ hvi Pwi‡Î wnsmªZv cÖKU, †m ïay
Ab_©K Sv‡gjv ˆZwi K‡i| gvby‡li i³ Siv‡Z Zvi †Kv‡bv Kó nq bv| g~jZ
c„w_exi hveZxq Ab¨vq I aŸs‡mi †cQ‡b GB wnsmªZvB `vqx|
 DÏxc‡K wMÖK I Uª‡qi HwZnvwmK hy× Ges Gi fqvenZv cvIqv hvq| G
hy‡× wMÖK‡`i Kv‡Q Uªq civwRZ n‡qwQj| wMÖKiv fqven †µv‡a Uªq
bMix‡K ay‡jvq wgwk‡q †`q| mf¨Zvi GB cZ‡bi K_v Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv‡ZI
cvIqv hvq| Kwe Uªq bMixi cZ‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g g~jZ c„w_exi Av‡M
A‡bK mf¨Zvi cZ‡bi w`KUvB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb|
 mf¨Zv m„wó nq fv‡jvevmvi Uv‡b, †mŠ›`‡h©i AvKv•¶vq| Avi aŸsm nq
N„Yv Avi wnsmvi Kvi‡Y| G‡KKUv mf¨Zv m„wói Rb¨ A‡bK kZvãx e¨q Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q| eû cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡li kª‡gi Ici `uvwo‡q _v‡K mf¨Zv| wKš‘ †µva Avi
148 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
wnsmªZvi mvg‡b †Kv‡bvwKQyB wU‡K _v‡K bv| nvRvi eQ‡ii mywbcyY
m„wó wbwg‡l aŸsm¯—~‡c cwiYZ nq| wVK †hfv‡e Uªq aŸsm n‡q‡Q,
†hfv‡e Av‡iv A‡bK mf¨Zv G c„w_ex †_‡K wejxb n‡q‡Q Ges G aŸs‡mi
avivevwnK BwZnv‡mi †cQ‡b Avgv‡`i wnsmª gvbwmKZvB `vqx|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Ôes‡k es‡k bvwn‡Kv ZdvZ
e‡bw` †K Avi Mi-e‡bw`
`ywbqvi mv‡_ Muv_v eywbqv`
`ywbqv mevwi Rb¥ †ew`|Õ
K. †K Awebvkx A‡¯¿i cÖZ¨vkx? 1
L. ÒAvwg †mB Awebvkx A‡¯¿i cÖZ¨vkxÓÑ GLv‡b ÔAwebvkxÕ 2
A¯¿ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 3
M.Ò†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i bvÓÑ jvBbwUi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki 4
Òes‡k es‡k bvwn‡Kv ZdvZÓÑ jvB‡bi mv`„k¨ †`LvI|
N. Ògvbyl gvby‡li Rb¨Ó DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K
Dw³wUi †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki|
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Kwe Awebvkx A‡¯¿i cÖZ¨vkx|

 ÒAvwg †mB Awebvkx A‡¯¿i cÖZ¨vkxÓ, ev‡K¨ ÔAwebvkx A¯¿Õ ej‡Z

fv‡jvevmv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 A¯¿ gv‡bB aŸsm KivÑ webvk Kiv| ÔAwebvkx A¯¿Õ gv‡b †h-A‡¯¿i aŸsm
Kivi ¶gZv †bB| G A¯¿ n‡jv fv‡jvevmv, fv‡jvevmv ïay m„wó K‡i| gvbyl‡K
†mŠ›`‡h©i gš¿ †kLvq, cwi‡ek‡K Avcb K‡i wb‡Z DØy× K‡i| Kwe GRb¨B
Awebvkx A¯¿ A_©vr fv‡jvevmvi cÖZ¨vkx| GKgvÎ fv‡jvevmvB cv‡i
c„w_ex‡K Avmbœ aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z|

 Ò†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i bvÓÑ G jvB‡bi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki Òes‡k es‡k
bvwn‡Kv ZdvZÓÑ jvB‡bi wgj i‡q‡Q|
 c„w_ex‡Z AmsL¨ RvwZ-ag©-e‡Y©i gvbyl i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB RvwZ, ag© ev
eY© meB gvby‡li m„wó| Gi gva¨‡g gvbyl wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó
K‡i‡Q| e¯‘Z mKj gvbyl mgvb| mK‡ji †`‡n GKB i‡³i PjvPj i‡q‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ mKj cÖKvi †f`v‡f`‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki
Kwei g‡Z es‡ki cv_©K¨ ej‡Z wKQyB †bB| e‡bw` e‡j gvbyl‡K Avjv`v Kivi
†Kv‡bv †hŠw³KZv †bB| KviY mevB GB c„w_exi ey‡K R‡b¥‡Q| GB mv‡g¨i
Mvb Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei K‡ÉI i~cKfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Kwei
fv‡jvevmv PvIqvi GKgvÎ KviY n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z weivRgvb mg¯— cv_©K¨
wbimb K‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ fv‡jvevmv I mngwg©Zv RvwM‡q †Zvjv| A_©vr,
KweZvi G w`KwUi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki Òes‡k es‡k bvwn‡Kv ZdvZÓÑ jvBbwUi
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

 Ògvbyl gvby‡li Rb¨ÓÑ DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wUi

†hŠw³KZv wePv‡ii `vwe iv‡L|
 †mB A¯¿ 149
 gvbyl msmv‡i GKv evm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Rxe‡bi mg¯— †gŠwjK
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~i‡Yi †¶‡ÎB GKRb Ab¨R‡bi gyLv‡c¶x| GB gyLv‡cw¶Zv
mijfv‡e ¯^xKvi Kivi bvgB fv‡jvevmv, Avi A¯^xKvi Kivi gva¨‡g m„ó
AbvPv‡ii bvg wnsmv|
 DÏxc‡Ki Kwe c„w_exi mg¯— gvbyl‡K GKB KvZv‡i ew›` K‡i‡Qb| Kwei g‡Z,
c„w_exi †KD e‡bw` ev Mi-e‡bw` bq, mevB gvbyl| GB c„w_exi gvwU
mK‡ji Rb¥¯’vb, Gi gva¨‡g g~jZ Kwe c„w_exi gvby‡li g‡b A‡b¨i cÖwZ
mngwg©Zv I gvbeZv‡eva‡K RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
KweZvi KweI fv‡jvevmvi e¨vwßi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z gvbeZvi RqMvb
MvIqvi Aby‡cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Qb|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi KweK‡É fv‡jvevmvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Lye †ewk cÖKU
n‡q D‡V‡Q| KviY eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z ïay Aw¯’iZv, ïayB nvbvnvwb| d‡j
ax‡i ax‡i c„w_ex GwM‡q hv‡”Q aŸs‡mi w`‡K| c„w_ex I gvbyl‡K GB
Avmbœ aŸsm †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ fv‡jvevmv, Gi ga¨ w`‡q gvbyl
mngwg©Zv‡eva m„wó Ki‡e, c„w_ex‡Z †b‡g Avm‡e kvwš—| gvbyl
gvby‡li Rb¨ mnvqK n‡e| myZivs cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wU mwVK I h_v_©|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

AwaK gybvdvi †jv‡f Ach©vß cwim‡i AmsL¨ gvbyl‡K KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i
GK‡kªwYi ¶gZvevb I awbK †kªwYi gvbyl| mvfv‡ii ivbv cvRv Uª¨v‡RwW GB
†jv‡fi cwiYvg †KB RvwZi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i‡Q|
K. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Avwac‡Z¨i cÖwZ gvby‡li Kx i‡q‡Q? 1
L. Ôc„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿Õ ej‡Z Kx †evS?Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M.Ògvbe emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZÓÑ PiYwUi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki ivbv c- 3
vRvi cZ‡bi welqwU Zzjbv Ki| 4
N. Òivbv cvRv Uª¨v‡RwW g~jZ †jv‡fi Kvi‡YB msNwUZ n‡q‡QÓÑ
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wUi mv`„k¨ wba©viY Ki|
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Avwac‡Z¨i cÖwZ gvby‡li †jvf i‡q‡Q|

 Ôc„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿Õ ej‡Z c„w_exi †mB mKj A¯¿‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv
m„wó nq ïay aŸsmhÁ m„wói Rb¨B|
 cÖv‰MwZnvwmK mg‡q gvbyl A¯¿ ˆZwi K‡iwQj AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨| ax‡i ax‡i
mf¨Zvi DrKl© hZ N‡U‡Q A¯¿I ZZ AvMÖvmx n‡q c‡o‡Q| GLb A¯¿ ˆZwi nq
ïay aŸs‡mi Rb¨| wbiciva‡K AvNvZ Kivi Rb¨| c„w_exi GB fqven
A¯¿mg~‡ni Kvi‡Y gvbeRvwZ `vi“Yfv‡e wec`vcbœ|

 ÒgvbeemwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœyrcvZÓÑ jvBbwUi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki ivbv

cvRvi cZ‡bi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 c„w_ex‡Z mvgvb¨ cwigvY gvbyl LyeB abx| Avi wecyjmsL¨K gvbyl Mwie
I mvaviY| GB mvaviY gvbyl¸‡jvi RxebvPviI mvaviY| wKš‘ G‡`i kvwš—fve
eRvq _v‡K bv| awbK †kªwYi †jv‡fi Av¸‡b Gme mvaviY gvby‡li my‡Li bxo
Sj‡m hvq|
 DÏxc‡K awbK †kªwYi †jv‡fi cwiYvg I Rbmvavi‡Yi fv‡M¨i wbg©g cwiYwZ
cvIqv hvq| hvi D`vniY n‡jv ivbv cvRv gvwj‡Ki †jv‡fi Av¸‡b Kg©iZ AmsL¨
150 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
gvbyl feb a‡m gviv hvq| A_P Zviv GRb¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB `vqx bq Ges
cÖ¯‘ZI wQj bv| G AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨evY‡KB Ô†mB A¯¿Õ ÒKweZvq Ôgvbe
emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZÓ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q, hv
DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mv`„k¨|

 Ôivbv cvRv Uª¨v‡RwW g~jZ †jv‡fi Kvi‡YB msNwUZ n‡q‡QÕÑ Dw³wU

Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K †hŠw³K wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|
 †jvf n‡jv evowZ cÖvwßi gvbwmK cÖ‡Yv`bv Ges GB cÖvwß Aek¨B Av‡m
Ab¨vq msNU‡bi gva¨‡g| gvby‡li g‡b †jvf RvM‡j †m mn‡RB Ab¨vq Ki‡Z
cv‡i| A‡b¨i †gŠwjK AwaKvi niY Ki‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ hv‡`i Aš—‡i †jvf _v‡K,
Zviv cïi g‡ZvB wnsmª|
 DÏxc‡K ivbv cvRvi Uª¨v‡RwWi K_v cvIqv hvq| GUv g~jZ †cvkvK wk‡íi
NUbv, †hLv‡b AcÖZzj cwi‡e‡k AwaK †jvKej wb‡qvM K‡i Ab¨vqfv‡e AwaK
Drcv`‡bi c`‡¶c †bqv n‡qwQj| `ye©j ¯’vcbv nIqvi Kvi‡Y nVvr K‡iB ivbv c-
vRv a‡m c‡o Ges †mLv‡b Kg©iZ A‡bK gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
KweZvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, Gi Rb¨ `vqx n‡jv gvwjK c‡¶i †jvf|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU g~jZ wnsmv bq, fv‡jvevmvi KweZv| GLv‡b Kwe
wecbœ c„w_ex‡K euvPv‡Z fv‡jvevmvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
fv‡jvevmv _vK‡j c„w_ex‡Z Avi AbvPvi NU‡e bv; eis N‡i N‡i weivR Ki‡e
my‡Li evZvm| g~jZ fv‡jvevmv bv _vKvi Kvi‡YB gvbyl †jvfx nq| A‡b¨i
AwaKvi Avi Rxeb wb‡q †Ljv K‡i| hw` ivbv cvRvi gvwjK c¶ †jvfx bv n‡Zv, Z‡e
G `yN©Ubv n‡Zv bv, hv cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³i h_v_©Zv wbwðZ K‡i|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

1971 mvj, evsjvi ey‡K g„Zz¨i ZvÊe, nš—vi‡Ki Kv‡jv _vevq †Qvc †Qvc i³|
f~jywÉZ evsjvi †mŠ›`h©-m¤£g| w`M‡š— w`M‡š— Av¸‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqv|
g„Zz¨i Zvʇe _g‡K Av‡Q `wLbv evZvm| †mLv‡b dz‡ji †mŠif †b B| ïay jv‡ki
MÜ, ïay KwP cÖv‡Yi fxlY wPrKvi|
K. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq †Kv_vq b¶Î LwPZ _v‡K? 1
L. Kx Kvi‡Y j¶ j¶ gvbyl c½y-weK…Z nq?Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1971 mv‡ji hy‡×i mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi gvby‡li m„ó 3
4
wnsmªZvi mv`„k¨ †`LvI|
N. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv I DÏxc‡K †h fqvenZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, Zvi
Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv fv‡jvevmvi NvUwZÑ G wel‡q †Zvgvi gZvgZ
we‡klY Ki|
7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq AvKv‡k b¶Î LwPZ _v‡K|

 gvbe emwZi ey‡K nVvr AMœy¨rcvZ Z_v gvby‡li m„ó AbvPv‡ii Kvi‡Y j¶ j¶
gvbyl c½y-weK…Z nq|
 ¶gZvi †jv‡f c„w_exi ¶gZvmxbiv cÖwZwbqZ jovB Ki‡Q| hy× K‡i w`Mš—
R¡vwj‡q w`‡”Q| mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ g„Zz¨i gnvgvix Qwo‡q w`‡”Q| ïay
¶gZv‡jvfx cÖfy‡`i Abvm„wó‡Z AmsL¨ mvaviY kvwš—Kvgx Rxeb Akvwš
—‡Z f‡i hv‡”Q| j¶ j¶ gvbyl G Rb¨B c½y-weK…Z n‡”Q|
 †mB A¯¿ 151
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq gvby‡li wnsmªZvi †h i~c cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, Zvi mv‡_
DÏxc‡Ki 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 AvwacZ¨ I ¶gZvi †jv‡f gvbyl hy× K‡i, ivR¨ we¯—v‡ii †jv‡f Ab¨ iv‡R¨i
Rbmvavi‡Yi Rxe‡b eB‡q †`q i‡³i †mªvZ| Gi Dcgv gvbe BwZnv‡m
AmsL¨evi iwPZ i‡q‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K 1971 mv‡ji fqvenZvi K_v Av‡jvwKZ n‡q‡Q| G‡`‡ki ey‡K †m mgq
†b‡g G‡mwQj cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx| iv‡Zi Auvav‡i Zviv kn‡ii
ey‡K i³M½v eB‡q w`‡qwQj| AMwYZ gvby‡li jv‡k mviv‡`k f‡i wM‡qwQj|
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe GB wnsmªZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Kwei g‡Z, hy×
j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K c½y Avi weK…Z K‡i, hv DÏxc‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mv‡_
mv`„k¨ m„wó K‡i|

 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv I DÏxc‡K †h fqvenZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY
n‡jv fv‡jvevmvi NvUwZÑ G wel‡q Avwg HKgZ¨ †cvlY Kwi|
 hy× wKsev `v½v Gme Av‡m wnsmªZv †_‡K| wnsmªZv fv‡jvevmvi
m¤ú~Y© wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| †hLv‡b fv‡jvevmv Av‡Q, †mLv‡b KL‡bvB
wnsmªZv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
 DÏxc‡K 1971 mv‡j G‡`‡k N‡U hvIqv ee©iZvi wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cwðg
cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`viiv iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i G‡`‡ki ey‡K k¦vc‡`i g‡Zv †b‡g
G‡mwQj| Nb AÜKv‡i gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ mg¯— †`‡k g„Zz¨i †mªvZ eB‡q w`j|
G fqvenZv Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv‡ZI cvIqv hvq| Kwe hy‡×i fqvenZv
†`wL‡q‡Qb c½y Avi weK…Z gvby‡li AvZ©wPrKv‡i|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe fv‡jvevmvi e¨vwß NUv‡bvi Rb¨ mK‡ji Kv‡Q
Ki“Y Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb| Kwei g‡Z GKgvÎ fv‡jvevmvB cv‡i G c„w_ex †_‡K
mg¯— cw¼jZv Avi hy× `~i Ki‡Z| GB m~Î †_‡K ejv hvq, hw` cwðg
cvwK¯—vwb gvby‡li g‡b gvbeZvi cÖwZ b~¨bZg fv‡jvevmv _vKZ, Z‡e
Zviv 1971 mv‡j ee©iZv PvjvZ bv| Gi ØvivB cÖgvY nq †h, mKj hy×
msNU‡bi GKgvÎ KviY n‡jv fv‡jvevmvnxbZv|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

e‡½vcmvM‡ii jNyPv‡ci d‡j m„ó cÖjq¼ix N~wY©So, AvBjv, wmWi †h fqven AvNvZ
nv‡b my›`ieb Zvi eyK w`‡q cÖ_g Pig av°v¸‡jv cÖwZnZ K‡i, †MvUv †`k‡K myi¶v †`q|
mKj cÖKvi `~lY‡K nRg K‡i †m Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Aw·‡Rb I wbg©j evZvm mieivn K‡i| Avi
evsjv‡`‡ki ey‡K Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q _vKv AmsL¨ b`-b`x Avgv‡`i myi¶v †`q eb¨vi Kej
†_‡K gy³ †i‡L| Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡_©B G¸‡jv i¶v Kiv ZvB Avgv‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq
KZ©e¨|
K. Kwe †Kgb b`x †`L‡Z Pvb? 1
L. ÒAiY¨ n‡e AviI meyRÓ ej‡Z Kwe Kx wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb? 2
M. DÏxcKwU Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU Zz‡j a‡i? e¨vL¨v 3
Ki| 4
N. ÒDÏxcKwU Ô †mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi m¤ú~Y© fve‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j|
ÓÑgš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|

8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Kwe K‡jvwjZ b`x †`L‡Z Pvb|

152 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

 ÒAiY¨ n‡e AviI meyRÓ ej‡Z Kwe MvQcvjv e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K

wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|
 Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb Mv‡Qi gva¨‡gB mieivn nq|
A_P GB gvbylB cÖwZwbqZ G‡Ki ci GK MvQ aŸsm K‡i P‡j‡Q wb‡Ri
e¨w³¯^v‡_©i ZvwM‡`| Acic‡¶ MvQcvjv e„w×i gva¨‡g †hgb GKw`‡K
cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© e„w× cv‡e, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK
Rxeb n‡e myiw¶Z| Av‡jvP¨ K_vwU w`‡q Kwe GwUB wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|

 DÏxcKwU Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi cÖK…wZ i¶vi Acwinvh©Zvi welqwU‡K

Zy‡j a‡i|
 webó K‡iv bv Ges AwZwi³ †P‡qv bvÑ GUv cÖK…wZi AvBb| Avi ZvB
my‡hvMmÜvbx gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K hZ aŸsm K‡i‡Q cÖK…wZ ZZUvB
gvby‡li cÖwZ wei~c cÖfve wb‡q Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖK…
wZ‡K i¶v Kiv gvby‡li Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, my›`ieb e‡½vcmvMi †_‡K m„ó N~wY©So‡K cÖwZnZ
K‡i Avgv‡`i †`k‡K myi¶v w`‡q Avm‡Q| Avgv‡`i Rb¨ mieivn Ki‡Q
cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb| Avi b`x¸‡jv eb¨vi cÖ‡Kvc‡K A‡bKUvB Kwg‡q
w`‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZi Gme Dcv`vb‡K i¶v Kiv gvby‡li Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq KZ©e¨
e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe c„w_ex‡Z
fv‡jvevmv e¨vß K‡i cÖK…wZ‡K AviI my›`i K‡i Zzj‡Z Pvb| K‡jvwjZ b`xi
cvkvcvwk AiY¨‡K wZwb †`L‡Z Pvb AviI meyRi~‡c| KviY G¸‡jvB gvby‡li
my¯’ ¯^vfvweK Rxebhvc‡b GKUv eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| g~jZ DÏxcKwU
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi cÖK…wZ i¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡KB ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i Zz‡j
a‡i‡Q|

 ÒDÏxcKwU Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi m¤ú~Y© fve‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j|ÓÑ gš—
e¨wU h_v_© bq|
 fv‡jvevmvi gva¨‡gB RMr‡K my›`i K‡i †Zvjv hvq| cÖK…wZi cÖwZ
fv‡jvevmv, cÖvwYRM‡Zi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv wKsev gvby‡li cÖwZ
fv‡jvevmvB gvbyl‡K h_v_© Rxebhvc‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GB fv‡jvevmvi
cÖwZ`vbI gvbyl †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e †c‡q hvq| DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
KweZv Dfq‡¶‡Î GB fve cÖKvk †c‡jI e¨vcKZvi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
 DÏxc‡K gvbeRxe‡b cÖK…wZi we‡kl f~wgKv‡K Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b
my›`ieb GKw`‡K gvbyl‡K So †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Q Ab¨w`‡K Aw·‡Rb Avi wbg©j
evZvm w`‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q cÖwZwbqZ| GgbwK b`x¸‡jv gvbyl‡K eb¨vi
Kej †_‡K i¶v K‡i P‡j‡Q bxi‡e| GRb¨ cÖK…wZ‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m i¶v Kivi cÖwZ
†Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq cÖK…wZi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi
K_v GKw`‡K †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi
mgvb AvKv•¶vI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| G KweZvq Kwe fv‡jvevmvi A¯¿ cÖ‡qvM
K‡i cÖK…wZ aŸsmKvix A¯¿‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z Pvb| hyׇK _vwg‡q †`qvi Rb¨
Zuvi Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmvB gyL¨| GgbwK gvbyl‡K GK KvZv‡i ew›` Kivi Rb¨
Kwei Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
 DÏxc‡K ïay cÖK…wZi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi fvewU‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq cÖK…wZ QvovI mgMÖ gvby‡li g‡a¨ fv‡jvevmv‡K
e¨vß Kivi fve iß Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ ejv hvq, DÏxcKwU Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi
AvswkK fve‡K aviY K‡i, m¤ú~Y©wU bq|
 †mB A¯¿ 153

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

BmivBj I wdwjw¯—b Aay¨wlZ GKwU AÂj MvRv| GB AÂjwU `Lj Kivi Rb¨ BmivBj
cÖwZwbqZ cïi g‡Zv wbwe©Pv‡i gvbyl gvi‡Q| mš¿vm `g‡bi bv‡g Zviv ¸wj Quyo‡Q,
†evgv †dj‡Q G‡Ki ci GK| wKQy mvgwiK †jv‡Ki mv‡_ g„Zz¨i gy‡L cwZZ n‡”Q Amnvq
bvix, wkï, e„×mn me©‡kªwYi gvbyl| Avevi †eu‡P †_‡KI †evgvi AvNv‡Z KvD‡K ev
eiY K‡i wb‡Z n‡”Q c½yZ¡| ZvB RvwZmsN `xN©w`b a‡i GB A‡j kvwš—
cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡i Avm‡Q|
K. b¶ÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K Kx S‡i? 1
L. Ògvbe emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZÓ ej‡Z Kwe Kx 2
eywS‡q‡Qb? 3
M.DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU 4
mv`„k¨c~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒhyׇK †K›`ª K‡i RvwZms‡Ni cÖZ¨vkv Avi Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
KweZvi Kwei cÖZ¨vkv †hb GKB gy`ªvi GwcV-IwcV|ÓÑgš—
e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki|
9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 b¶ÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K Av¸b S‡i|

 ÒgvbeemwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZÓ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv RbemwZc~Y©

¯’v‡b †evgv wb‡¶‡ci d‡j †h aesmjxjv m„wó nqÑ Kwe Zv‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb|
 gvbyl gvby‡liB Rb¨| Avevi GB gvbylB Ab¨ gvby‡li aŸs‡mi KviY| wb‡Ri
¶gZv cÖ`k©b Avi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GB ¶gZvaiiv †evgv †g‡i RbemwZ
cwiYZ K‡i aŸsm¯—~‡c| Av‡jvP¨ K_vwU w`‡q Kwe GwUB eywS‡q‡Qb|

 DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi hy‡×i fqven cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gvby‡li

AmnvqZvi welqwU mv`„k¨c~Y©|
 hy× memgqB fq¼i| Avi GB fqven cwiw¯’wZi me‡P‡q †ewk wkKvi n‡Z
nq †emvgwiK Amnvq gvbyl¸‡jv‡K| DÏxcK I Ô †mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq GB
welqwUB †hb Rxeš— n‡q D‡V‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K ÔMvRvÕ bvgK AÂjwU‡Z wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ BmivBj
hy× ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Zviv wbwe©Pv‡i ¸wj Qyuo‡Q, †evgv wb‡¶c Ki‡Q| †mB
¸wj Avi †evgvi AvNv‡Z hZRb mvgwiK †jvK wbnZ n‡”Q Zvi †P‡q eû¸‡Y
g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡Q Amnvq †emvgwiK gvbyl| Avi hviv †eu‡P _vK‡Q Zv‡`i †g‡b
wb‡Z n‡”Q gvb‡eZi Rxeb| wVK GKBfv‡e Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq gvby‡li
Rxeb gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ wbe©vwcZ n‡q hv‡”Q| †mLv‡b AvKvk †_‡K Av¸b
S‡i covi g‡Zv K‡i †evgv co‡Q, gvbyl gi‡Q| Avi ZviB mv‡_ j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K
eiY Ki‡Z n‡”Q c½yZ¡ wKsev weK…wZ| e¯‘Z hy× bv‡gi aŸsmjxjvi g‡a¨
mvaviY gvby‡li AmnvqZvi GB welqwU‡Z DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi
g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

 hyׇK †K›`ª K‡i RvwZms‡Ni cÖZ¨vkv Avi Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwei
cÖZ¨vkv †hb GKB gy`ªvi GwcV-IwcV|Ó Ñgš—e¨wU h_v_©|
 †KD hy× K‡i gyw³i Rb¨, †KD ev Avevi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ hy‡× †b‡g
c‡o| wKš‘ KviY hvB †nvK, hy‡× `yB c¶‡KB Kg‡ewk ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡Z nq|
154 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
ZvB GB hy‡×i cwie‡Z© kvwš— cÖwZôvi Rb¨ KvD‡K bv KvD‡K cvjb Ki‡Z
nq AMÖYx f~wgKv|
 DÏxc‡K Akvš— MvRv A‡j gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv wbðqZv †bB| hy‡×i Kivj
MÖv‡mi mvg‡b e‡m gvbyl‡K †hb g„Zz¨i cÖni ¸b‡Z nq| c½yZ¡ wb‡q
†eu‡P †_‡K KvD‡K Avevi ciwbf©ikxj n‡q w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Z nq| Akvwš—i
ey‡K kvwš—i we¯—vi NUv‡Z RvwZmsN ZvB KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| wVK †Zgwb
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq KweI fv‡jvevmv bvgK kvwš—i evYx‡Z gvbe emwZi
ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ eÜ Ki‡Z Pvb| KviY †mLv‡bI bvMvmvwK,
wn‡ivwkgvi g‡Zv j¶ j¶ gvbyl †evgvi AvNv‡Z n‡q c‡o‡Q c½y, weK…Z|
Kwe ZvB Pvb bv AvKvk †_‡K Avi †Kv‡bv †evgv co–K wKsev Uªq bMixi
g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AÂj aŸsm †nvK| GRb¨ wZwb c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jvevmv e¨vß
Ki‡Z Pvb|
 cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ ïf‡eva RvwM‡q RvwZmsN kvwš—
cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq Ges Ô †mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe fv‡jvevmvi A¯¿ w`‡q
hy×vemvb NwU‡q †mLv‡b kvwš— cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvb| GB we‡ePbvq ejv
hvq, cÖ‡kœv³ gš—e¨wU mwVK I h_v_©|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Kgjevey Avi iwng wgqv GKB MÖv‡gi `yBRb eÜzmyjf cÖwZ‡ekx| Rxe‡bi cÖwZUv
†¶‡Î Zviv G‡K-Aci‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i G‡m‡Q wbt¯^v_©fv‡eB| A_P Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zz”Q
me NUbv wb‡q GLb cÖvqB Rwo‡q c‡o ag©xq weev‡`| ïi“ nq wnsmv, we‡Øl,
RvZ¨wfgvb Avi AnsKv‡ii evovevwo| AviI c‡i Avo‡Zi e¨emv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †f`v‡f`
m~wPZ nq fvB‡q fvB‡q| Zviv GLb ïay emevm m~‡Î `~‡i bq, g‡bi w`K w`‡qI
G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ|
K. Kwe c„w_ex‡Z Kx e¨vß Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb? 1
L. gvby‡li Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K Kwe wbwðý Ki‡Z Pvb †Kb? 2
M.DÏxc‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q? 3
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. ÒGKgvÎ fv‡jvevmvB gvby‡li †f`v‡f` `~i K‡i mgvweó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ÓÑ DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K gš—e¨wU we‡klY Ki|
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Kwe c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jvevmv e¨vß Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb|

 gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZv weav‡bi Rb¨ Kwe gvby‡li Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K wbwðý
Ki‡Z Pvb|
 c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl hZ cvq ZZB Pvq| GB ch©vqµwgK PvIqv †_‡K †m
GKmgq i~cvš—wiZ nq AvwacZ¨ev`x‡Z| AvwacZ¨ev`x GB gvby‡li †jv‡fi
Kvi‡Y mvaviY gvby‡liv ewÂZ nq Zv‡`i cÖvwß †_‡K| GRb¨ Kwe
Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K wbwðý Ki‡Z Pvb|

 DÏxc‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Aš—M©Z gvby‡l-gvby‡l wew”QbœZvi

welqwU cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
 gvby‡l-gvby‡l hLb †f`v‡f` m„wó nq ZLb cÖwZUv gvbylB n‡q c‡o GK
GKUv wew”Qbœ Øx‡ci g‡Zv| GgbwK gvby‡li gbUvI ZLb n‡q c‡o A‡bK
†ewk msKzwPZ| me‡P‡q eo K_v †hwUÑ G ch©v‡q gvby‡li Rxeb n‡q hvq
 †mB A¯¿ 155
hvwš¿K, fv‡jvevmvk~b¨|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, ag©xq weev`‡K †K›`ª K‡i `yB cwiev‡ii †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i
g‡a¨ we‡”Q‡`i cÖ_g m~ÎcvZ| cieZ©x‡Z †mB we‡”Q` AviI †ewk we¯—…
Z n‡q‡Q Avo‡Zi e¨emv wb‡q| GK ch©v‡q wb‡Ri fvB †_‡KB Zviv m‡i
†M‡Q A‡bK `~‡i| A_©vr, wbR wbR AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl
wn‡m‡e Zviv GLb G‡K-Aci †_‡K wew”Qbœ| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq KweI
GB wew”QbœZv wb‡q DwØMœ| gvbyl hLb wb‡Ri PvIqvUv‡K cÖavbi~‡c
we‡ePbv K‡i A‡b¨i PvIqv‡K †nq Ávb K‡i ZLbB GB wew”QbœZv gvby‡li
Ici fi K‡i| Kwe ZvB fv‡jvevmv w`‡q GB wew”Qbœ gvbyl‡`i mgvweó Ki‡Z
Pvb| e¯‘Zc‡¶ DÏxc‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi GKwU welq gvby‡l-gvby‡l
wew”QbœZv‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q Zz‡j Avbv n‡q‡Q|

 ÒGKgvÎ fv‡jvevmvB gvby‡li †f`v‡f` `~i K‡i mgvweó Ki‡Z cv‡i|ÓÑ gš—
e¨wU h_v_©|
 gvby‡li g‡a¨ hLb wnsmv-we‡Øl, AnsKvi Avi RvZ¨wfgvb evmv euv‡a ZLb
gvby‡li gbyl¨‡Z¡i Acg„Zz¨ N‡U| gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ gyn~‡Z©B n‡q
I‡V AvMÖvmx| GB gvby‡li ïfeyw× ZLb †b‡g Av‡m k~‡b¨i †KvVvq,
†m‡¶‡Î †Kej fv‡jvevmvi imB †f`v‡f‡`i k³ gvwU‡K mgvweó K‡i De©i K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
 DÏxc‡K Kgjevey Avi iwng wgqv G‡K-Ac‡ii cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ, †mŠnv`©
Avi fv‡jvevmv wQj e‡j emevm Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj kvwš—‡Z| A_P Zv‡`i †Q‡j-
†g‡qiv RvZ¨wfgvb, Cl©v, wnsmv Avi AnsKv‡ii †Qve‡j c‡o wew”QbœZvi
R¡vjv †fvM Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, fv‡jvevmv cvIqv wKsev †`qvi g‡Zv
g‡bi AwaKvix †KD wQj bv| A_©vr, fv‡jvevmvnxbZvi Rb¨B Zv‡`i GB
`yie¯’v| Ab¨w`‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe ey‡S‡Qb, c„w_ex‡Z
fv‡jvevmvi Afv‡eB N„Yv, we‡Øl, AnsKvi RvZ¨wfgv‡bi †`ŠivZ¥¨ e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| fv‡jvevmv _vK‡j G¸‡jvi e„w× n‡Zv bv, wew”QbœZv m„wó n‡Zv
bv gvby‡li g‡a¨| Kwe ZvB c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jvevmv e¨vß Ki‡Z Pvb| gvbyl‡K
mgvweó Kivi Rb¨ Kwei Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmvB gyL¨ nvwZqvi|
 DÏxc‡Ki gvbyl¸‡jv fv‡jvevmvnxbZvi Kvi‡YB wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o‡Q| Avi
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe gvbyl‡K mgvweó Kivi Rb¨ fv‡jvevmv‡KB
GKgvÎ nvwZqvi g‡b K‡i‡Qb| ZvB GKgvÎ fv‡jvevmvB gvby‡li †f`v‡f` `~i
K‡i gvbyl‡K mgvweó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K †gvnvweó A¯¿ Q Ae¨_© A¯¿

1. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU M Abb¨ A¯¿ N †Ljbv A¯¿
Avnmvb nvex‡ei †Kvb MÖš’ DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K
†_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
K ivw·kl L †Kv_vq ¯^M©, †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j
QvqvnwiY Zv eû`~i
R we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL N †gN gvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M© biK
e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi|
2. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq ÔA‡gvN ... ... ... ...
A¯¿Õ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
156 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖxwZ I †cÖ‡gi cyY¨ euva‡b h‡e R 1985 mv‡j N 1987 mv‡j
wgwj ci¯ú‡i, 10. †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Avnmvb
¯^M© Avwmqv `uvovq ZLb nvexe AvBG cvk K‡ib?
Avgv‡`iB Kuy‡oN‡i| P eªR‡gvnb K‡jR L XvKv K‡jR
3. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ M RMbœv_ K‡jR N wmwU K‡jR
KweZvi wgj i‡q‡QÑ 11. Avnmvb nvex‡ei cÖ_g
i. Awnsmvq ii. cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU?
AvZ¥Z¨v‡M K mviv `ycyi Q
iii. cvi¯úwiK †mŠnv‡`© ivw·kl
wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? M †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev N Qvqv
K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii nwiY
4. Dch©y³ wg‡ji h_v_©Zv 12. Ôivw·klÕ Kve¨MÖš’
cwijw¶Z nq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y? cÖKvwkZ nq KZ wLªóv‡ã?
K fv‡jvevmv w`‡q me Rq Kiv m¤ K 1940 L 1945 R 1947 N 1957
¢e| 13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Avnmvb
L A_©weË w`‡q me Rq Kiv hvq| nvexe iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’ bq?
M cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvMxZvq mg„w× K †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev L mviv
mvwaZ nq| `ycyi
S ¯^v_©ciZv fv‡jvevmvi Aš—ivq| M `yÕnv‡Z `yB Avw`g cv_i S ivYx

gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K Lv‡ji muv‡Kv

hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb 14. Avnmvb nvexe iwPZ Dcb¨vm
cÖ‡kœvËi †Kvb `ywU?
K Qvqv nwiY, Ai‡Y¨ bxwjgv
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb
Q ivYx Lv‡ji muv‡Kv, Ai‡Y¨
cÖ‡kœvËi bxwjgv
K Kwe cwiwPwZ : (†evW© M †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev, ivbx Lv‡ji
eB †_‡K) muv‡Kv
5. Avnmvb nvexe †Kvb MÖv‡g N `yÕnv‡Z `yB Avw`g cv_i, ivbx
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib? Lv‡ji muv‡Kv
K gvaecvkv L 15. Avnmvb nvexe iwPZ wkï‡Zvl
ivwbks‡Kj MÖš’ n‡jvÑ
R ksKicvkv N ¯^i~ccvkv K e„wó c‡o Uvcyi Uzcyi L
6. Avnmvb nvexe KZ wLªóv‡ã †QvU‡`i cvwK¯—vb
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib? M QywUi w`b `ycy‡i S Dc‡ii
K 1907 mv‡j L 1911 mv‡j meKqwU
R 1917 mv‡j N 1927 mv‡j 16. Avnmvb nvex‡ei KweZvq
7. †kl ch©š— Avnmvb nvexe †Kvb †Kvb w`KwU wkím¤§Zfv‡e
†ckvq hy³ wQ‡jb? cwiùzU n‡q‡Q?
K wk¶KZvq L AvBb K ga¨we‡Ëi ev¯—e Rxeb‡eva
†ckvq L e¯‘wbôZv
R mvsevw`KZvq N cÖKvkbvq M mgKvjxb hyM-hš¿Yv S Dc‡ii
8. Avnmvb nvexe †Kvb mv‡j meKqwU
Ôˆ`wbK evsjvqÕ †hvM †`b? 17. Avnmvb nvexe GKvav‡i
K 1950 L 1961 R 1964 N 1978 wQ‡jbÑ
9. Avnmvb nvexe KZ wLªóv‡ã K mvsevw`K I mgv‡jvPK L
g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? mvsevw`K I wk¶K
K 1978 mv‡j L 1981 mv‡j R mvsevw`K I Kwe N
 †mB A¯¿ 157
mvsevw`K I mgvRKg©x 25. Avnmvb nvex‡ei Rb¥ †Kvb
18. Avnmvb nvexe g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib †Rjvq?
KZ wLªóv‡ã? K Kzwgjv L †bvqvLvjx
K 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1985 L 10 R wc‡ivRcyi N †dbx
Ryb, 1985 26. Avnmvb nvex‡ei wcZvi bvg
R 10 RyjvB, 1985 N 10 AvM÷, Kx?
1985 P nvwgRywÏb nvIjv`vi L wmivR
19. ga¨we‡Ëi gb¯—vwË¡K msKU nvIjv`vi
dz‡U D‡V‡Q Avnmvb nvex‡ei M KzZzeywÏb nvIjv`vi N wgbvi
†Kvb iPbvq? nvIjv`vi
P ÔAi‡Y¨ bxwjgvÕ Dcb¨vmwU‡Z 27. Avnmvb nvex‡ei gvZvi bvg
L Ôc~e©vkvi Av‡jvÕ KweZvq Kx?
M ÔivYx Lv‡ji muv‡KvÕ K Avmgv LvZzb L AvKwjgv
Dcb¨vmwU‡Z LvZzb
N ÔAvwg †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bBÕ R Rwgjv LvZzb N iv‡k`v LvZzb
KweZvq 28. Kwe Avnmvb nvex‡ei KweZv
20. Avnmvb nvex‡ei †Kvb †jLvi nv‡ZLwo KLb nq?
KweZv¸‡jv cvVK‡K mn‡R AvK…ó P ¯‹zj Rxe‡b L K‡jR Rxe‡b
K‡i? M wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡b N
P e¨½vZ¥K KweZv L msmvi Rxe‡b
mvgvwRK KweZv 29. †Kvb K‡j‡R Aa¨qbiZ Ae¯’vq
M wø»my‡ii KweZv N Kwe‡K fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y KjKvZvq
†KŠZzK wgwkªZ KweZv P‡j †h‡Z nq?
21. Avnmvb nvexe †Kvb cwÎKvi K ivRDK K‡jR Q eªR‡gvnb
mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K wQ‡jb? K‡jR
P ˆ`wbK evsjv L ˆ`wbK cÖfvZx M AvBwWqvj K‡jR N
M ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK N ˆ`wbK AvRv` bUi‡Wg K‡jR
22. wb‡Pi †Kvb KweØq ˆ`wbK 30. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe KjKvZv
evsjv cwÎKvq KvR K‡i‡Qb? †Q‡o XvKv Av‡mb KZ mv‡j?
K Avnmvb nvexe I †iv‡Kqv K 1947 mv‡j L 1948 mv‡j
mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb M 1949 mv‡j S 1950 mv‡j
Q Avnmvb nvexe I kvgmyi 31. Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ cwÎKvi
ivngvb ZrKvjxb bvg Kx wQj?
M Avnmvb nvexe I ˆmq` kvgmyj K ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv L ˆ`wbK
nK hyMvš—i
N Avnmvb nvexe I ˆmq` Avjx M ˆ`wbK evsjv‡`k S ˆ`wbK
Avnmvb cvwK¯—vb
23. Avnmvb nvexe KZ wLªóv‡ã 32. Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ cwÎKvi †Kvb
GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib? wefv‡M Avnmvb nvexe
K 1968 mv‡j L 1958 mv‡j m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b?
R 1978 mv‡j N 1948 mv‡j K A_©bxwZ m¤úv`K L
24. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU wb‡Pi ivRbxwZ m¤úv`K
†Kvb Kwei iPbv? R mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K N µxov
K kvgmyi ivngvb Q Avnmvb m¤úv`K
nvexe 33. Avnmvb nvexe evsjv GKv‡Wwg
M ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb N Avj cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib KZ mv‡j?
gvngy` P 1961 mv‡j L 1962 mv‡j
158 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
M 1963 mv‡j N 1964 mv‡j 42. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
34. KZ mv‡j Kwe Avnmvb nvexe c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿ Kx n‡e?
GKz‡k c`‡K f~wlZ nb? K D×Z Q AvbZ M webxZ
K 1977 mv‡j Q 1978 mv‡j N aŸsm
M 1979 mv‡j N 1980 mv‡j 43. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ
L g~j cvV : (†evW© eB †_‡K) n‡j AiY¨ †Kgb n‡e?
K Av‡iv bxj Q Av‡iv
35. †`k I RbZvi cÖwZ Kwei Mfxi
Kx wQj? meyR
M Av‡iv jvj N Av‡iv njy`
K gnvbyfeZv L fv‡jvevmv
R ms‡e`bkxjZv N ggZ¡‡eva
44. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ
36. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Avnmvb n‡j b`x †Kgb n‡e?
K Av‡iv †eMevb L Av‡iv DËvj
nvex‡ei Kve¨MÖš’?
R Av‡iv K‡jvwjZ N Av‡iv `xNj
K muv‡Si gvqv L D`vm cw_K
R QvqvnwiY N †kl 45. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
we‡Kj †Kv_vq Av¸b R¡j‡e bv?
K L‡oi Mv`vq Q dm‡ji gv‡V
37. Avnmvb nvexe Kx wdwi‡q
M b`xi Zx‡i N ey‡Ki †fZi
w`‡Z e‡j‡Qb?
K †mB KweZv L †mB AiY¨
46. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ
R †mB A¯¿ N †mB †cÖg
n‡j Kx Luv Luv Ki‡e bv?
P M„n¯’vwj L dm‡ji gvV M
38. Kx‡mi Kivj MÖv‡m gvbyl
gvbweKZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o? cÖvš—i N gvV

†cÖg I fv‡jvevmv
K L Avkv I
47. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ e¨vß n‡j †Kv_v
†_‡K Av¸b Si‡e bv?
¯^cœ
K ¯^‡cœi gvV †_‡K Q
M ¯§„wZ I Kíbv S wnsmv I
b¶ÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K
¯^v_©ciZv
M ivbœvN‡ii Pzjv †_‡K N cy‡o
39. hy‡×i wbg©gZvi GK wPivqZ
hvIqv ¯§„wZ †_‡K
`„óvš— †Kvb bMix?
48. gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ
K †ivg Q Uªq M e¨wejb
†Kv_vq?
N w`wj
K bxj AvKv‡ki ey‡K L mf¨Zvi
40. †bvgv‡bi msmv‡i hLb wbiš—i
ey‡K
Akvwš— †j‡MB Av‡Q ZLb
R gvbe emwZi ey‡K N
wZwb my›`i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g
bxjb‡`i ey‡K
msmv‡i kvwš— wdwi‡q Avbvi
49. †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j evi evi
D‡`¨vM †bb| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
Kx weaŸ¯— n‡e bv?
KweZv Abyhvqx GB my›`i
K wmÜzbMix Q Uªq
e¨envi‡K Kx‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv
bMix
Kiv hvq?
M e¨wejb bMix N †ivgbMix
K †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZ Q †mB
50. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ Kv‡K evi
A¯¿
evi civwRZ K‡i?
M †mB Av¸b N †mB †PZbv
K kΓ‡K L wb‡R‡K
41. evsjvi K¬v‡m wk¶K Qv·K
R RvZ¨wfgvb‡K N RbZv‡K
cÖkœ Ki‡jb Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
51. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ Kx‡mi
KweZvq Ô†mB A¯¿Õ ej‡Z Kwe
†jvf‡K wbwðZ K‡i?
†KvbwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb?
K A‡_©i †jvf L we‡Ëi †jvf
K webq L ¯^cœ M m`vPiY
M kw³i †jvf S Avwac‡Z¨i
S fv‡jvevmv
†jvf
 †mB A¯¿ 159
52. Kwei Kvw•¶Z A¯¿ Kv‡K M †jvfx e¨w³i AvwacZ¨ N
wew”Qbœ K‡i bv? RvqMv-Rwgi †jvf
K ü`q‡K Q gvbyl‡K M kΓ‡K 60. Ô†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ
N eÜz‡K K‡i bvÕ K‡i mgvweóÕÑ GLv‡b
53. Kwe c„w_ex‡Z Kx e¨vß Ki‡Z ÔmgvweóÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv
e‡j‡Qb? n‡q‡Q?
K wk¶v L AvwacZ¨ M kw³ P åvZ…‡eva ˆZwi Kiv L
S fv‡jvevmv mgvbfv‡e Avweó nIqv
54. ÔAiY¨ n‡e Av‡iv meyRÕ Øviv M fxlYfv‡e AvK…ó Kiv N
Kx †evSvq? gš¿gy» Kiv
P cÖK…wZ ¯^vfvweKZv wd‡i cv‡e 61. Kwe c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jvevmvi
L cÖK…wZ Av‡iv bMœ cÖZ¨veZ©b †P‡q‡Qb †Kvb
n‡e cO&w³i gva¨‡g?
M cÖK…wZ Av‡iv Db¥y³ n‡e K dm‡ji gv‡V Av¸b R¡j‡e bv
N cÖK…wZ Av‡iv †Kvgj Q Avgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q `vI
n‡e M b`x n‡e Av‡iv K‡jvwjZ
55. Ôb`x Av‡iv K‡jvwjZÕÑ GLv‡b N AiY¨ n‡e Av‡iv meyR
b`xi †Kvb i~‡ci K_v ejv 62. RvZ¨wfgv‡bi Kvi‡Y c„w_ex‡Z
n‡q‡Q? Kx msNwUZ n‡qwQj?
K b`x cÖkvš— n‡e L b`xi K wek¦kvwš— Q
bve¨Zv †e‡o hv‡e wek¦hy×
R b`x AviI Zi½gq n‡e N b`x‡Z M wek¦åvZ…Z¡ N
†Rvqvi Avm‡e aŸsmhÁ
56. gvbe emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i 63. Avwac‡Z¨i †jv‡fi Kvi‡Y
AMœy¨rcvZ †Kb? c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb NUbvwU
P gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li N‡UwQj?
wRNvsmvi Kvi‡Y P Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb L wek¦evwYR¨
L gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li M UzBb UvIqvi aŸsm N
fv‡jvevmvi Kvi‡Y Rw½we‡ivax nvgjv
M gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li Akª ×vi 64. A‡gvN A¯¿ Ôfv‡jvevmvÕ
Kvi‡Y c„w_ex‡Z e¨vß n‡j Kx n‡e?
N Av¸‡bi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi Kvi‡Y K mevB †cÖwgK n‡e
57. Uªq bMix †Kb weaŸ¯— Q wnsmv, †jvf, Cl©v K‡g hv‡e
n‡qwQj? M aŸsmhÁ K‡g hv‡e N my›`i
K f~wgK‡¤úi Kvi‡Y Q †n‡jb-D×vi M„n¯’vwj n‡e
Awfhv‡b 65. fv‡jvevmv‡K ÔA‡gvN A¯¿Õ ejvi
M cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M N M~p KviY †KvbwU?
hy×-weMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y K fv‡jvevmv A¯¿ webv‡k mg_©
58. ÔRvZ¨vwfgvbÕ L fv‡jvevmv me hyׇ¶‡Î mdj
K RvwZMZ Awfgvb Q RvwZMZ R fv‡jvevmv kvwš— cÖwZôvq
AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi Ae¨_©
M RvwZMZ AwePvi AbvPvi N hy×- N fv‡jvevmv me©Kv‡j Rqx
weMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y 66. ÔcvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡eÕÑ
59. ÔAvwac‡Z¨i †jvfÕ ej‡Z Kx cO&w³wUi ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? welqwU cÖKvwkZ?
K †fZ‡ii †jvfjvjmv Q ¶gZvi K cvwL‡`i †KD wei³ Ki‡e bv
AvKv•¶v Q c„w_ex‡Z kvwš— Avm‡e
160 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cvwL‡`i bZzb evmv n‡e N
M 76. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe Ô†mB
c„w_ex MwZkxj n‡e A¯¿Õ KweZvq †PZbv Ry‡o
67. cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi ¯’vcZ¨Kjvq Kv‡`i AvZ©bv` Kivi K_v
bw›`Z kni †KvbwU? e‡j‡Qb?
K AveyRv L Kvq‡iv R Uªq K msMÖvgx Qv·`i Q c½y-
N wgjvb weK…Z wech©¯—‡`i
68. hy‡×i wbg©gZvi GKwU M ˆmwbK‡`i N K…lK‡`i
wPivqZ `„óvš— †Kvb bMi? 77. Kwei g‡Z Kx‡mi e¨vwß NU‡j
K †ivg L evm©vB R Uªq mg¯— wech©‡qi Aemvb NU‡e?
N e¨wejb P fv‡jvevmvi L m¤cÖxwZi
69. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU †Kvb M g~j¨‡ev‡ai N †cÖ‡gi
Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q? 78. ÒAiY¨ n‡e Av‡iv meyR
K QvqvnwiY L b`x Av‡iv K‡jvwjZ
mviv`ycyi cvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡e|Ó
R we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL N ÑKweZvs‡k Kwe Kx e¨³
ivw·kl K‡i‡Qb?
70. KweZvq Kwe †Kvb A¯¿‡K P myL kvwš— I mg„w× L
wd‡i †c‡Z PvB‡Qb? ¯^vfvweK cÖK…wZ
K Av‡Mœqv¯¿ Q M A¯^vfvweK cÖK…wZ
fv‡jvevmv N b`x I cvwLi †hvMv‡hvM
M A¯¿‡evgv N G‡K 47 79. Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
71. gvby‡li gv‡S wnsmv, †jvf bv KweZvq †mB A‡gvN Abb¨
_vK‡j c„w_ex‡Z Kx weivR Ki‡e? A¯¿wU Kx?
K cÖkvwš— L Akvwš— P fv‡jvevmv L wnsmv M
R kvwš— N åvwš— SMov N wc¯—j
72. wnsmv I Kivj MÖv‡m A‡b‡KB 80. weaŸ¯— Uªq bMix Kx‡mi
Kx k~b¨ n‡q co‡e? mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?
K m¤ú`k~b¨ L P wnsmv-we‡Øl-`¤¢ L
A_©k~b¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
R gvbweKZvk~b¨ N Aš— M †¯^”QvPvi N weK…
tmvik~b¨ Z g‡bvfve
73. Kwe GKvš—fv‡e Kx‡mi 81. hy‡×i mv‡_ hy‡×i fqvenZvi
cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvgbv Ki‡Qb? m¤úK©Ñ
K gbyl¨‡Z¡i Q fv‡jvevmvi K wnsmv-we‡Øl L weK…Z
M wnsmvwe‡Ø‡li N g‡bvfve
gnvbyfeZvi M wbf©ikxj S
74. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq e¨eüZ wbg©gZv-aŸsm
cÖvK…wZK Abyl½¸‡jv Kx Kx? 82. gvbyl gvbyl‡K kΓ bv fvevi
P AiY¨, b`x, cvwL L cvnvo, mvMi, mv‡_ fv‡jvevmv Kxfv‡e
b`x m¤úwK©Z?
M A¯¿, hvbevnb, AMœy¨rcvZ K BwZevPK cÖfve L
N b`x, mvMi, A¯¿ BwZevPK g‡bvfve
75. Kwei cÖZ¨vwkZ A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ R cvi¯úwiK m¤cÖxwZ N
n‡j †Kv_vq Av¸b R¡j‡e bv? Kvh©KvwiZvq
K av‡bi †Mvjvq L Nievwo‡Z 83. Ôfv‡jvevmvÕ Avi Ôkvwš—i
R dm‡ji gv‡V N gvby‡li Aš—‡i A¯¿Õ Kxfv‡e Zzjbxq?
K ˆecix‡Z¨ Q
 †mB A¯¿ 161
mgfvebvq K Lv‡`¨i Afve c~iY L `ytL-
M mg-ˆewk‡ó¨ N `y`©kv wbimb
Kvh©KvwiZvq R gvbe-†cÖ‡gi cÖwZôv N
84. ÔAvgv‡`i †PZbv Ry‡o Zviv beRvMiY
Ki‡e AvZ©bv`Õ-Gi Aš— 90. Ògvbe emwZi ey‡K
wb©wnZ g‡bve„wËUv n‡jvÑ gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ
K hy‡×i cÖwZwµqv j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½y-
Q hy×we‡ivax gb‡bi cÖwZwµqv weK…Z|Ó-Kwe GLv‡b Kx
M †jvf-wnsmvi Aemvb eywS‡q‡Qb?
N wbwe©Pvi nZ¨vh‡Ái webvk P fv‡jvevmv weKwkZ n‡j
mvab wech©‡qi Aemvb NU‡e
85. Ô†h A¯¿ Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K K‡i L fv‡jvevmvi gva¨‡g wech©q
wbwðýÕ- ej‡Z †evSv‡bv m„wó n‡e
n‡q‡QÑ M fv‡jvevmvi gva¨‡g K…lK‡K
P fv‡jvevmv I gvbwmK kw³i c½y I weK…Z Kiv
Awbevh© cÖfve N hy× †_‡g hv‡e
L weK…Z gvbwmKZvi RvM„wZ 91. fv‡jvevmvi Kv‡Q RvZ¨wfgvb
M AvwacZ¨ev‡`i ¶wZKi cÖfve †Kgb ¸i“Z¡ cvq?
N Avwac‡Z¨i †jv‡fi Aek¨¤¢vex K mgvb mgvb ¸i“Z¡en Q evi evi
cwiYwZ civwRZ nq
86. Ôgvbyl †hb hy‡×i fq¼i M Drmvn †`q N ¶gZv evovq
cwiYwZi mv‡_ hy× bv 92. Ò†h N„Yv we‡Øl AnsKvi
nqÕÑKwei G g‡bve„wËi g‡a¨ Ges RvZ¨wfgvb‡K K‡i evievi
i‡q‡QÑ civwRZ|Ó-KweZvs‡k e¨eüZ
K mnvbyf~wZ I mn‡hvwMZvi Ô†hÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv
ü`q n‡q‡Q?
L we‡`ªvnx †PZbv K †bZv L c_cÖ`k©K ev cv‡Äwi
M gg©R¡vjvi cÖwZdjb M Uªq bMix S fv‡jvevmv ev
S kyf I Kj¨vY‡eva Awebvkx A¯¿
87. gvbyl‡K kΓfvevi ev K…l‡Ki 93. Òevi evi weaŸ¯— n‡e bv Uªq
`ytL-R¡vjvi cÖK…Z Drm n‡jvÑ bMixÓ-PiYwUi c~‡e©i PiY
K †kvlY-eÂbv L fvjvevmvi †KvbwU?
e¨_©Zv P †mB A¯¿ †h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
R gvbweKZvi wech©q N †jvf- L †h A¯¿ e¨vß n‡j
jvjmv M †h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
88. mKj gviYv¯¿‡K civf~Z Kievi N Avgv‡`i †PZbvRy‡o Zviv Ki‡e
AvKv•¶v e¨³ nIqvi j¶ n‡jvÑ bv AvZ©bv`
K gvbemgv‡R fv‡jvevmvi 94. Òmf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZÓ-
cÖwZôv PiYwU‡Z †Kvb cÖwZkÖ“wZi
Q c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jvevmv I kvwš— K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
cÖwZôv K Lv‡`¨i Afve c~iY L `ytL-
M gvbemgv‡R gvbweKZvi `y`©kv wbimb
D‡Øvab R gvbe-†cÖ‡gi RvMiY N
N c„w_ex‡Z kvwš— cÖwZôv beRvMiY
89. Òmf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZÓ- 95. Ô†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wewQbœ
PiYwU‡Z †Kvb cÖwZkÖ“wZi K‡i bv, K‡i mgvweóÕ-GLv‡b
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? ÔmgvweóÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv
162 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
n‡q‡Q? LwPZ
P åvZ…Z¡‡eva ˆZwi Kiv R b¶Î Øviv LwPZ N hv b¶Î ZvB
L mgvbfv‡e Avweó nIqv LwPZ
M fxlYfv‡e AvK…ó Kiv N 104. Ôb¶ÎLwPZ AvKvkÕ-
gš¿gy» Kiv cÖZxKvkªqx kãwU‡Z
96. ÔAvwac‡Z¨i †jvfÕ ej‡Z Kx M~pv_© Kx?
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? K ZviKv‡kvwfZ AvKvk L
K †fZ‡ii †jvf-jvjmv Q ¶gZvi †Rvmbv ivZ
AvKv•¶v R DbœZ mf¨Zv N Puv`nxb
M †jvfx e¨w³i AvwacZ¨ N AvKvk
RvqMvRwgi †jvf 105. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq
ÔAMœy¨rcvZÕ †Kvb A‡_©
M kãv_© I UxKv : (†evW© eB e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
†_‡K) K Av‡MœqwMwii we‡ùviY Q
97. ÔAwebvkxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? †kvl‡Ki AZ¨vPvi
K bvkKvix Q wPiš— M AwMœ-†mªvZ N †kvwl‡Zi
b hš¿Yv
M Avwe®‹vi N 106. mw܇hv‡M MwVZ
Awe‡K bvkKvix ÔRvZ¨wfgvbÕ kãwUi mwVK mwÜ
98. †KvbwU ÔAwebvkxÕ k‡ãi we‡”Q` †KvbwU?
P RvwZ + Awfgvb L RvZ +
mgv_©K bq?
K A¶q L kvk¦Z M wPiš—b Awfgvb
M RvZx + Awfgvb N RvZ +
S ¶Y¯’vqx
99. ÔA‡gvNÕ kãwUi mv‡_ Avwfgvb
mgv_©Kfv‡e ZzjbxqÑ 107. Luv Luv Ki‡e bvÑ, Lvwj N‡i
P Ae¨_© L kΓ M
Dchy³ kã †KvbwU?
K gvV-NvU Q M„n¯’vwj
¸i“Z¡mnN Kvh©Ki
M †`vKvbcvU N iv¯—
100. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq ÔA¯¿Õ
kãwUi Aš—wb©wnZ A_© vNvU
†KvbwU? 108. Ô†h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
K e›`yK L wnsmv-we‡Øl
c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿ n‡e
R †cÖg-fv‡jvevmv N
AvbZÓ-PiY؇qi fvev_© Kx?
K fv‡jvevmvi Øviv mewKQy‡K Rq
aviv‡jv Qywi
101. ÔAbb¨Õ kãwUi mgv_©K Kiv hvq
L A‡¯¿i Øviv mewKQy Rq Kiv hvq
†KvbwU?
M A‡_©i Øviv mewKQy Rq Kiv
K wØZxq L ˆewPΨ
M Ab¨ S AwØZxq ev hvq
S c„w_exi hveZxq Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi
Abycg
102. ÔK‡jvwjZÕ kãwUi mgv_©K fv‡jvevmvi Kv‡Q nvi gv‡b
bq †KvbwU? 109. ÔLuv LuvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
K LvIqv L Dcvwa R k~b¨Zv
K Zi½-AvIqvR L †KvjvnjgyLi
N c`we
R cig Avb›`gyLi N KjaŸwb‡Z
gyLwiZ 110. ÔA‡gvNÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
P Ae¨_© L wPiš—b
103. mgvmwb®úbœ b¶ÎLwPZ
M Abš— N Pig
kãwUi mwVK e¨vmevK¨
†KvbwU? N cvV cwiwPwZ : (†evW© eB
K b¶‡Îi b¨vq LwPZ L b¶Î I †_‡K)
 †mB A¯¿ 163
111. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU †Kvb †Kvb PiYwU GKvwaKevi
Q‡›` iwPZ? e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
K ¯^ie„Ë L gvÎve„Ë K Avgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q `vI
R A¶ie„Ë N AwgÎv¶i Q †mB A¯¿ Avgv‡K wdwi‡q `vI
112. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi M †mB A¯¿ †h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
ce©web¨vm †Kgb? N †mB A‡gvN Abb¨ A¯¿
K mg L wemg R Amg N f½yi 119. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq e¨eüZ
113. Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ô†mB cÖvK…wZK Abyl½¸‡jv Kx Kx?
A¯¿Õ KweZvi Drm n‡jvÑ P AiY¨, b`x, cvwL L cvnvo, mvMi,
K †¶vf L nZvkv R fv‡jvevmv b`x
N †e`bv M A¯¿, hvbevnb, AMœy¨rcvZ N
114. Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ô†mB b`x, mvMi, A¯¿
A¯¿Õ KweZvi †gŠj cÖwZcv`¨ O eûc`x mgvwßm~PK
Kx? cÖ‡kœvËi :
K gvby‡li †fZ‡ii kw³‡K RvMÖZ Kiv
120. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwUi bvg
L gvby‡li we‡eK‡eva‡K RvMÖZ
Avi hv hv n‡Z cviZÑ
Kiv i. fv‡jvevmv ii. Uªq
M gvbyl‡K kw³kvjv K‡i †Zvjv
bMix
S gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv w`‡q Rq
iii. †mB A‡gvN Abb¨ A¯¿
Ki‡Z †kLv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
115. ÒAvgv‡`i †PZbvRy‡o Zviv Ki‡e K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
bv AvZ©bv`|Ó-PiYwUi gg©v_© 121. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei
Kx? g‡Z, A‡b‡KB gvbweKZvk~b¨
P †kvwlZ-wbh©vwZZ hy×vnZ‡`i
n‡q c‡oÑ
hš¿Yv _vg‡e i. Abvo¤^i ii. mnR iii.
L mK‡j cÖvY nviv‡e
MwZgq
M †kvl‡Ki AZ¨vPvi gyL ey‡R mn¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki‡e K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
N †kvwl‡Ziv †evev n‡q hv‡e
122. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei
116. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq †Kvb g‡Z, A‡b‡KB gvbweKZvk~b¨
PiYwU Øviv cvwievwiK n‡q c‡oÑ
Akvwš— Aemv‡bi cÖZ¨vkv i. wnsmvi Kivj MÖv‡m ii.
e¨³ n‡q‡Q? ¯^v_©ciZvi Kivj MÖv‡m
K cvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡e
iii. Acms¯‹…wZi Kivj MÖv‡m
L †h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
bv P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
R Luv Luv Ki‡e bv M„n¯’vwj
123. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv cv‡V
N j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½y-
wk¶v_©xiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eÑ
weK…Z i. hy‡×i fqvenZv ii. fv‡jvevmvi
117. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi g~j ¸i“Z¡
e³e¨ Kx? iii. A‡¯¿i gnov cÖ`k©b
K A¯¿ Qvov kvwš— Am¤¢e L A¯¿B wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
GKgvÎ fimv P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
R kvwš—i Rb¨ fv‡jvevmvB †kªô
124. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe
A¯¿ wQ‡jbÑ
N nvwi‡q hvIqv A‡¯¿i Rb¨ †kvK
118. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq †Kvb
164 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
i. ¯úóev`x ii. AvZ¥gMœ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. ¯^ífvlx P i I ii L iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 131. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU c‡o
K i I ii L iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii GKRb QvÎ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eÑ
125. Kwe Avnmvb nvex‡ei Kwe i. A‡¯¿i e¨envi ii. fv‡jvevmvB
cÖwZfvi g~j myiÑ A‡gvN A¯¿
i. e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv ii. iii. gvbeKj¨vY †eva
myMfxi Rxeb‡eva wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ K i I ii L iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 132. ÔLuv LuvÕ k‡ãi m‡½
K i I ii L iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii mvgÄm¨c~Y© †h k㸇jvÑ
126. Avnmvb nvex‡ei i. Vv Vv
Kve¨MÖš’Ñ ii. Qg& Qg&
i. †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev iii wSwKwgwK
ii. wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUv iii. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL K i I ii L iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 133. Ôevi evi weaŸ¯— n‡e bv
K i I ii Q iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Uªq bMixÕ Øviv †evSvqÑ
127. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe f~wlZ i. eo eo bMix aŸsm n‡e bv
n‡q‡QbÑ ii. evi evi aŸsmhÁ msNwUZ n‡e
i. GKz‡k c`‡K bv
ii. evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹v‡i iii. c„w_ex‡Z Akvwš— _vK‡e bv
iii. bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
P i I ii L iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 134. ÔA¯¿Õ kãwU Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
128. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe Mfxi KweZvq †h A‡_© e¨eüZÑ
ms‡e`bkxj wQ‡jbÑ i. mnvq ii. we‡ùviK iii.
i. wb‡Ri cÖwZ ii. †`‡ki cÖwZ Aej¤^b
iii. RbZvi cÖwZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii Q iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii 135. ÔAvwac‡Z¨i †jvfÕ gvbyl‡K
129. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡iÑ
Abyhvqx Ô†mB A¯¿Õ i. hy×s‡`nx ii. †cÖggq iii.
c„w_ex‡Z e¨vß n‡j †h `Lj`vi
NUbv¸‡jv NUZÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. cÖ_g gnvhy× ii. wek¦ kvwš— K i I ii Q iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
m‡¤§jb 136. Ômf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖ“wZÕ
iii. wØZxq gnvhy× ej‡Z mf¨Zvi †h
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖwZkÖ“wZ‡K †evSvqÑ
K i I ii Q iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. c„w_ex Uªq bMix n‡e ii.
130. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZv c„w_ex †cÖggq n‡e
Abyhvqx †mB A¯¿ evsjv‡`‡k iii. c„w_ex n‡e aŸsmhÁgy³
e¨vß n‡j †h mgm¨v¸‡jvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
mgvavb n‡ZvÑ K i I ii L iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. ivR‰bwZK nvbvnvwb ii. 137. Ô†mB A¯¿‡KÕ A‡gvN Abb¨
nZ¨v-Lyb-¸g wKsev Awebvkx ejvi ga¨ w`‡q
iii. †cÖg-cÖxwZ-we‡q
 †mB A¯¿ 165
Kwei †h g‡bvfvewU cÖKvk K i Q ii M iii N i, ii I
cvqÑ iii
i. fv‡jvevmvq Av¯’v 144. ÔRvZ¨wfgvbÕ kãwU Øviv
ii. fv‡jvevmvi kw³ m¤ú‡K© †evSv‡bv n‡q‡QÑ
wØavnxbZv i. eskMwigv
iii. gvbyl nZ¨vq Ae¨_© e‡j ii. KzjeM©
wek¦vm iii. D”P es‡k R‡b¥i AnsKvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P i I ii L iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
138. ÔA‡gvNÕ kãwU Øviv 145. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwU cvV
†evSvqÑ K‡i wk¶v_©xiv wkL‡eÑ
i. Ae¨_© ii. mv_©K i. gvbe‡cÖg
iii. Aek¨¤¢vex ii. ¯^‡`k‡cÖg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. cÖK…wZ‡cÖg
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
139. ÔmgvweóÕ A_© n‡”QÑ P i L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I
i. mgfv‡e Avweó ii. mg‡eZ nIqv iii
iii. mgv‡ek Kiv 146. AvZ¥gMœ, ¯úóev`x Kwe
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Avnmvb nvexe wQ‡jb g~jZÑ
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii i. g„`y fvlx I big cÖK…wZi
140. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwei g‡Z, ii. gvbe`iw` wkíx
fv‡jvevmv _vK‡jÑ iii. hy×we‡ivax g‡bvfvevcbœ
i. we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡j‡e bv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. K…l‡Ki `ytL-R¡vjvi Aemvb n‡e K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii

iii. gvbyl gvbyl‡K kΓ fve‡e bv 147. wek¦e¨vcx we‡Ø‡li

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? welev®ú Qwo‡q _vKvi KviY
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii n‡jvÑ
141. Uªq bMix m¤ú‡K© mwVK i. Avwac‡Z¨i N„Y¨, wb›`bxq I
Z_¨ n‡jvÑ weK…Z g‡bvfve
i. cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi GKwU kni ii. gbyl¨Z¡‡eva I gvbweKZvi
ii. hy‡×i Kvi‡Y evi evi aŸsm wech©q
n‡q‡Q iii. ïf I Kj¨vY‡eva PP©vi AebwZ
iii. gvby‡li wnsmv-we‡Øl Cl©vi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wkKvi K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii

K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii P Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK
142. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ D‡ËvwjZ n‡jÑ eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi :
i. AiY¨ AviI meyR n‡e * DÏxcKwU co Ges 148-150 bs
ii. AiY¨ d¨vKv‡k n‡q hv‡e cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
iii. c„w_ex AiY¨k~b¨ n‡e iwn‡gi mncvVxiv hLb G‡K A‡b¨i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? m‡½ gvivgvwi SMovSvwU‡Z
P i L i I ii M ii I iii N i, ii I wjß, ZLb †m mevi m‡½ eÜz‡Z¡i
iii nvZ evwo‡q †`q| †KD Zv‡K
143. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvwUi AvNvZ Ki‡jI †m cvëv AvNvZ bv
PiYmsL¨v n‡jvÑ K‡i †n‡m Dwo‡q †`q| d‡j †m
i. 21 ii. 31 iii. 35 mevi cQ‡›`i cvÎ n‡q I‡V|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
166 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
148. DÏxc‡Ki iwn‡gi g‡a¨ Ô†mB 153. DÏxc‡Ki ü`q Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
A¯¿Õ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU KweZvi Av‡jv‡K A¯¿ n‡Z cv‡i
dz‡U D‡V‡Q? †h hyw³‡ZÑ
K N„Yv Q fv‡jvevmv M i. ü`‡qi Abyf~wZB A‡¯¿i wbqš¿K
wRNvsmv N eÜzZ¡ ii. ü`q A‡¯¿i g‡ZvB kw³gvb
149. DÏxc‡Ki iwn‡gi mncvVx‡`i iii. ü`‡qi Abyfe-¶gZv A‡¯¿i
gvivgvwi‡K Ô†mB A¯¿Õ mgZzj¨
KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Kx ejv hvq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K RvZ¨wfgvb L AnsKvi K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
R Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf N wnsmvi dj * wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o154-155
150. DÏxc‡Ki iwn‡gi g‡Zv hw` bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
mevB mnbkxj n‡Zv Zvn‡j wµwgqvi hy‡× AmsL¨ ˆmwbK
Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi †h AvnZ n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i Amn¨
NUbv¸‡jv NU‡Zv bvÑ Rxebhš¿Yv `~i K‡iwQ‡jb
i. Uªq bMix weaŸ¯— n‡Zv bv †d¬v‡i‡Ý bvBwU‡½j Zuvi †mev
ii. j¶ j¶ gvbyl c½y-weK…Z n‡Zv w`‡q| gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi
bv Kvi‡Y AvRI c„w_exi ey‡K wZwb
iii. hveZxq A¯¿ Avb‡Z n‡Zv ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 154. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ
* DÏxcKwU co Ges 151-153 bs KweZvi mv`„k¨ †h wel‡qÑ
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: K hy‡×i NUbvq Q gvbe‡cÖ‡g
Avwg ïay mvgwiK Av‡`k Agvb¨ M cÖK…wZ‡cÖ‡g N ¯^‡`k‡cÖ‡g
K‡i n‡q †MwQ 155. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi DÏxc‡Ki
†Kvgj we‡`ªvnxÑ cÖKv‡k¨ g‡Zv gvby‡li †Kvb ¸YwU Kwe
wdiwQ N‡i cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb?
A_P Avgvi m‡½ K eyw×gËv L Ávb
ü`‡qi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K GKwU `vb Kiv
Av‡Mœqv¯¿ R fv‡jvevmv N
Avwg Rgv w`B wb| gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv
151. DÏxcK I Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi * wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 156-157
mv`„k¨m~ÎÑ bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
i. `y‡Uv‡ZB gvbexq Abyf~wZ Kwei Zuvi PvKzwi¯’‡j Ggb K_v
¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q e‡j Ges fve †`Lvq †h, †mB
ii. `y‡Uv‡ZB A`„k¨ Abyfe‡K meRvš—v, †mB AwfRvZ, †mB
`„k¨gvb e¯‘i i~c †`qv n‡q‡Q †kªô|
iii. `y‡Uv‡ZB we‡`ªv‡ni K_v 156. ÔRvZ¨wfgvbÕ K_vUvi A_©
Av‡Q n‡jvÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K RvwZi Awfgvb L RvwZi
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †kªô‡Z¡i `vwe
152. DÏxc‡K ü`q‡K ejv n‡q‡Q M RvwZi AnsKvix g‡bve„wË
Av‡Mœqv¯¿ Avi Ô†mB A¯¿Õ S wbR RvwZ‡K me©‡kªô Ávb
KweZvi ÔA¯¿Õ ejv n‡q‡Q Kivi AnsKvix g‡bvfve
†KvbwU‡K? 157. Kwe‡`i g‡bvfve
K gb‡K Q fv‡jvevmv‡K RvZ¨wfgv‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³
M AvZ©bv`‡K N K_vUvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ
RvZ¨vwfgvb‡K K ¯’yj g‡bvfve Q AnsKvix †PZbvi
 †mB A¯¿ 167
weK…Z cÖKvk K gviYv¯¿ L †jvf-
M weK…Z g‡bi cwiPq N wb‡R‡K jvjmv
wew”Qbœ ivLvi cÖ‡Póv R fv‡jvevmv N
* wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 158-159 m¤cÖxwZ
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| 159. hy‡× nvbv`vi evwnbxi
we‡Øl, N„Yv I AvwacZ¨ev‡`i wbj©¾ civR‡qi g~j KviY
g‡bvfve wb‡q nvbv`vi evwnbx †Zvgvi wePv‡i †KvbwU?
1971 mv‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k i. we‡Øl, N„Yv I AvwacZ¨ev‡`i
wbwe©Pv‡i MYnZ¨v I aŸsmhÁ g‡bvfve
Pvwj‡q G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K c`vbZ ii. nZ¨v I aŸsmh‡Ái weK…Z
Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj, wKš‘ cv‡iwb| g‡bvfve
cwie‡Z© Zv‡`i‡KB wbj©¾fv‡e iii. cvi¯úwiK fv‡jvevmv,
c`vbZ n‡Z n‡q‡Q| †mŠnv`© I m¤cÖxwZi Afve
158. ÔAvgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
`vIÕ-A¯¿wU Kx? K i I ii Q i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I ii

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

Av‡jvP¨ As‡k ÁvbfvÊvi‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ evwoi KvR, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv,
Ávbg~jK Ges Abyavebg~jK AviI wKQy cÖ‡kœvËi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AskwU
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cix¶vi P~ovš— cÖ¯‘wZ I Revision m¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e|
 evwoi KvR
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq gvby‡li †h wnsmª g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †m welqwU
e¨vL¨v Ki|
 DÏxc‡K `vmcÖ_vi K_v i‡q‡Q| Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq gvby‡li msNwUZ
AgvbweKZv¸‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq fv‡jvevmvi djvdj wn‡m‡e †h gvbeZv cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Awebvkx A¯¿ ej‡Z fv‡jvevmv‡K †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡QÑ G K_vwU we‡klY Ki|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq cÖK…wZ wech©‡qi †h K_v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe fv‡jvevmvi e¨vwßi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z gvbeZv‡ev‡ai
RvMiY NUv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zv we‡klY Ki|
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq c„w_ex‡Z kvwš—i Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki mvejxjZv
cÖZ¨vkvi welqwU we‡klY Ki|
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv
 Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvq Kwe †mB A¯¿ ej‡Z fv‡jvevmv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
 fv‡jvevmv bvgK A‡gvN A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ mg¯— cÖvYNvwZ
A¯¿ Avb‡Z n‡e, AiY¨ meyR n‡e, cvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡e, b`x n‡e Av‡iv K‡j-
vwjZ|
 fv‡jvevmv bvgK A‡¯¿i e¨vwß NU‡j gvivgvwi I nvbvnvwb n‡e bv, AmsL¨ gvbyl
c½y-weK…Z n‡e bv| Uªq bMixi g‡Zv aŸsm n‡e bv mf¨Zv|
 fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿ N„Yv, we‡Øl, AnsKvi, RvZ¨wfgvb G¸‡jv‡K evi evi
civwRZ K‡i‡Q| G A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i bv, K‡i mymsMwVZ|
168 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

†U·U eyK A¨vbvjvBwmm

K Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi DËi : Awebvkx A¯¿ Avwac‡Z¨i
1. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe †Kv_vq †jvf‡K wbwðý K‡i †`q|
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib? 12. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ gvbyl‡K
DËi : Avnmvb nvexe wc‡ivRcy‡ii wew”Qbœ bv K‡i Kx K‡i?
ksKicvkv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| DËi : Ô†mB A¯¿Õ gvbyl‡K
2. ÔQvqv nwiYÕ Avnmvb wew”Qbœ bv K‡i mgvweó K‡i|
nvex‡ei Kx ai‡bi iPbv?
DËi : ÔQvqv nwiYÕ Avnmvb L Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
nvex‡ei Kve¨MÖš’| 1. ÒcvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡eÓÑ
3. Kwe Avnmvb nvexe KZ mv‡j e¨vL¨v Ki|
g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? DËi : cwi‡ek hw` kvš— _v‡K
DËi : Kwe Avnmvb nvexe 1985 Zvn‡j cvwLiv wb‡R‡`i bx‡o
mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Ny‡gv‡e|
4. †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j b`x gvby‡li m„ó Kv‡R e‡bi MvQcvjv
Av‡iv Kx n‡e? aŸsm nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖvK…
DËi : †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j b`x wZK cwi‡ekI webó n‡”Q|
Av‡iv K‡jvwjZ n‡e| wbi“c`ªe evm¯’v‡bi Afve †`Lv
5. †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j †Kv_vq w`‡”Q eb¨ cÖvwY¸‡jvi| ZvB
Av¸b R¡j‡e bv? gvby‡li g‡a¨ hw` fv‡jvevmv
DËi : †mB A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j dm‡ji m„wó nq Zvn‡j gvbyl aŸsmvZ¥K
gv‡V Av¸b R¡j‡e bv| KvR †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e Ges kvwš—
6. gvbe emwZi ey‡K †Kv_v †_‡K gq cwi‡e‡k cvwLiv Zv‡`i bx‡o
Av¸b Si‡e bv? Nygv‡Z cvi‡e|
DËi : b¶ÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K gvbe 2. Ò†h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j c„w_exi
emwZi ey‡K Av¸b Si‡e bv| hveZxq A¯¿ n‡e AvbZÓÑ ej‡Z
7. †KvbwU j¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K c½y- Kx †evSvq?
weK…Z Ki‡e bv? DËi : fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wU
DËi : gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ j¶ j¶ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j c„w_exi aŸs‡mi Rb¨
gvbyl‡K c½y-weK…Z Ki‡e bv| †h A¯¿¸‡jv m„wó n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv
8. Avgv‡`i †PZbvRy‡o Kviv e¨env‡ii cwimgvwß NU‡e|
AvZ©bv` Ki‡e bv? cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨
DËi : Avgv‡`i †PZbvRy‡o c½y- A‡¯¿i e¨envi ïi“ K‡iwQj| wKš‘ GLb
weK…Z gvby‡liv AvZ©bv` Ki‡e gvbyl ¶gZv Avi AvwacZ¨ we¯—
bv| v‡ii Rb¨B A‡¯¿i e¨envi K‡i| Avi G
9. Ô†mB A¯¿Õ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j evi mKj A‡¯¿i Kvi‡Y gvbeRvwZ I
evi Kx weaŸ¯— n‡e bv? c„w_ex `yBB wecbœ| ZvB
DËi : Ô†mB A¯¿Õ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wU Avbvi K_v
evi evi weaŸ¯— n‡e bv Uªq bMix| ejv n‡q‡Q|
10. Kwe Kx‡mi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib? 3. Ògyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ j¶ j¶
DËi : Kwe Awebvkx A‡¯¿i gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½y-weK…
cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| ZÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
11. †Kvb A¯¿ Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K DËi : nVvr m„ó †Kv‡bv wec‡`
wbwðý K‡i †`q? gvbyl‡K †Kv‡bv c½yZ¡ Ges weK…
wZi wkKvi n‡Z n‡e bv, GUvB ejv
 †mB A¯¿ 169
n‡q‡Q GLv‡b| ZvB Avgv‡`i DbœwZi Rb¨ g‡bi
c„w_exi gvby‡li ¶gZvi cÖwZ †jvf mg¯— cw¼jZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi
†e‡o hvIqvq cÖwZwbqZ fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wUB N„Yv,
hy×weMÖn †j‡MB Av‡Q| Avi Gme we‡Øl, AnsKvi Ges RvZ¨wfgvb‡K
gvbem„ó `y‡h©v‡M mvaviY evi evi civwRZ K‡i-†mwUB GLv‡b
gvby‡li ¶q-¶wZB nq †ewk| ZvB ejv n‡q‡Q|
hw` fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wU 5. Ò†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ
e¨envi K‡i GB weK…Z gvbwmKZv K‡i bv; eis K‡i mgvweóÓÑ
†_‡K gyw³ cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j nVvr GLv‡b Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
†Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡MiI m„wó n‡e bv DËi : GLv‡b fv‡jvevmv‡K
Ges j¶ j¶ †jvK nZvnZI n‡e bv| †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, GKgvÎ
mgv‡R kvwš—gq Ae¯’v weivR fv‡jvevmvB gvbyl‡K `~i n‡Z
Ki‡e| Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡m|
4. Ò†h N„Yv we‡Øl AnsKvi Ges ci¯úi fv‡jvevmvnxbZvi Kvi‡Y
RvZ¨wfgvb‡K K‡i evi evi gvby‡l-gvby‡l nvbvnvwbi cwigvY
civwRZÓÑ PiYwU Øviv Kx †e‡o †M‡Q| GRb¨ Kwe fv‡jvevmv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? bvgK A¯¿wUi Avbq‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
DËi : cÖ‡kœvwjwLZ PiYwU Øviv †Kbbv, c„w_ex‡K Avmbœ wec`
fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿wU‡K †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i fv‡jvevmv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| bvgK GB A‡gvN A¯¿wUB| GRb¨B
gvbyl Ab¨‡K †QvU Kivi Rb¨B ˆelg¨ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GwU gvbyl‡K
m„wó K‡i| Avi ˆelg¨ KL‡bvB wew”Qbœ K‡i bv; eis mgvweó
†Kv‡bv fv‡jv djvdj Avbqb K‡iwb| K‡i|

cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)

 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK
cÖkœÑ1\ DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
1990 mv‡j gyw³ †c‡q cÖ_g Rbmfvq g¨v‡Ûjv e‡jb, ÔAvwg Avcbv‡`i kvwš—,
MYZš¿ I gyw³ bv‡g Awfev`b Rvbvw”Q|Õ ïay K…òv½‡`i w`‡K bq, wZwb nvZ
evwo‡q w`‡jb hviv Zv‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi †R‡ji Nvwb Uvwb‡q‡Qb, †mB
wbcxoK‡`i w`‡KI| †mB nvZ wQj wek¦¯— I Avš—wiK|...Zuvi cÖavb kw³ wQj
gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv Ges Zuvi cÖwZ gvby‡li fv‡jvevmv|
K. †Kvb A¯¿ Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K wbwðý K‡i †`q? 1
L. Kwe †Kb A‡gvN A¯¿ Ôfv‡jvevmvÕ †K c„w_ex‡Z e¨vß Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb?
2
M. DÏxc‡Ki g¨v‡Ûjvi g‡bvevmbvi m‡½ Ô†mB A¯¿Õ KweZvi Kwe Avnmvb
nvex‡ei g‡bvevmbvi mv`„k¨ wbi~cY Ki| 3
N. Ògvbyl‡K m¤cÖxwZi e܇b Ave× Kivi Rb¨ g¨v‡Ûjvi †mB A‡gvN A¯¿wU
wQj fv‡jvevmv|ÓÑ gš—e¨wU we‡klY Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. Awebvkx A¯¿ Avwac‡Z¨i †jvf‡K wbwðý K‡i †`q|
L. A‡gvN A¯¿wU, A_©vr Ôfv‡jvevmvÕ c„w_exgq e¨vß n‡j c„w_ex n‡q
DV‡e ¯^M©xq kvwš—i Avevm|
fv‡jvevmv Ggb GK kw³, hv e¨vß n‡j c„w_exi mKj Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPvi-
AwePvi eÜ n‡q hv‡e| gyn~‡Z©B mg¯— hy×weMÖn eÜ n‡e †Kej
fv‡jvevmvi Øviv| fv‡jvevmvi gva¨‡gB GB c„w_ex Avevi meyR
k¨vgwjgvq f‡i DV‡e| c„w_ex n‡e wPikvwš—c~Y© ¯’vb| GRb¨B Kwe
170 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
fv‡jvevmv‡K c„w_exgq e¨vß Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
 wUcm&
M. cÖ_‡gB g¨v‡Ûjvi g‡bvevmbvi welqwU fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o eyS‡Z †Póv Ki|
Zvici KweZvwU fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o †`L‡e Kwei g‡bvevmbv‡ZI g¨v‡Ûjvi
g‡bvevmbvi welq¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q| Gevi m¤úK©hy³ welq¸‡jvi mv`„k¨
eY©bv K‡i mnR fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU cÖ_‡g fv‡jv K‡i c‡o †`L g¨v‡Ûjvi m¤cÖxwZi e܇bi †cQ‡b
fv‡jvevmv welqwU wµqvkxj| Avevi KweZvi m¤cÖxwZi eÜb‡K `„p Kivi
Rb¨ GB welqwU‡KB wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q w`‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
fv‡jvevmv kãwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i Gevi g~j¨vqb As‡k †Zvgvi Dˇii c‡¶
†hŠw³K we‡klY Zz‡j ai|
cÖkœÑ2\ DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
2003 mv‡j B½-gvwK©b evwnbx MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi wg_¨v ARynv‡Z BivK
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