gvwm-wcwm 151

gvwm-wcwm
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
G M‡íi web¨vm
wk¶v_©xMY! m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i bq, cvV¨eBwbf©i
†gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© MíwUi wkLb dj, cvV
cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ, Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I
UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbv GKvš— Avek¨K|

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

 wkLb dj 4
 cvV cwiwPwZ 4
 †jLK cwiwPwZ 4
 Drm cwiwPwZ 5
 e¯‘ms‡¶c 5
 bvgKiY 5
 kãv_© I UxKv 6
 evbvb mZK©Zv 6

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

 Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi 7
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi 8
 †U·U eyK GbvjvBwmm 20
K. Ávbg~jK 20
L. Abyavebg~jK 22
 eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi 27
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi 31

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

 evwoi KvR 32
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv 32

cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)

 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK 33

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

152 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
m„Rbkxj c×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i we`¨v bq, cvV¨eB wbf©i †gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB
Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi Av‡M Mí/KweZvi wkLb dj, cvV cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ,
Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv
m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme welq¸‡jv †R‡b
wb‡j G Aa¨v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv m¤¢e
n‡e|
 wkLb dj
 RxebmsMÖv‡g `yRb †cÖŠpvi mvnmx I cwikªgx jovB m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf
Ki‡e|
 cyi“lZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq bvixi cÖwZ wbg©g wbh©vZb m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 wcZ…gvZ…nxb GKwU †g‡q‡K i¶vq gvwm-wcwmi eyKfiv fv‡jvevmv,
mvnm, wbf©xKZv I AUjcY m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 `ywf©¶ I gnvgvixi i~c Ges Zvi cÖ‡Kv‡c gvbweKZvi n«vm-e„w ×
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 gvwm-wcwmi †eu‡P _vKvi msMÖv‡gi wfZi w`‡q bvixi ¶gZvqb m¤ú‡K©
Ávb jvf Ki‡e|
 `ye©j I Amnv‡qi cÖwZ MÖv‡gi †gvoj, KvPvwii bv‡qe Ges Zv‡`i m½x‡`i
wnsmª †jvjyc AvPiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 wbPz Zjvi kªgRxex gvby‡li Rxebhvcb m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡e|
 MÖvgevsjvi A_©‰bwZK RxebcÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 AZ¨vPvwiZ, wbh©vwZZ gvwm-wcwmi g‡Zv mvnmx gvby‡li AvnŸv‡b
MÖvgevmx Kxi~‡c ¯^Ztù‚Z© mvov †`q †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv n‡e|
 cyi“lcÖavb mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ Ab¨vh¨ wKš‘ †Rviv‡jv AwaKvi m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 MÖvgevsjvi mgvRe¨e¯’vq evj¨weevn Ges Gi d‡j bvixi AKvjg„Zz¨
m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡e|
 `ye©„ˇ`i †gvKvwejvq gvwm-wcwmi hy× cÖ¯‘wZ MÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨vq-
AZ¨vPv‡ii †gvKvwejvq mZZ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖn‡Yi wk¶v jvf Ki‡e|
 cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ògvwm-wcwmÓ MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq KjKvZvi Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvq
1352 e½v‡ãi ˆPÎ msL¨vq (gvP©-GwcÖj 1946)| c‡i GwU msKwjZ nq
Ôcwiw¯’wZÕ (A‡±vei 1946) bvgK MíMÖ‡š’| eZ©gvb cvV MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q
ÔHwZn¨Õ cÖKvwkZ gvwbK-iPbvewj cÂg LÊ †_‡K|
¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Zi“Yxi Ki“Y
RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q Ògvwm-wcwmÓ Mí| Avn¬vw` bvgK IB
Zi“Yxi gvwm I wcwm `yRbB weaev I wbt¯^| Zviv Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi
cvkvcvwk wei~c wek¦ †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K i¶vi Rb¨ †h eyw ×`xß I mvnmx
msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡i †mUvB MíwU‡K Zvrch©c~Y© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| AZ¨vPvix
¯^vgx Ges jvjmv-Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi, `v‡ivMv I ¸Êv-e`gvk‡`i AvµgY †_‡K
Avn¬vw`‡K wbivc‡` ivLvi †¶‡Î Amnvq `yB weaevi `vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK
Rxebhy× LyeB cÖksmbxq| `ywf©‡¶i gg©¯úk©x ¯§„wZ, RxweKv wbe©v‡ni
KwVb msMÖvg, bvix n‡q †bŠKvPvjbv I mewRi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv cÖf„wZ G
M‡íi ˆewPΨgq w`K|
 †jLK cwiwPwZ
bvg mvwnwZ¨K bvg : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
 gvwm-wcwm 153
wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg : cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
Rb¥ Rb¥ ZvwiL : 19 †g, 1908 wLª÷vã (1315 e½v‡ãi 6 ˆR¨ô)
cwiPq Rb¥¯’vb : `ygKv kni, muvIZvj ciMbv, wenvi Aaybv : fviZ|
ˆcZ…K wbevm : gvjevw`qv, weµgcyi, gywÝMÄ, evsjv‡`k|
wcZ…- wcZvi bvg : nwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
cwiPq †ckv : A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi, †m‡Uj‡g›U wefvM, †WcywU
g¨vwR‡÷ªU
gvZvi bvg : bxi`vmy›`ix †`ex|
¯¿x ¯¿xi bvg : Kgjv †`ex|
wk¶vRxe gva¨wgK : g¨vwUªK (1926), †gw`bxcyi †Rjv, ¯‹zj, fviZ|
b D”P gva¨wgK : AvBGmwm (1928) I‡qÝwjq wgkb K‡jR,
euvKzov, fviZ|
weGmwm (Amgvß) welq : MwYZ KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR|
†ckv/Kg mn-m¤úv`K : e½kªx cwÎKv| bevi“Y cwÎKv|
©Rxeb cvewjwmwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U : b¨vkbvj Iqvi d«‡›Ui cÖwfwÝqvj
AM©vbvBRvi `ßi|
hyM¥ m¤úv`K : cÖMwZ †jLK msN|
ivRbxwZ : fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©‡Z †hvM`vb (1944)
mvwnZ¨- cÖ_g Mí : AZmxgvgx (1935)
Kg©
Dcb¨vm : ÔRbbxÕ (1935) w`evivwÎi Kve¨ (1935), cyZzjbv‡Pi BwZK_v
(1936), cÙv b`xi gvwS (1936), kniZjx (1940), Awnsmv (1941), kni
ev‡mi BwZK_v (1946), PZz‡®‹vY (1948), †mvbvi †P‡q `vgx (1951),
¯^vaxbZvi ¯^v` (1951), BwZK_vi c‡ii K_v (1952), Av‡ivM¨ (1953), Ônid
(1954), nj`y b`x meyR eb (1956)|
MíMÖš’ : AZmxgvgx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1915), cÖv‰MwZnvwmK (1937),
(1938), mixm„c (1939), AvR-Kvj-ciïi Mí (1946), gvwUi gvïj (1948), †QvU
eKzj cy‡ii hvÎx (1950)| †dwiIqvjv (1953), †kÖô Mí (1950)|
bvUK : wf‡UgvwU (1946); cÖeÜ MÖš’ : †jL‡Ki K_v|
†kl Rxeb †iv‡M Avµvš— : 1953 wLªóvã †_‡K g„Mx †iv‡M Avµvš—|
g„Zz¨ 3 wW‡m¤^i, 1956 mvj, KjKvZv |
 Drm cwiwPwZ
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq KjKvZvi Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvq (gvP©-
GwcÖj 1946)| c‡i GwU msKwjZ nq Ôcwiw¯’wZÕ (A‡±vei 1946) bvgK MíMÖ‡š’|
eZ©gvb Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔHwZn¨Õ cÖKvwkZ ÔgvwbK-
iPbvewjÕ cÂg LÊ †_‡K|
 e¯‘ms‡¶c
gvwm-wcwmi wbivc` AvkÖ‡q _vKv wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb wb‡q
iwPZ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ GKwU Awe¯§iYxq Mí| Zi“Yxi bvg
Avn¬vw`, †m Zvi ¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi, Avi gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB
weaev I wbt¯^ Ges Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo‡Z AvwkÖZv| GK mgq c‡ii evwo‡Z avb
†f‡b kvK-cvZv Kzwo‡q Zv‡`i Pj‡Zv| wKš‘ Avn¬vw` Avmvi ci †_‡K Zviv †bŠKv
Pvwj‡q kn‡i mewR wewµ K‡i Rxeb wbe©vn K‡i| G mgq Zviv Avn¬vw`‡KI mv‡_
wb‡q hvq| KviY AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx, jvjmv-Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi, `v‡ivMv I ¸Ûv-e`gvBk‡`i Kz-
bRi †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z Gi weKí †bB| Zviv mewR wewµ K‡i kni †_‡K wdi‡j MÖv‡gi ˆK‡jk
Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgxi e`‡j hvIqv ¯^fv‡ei cÖksmv K‡i Rvbvq Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi evwo
bv cvVv‡j R¸ gvgjv Ki‡e| gvwm-wcwm gyL PvIqv-PvIwq K‡i e‡j †`qÑ †R‡j bv nq
154 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
†Mjvg ˆK‡jk, wKš‘ †g‡q hw` †mvqvwgi Kv‡Q †h‡Z bv Pvq Lyb nevi f‡q| evwo G‡m
gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K mvš—¡bv †`q, mvnm †RvMvqÑ `yw`b ev‡` †di Avm‡e
RvgvB| kn‡ii Lvivc gvbyl Avi MÖv‡gi Lvivc gvbyl¸‡jv gvwm-wcwm‡K wP‡b PzcPvc
n‡q †M‡Q| wKš—y MÖv‡gi †RvZ`vi ˆK‡jk nvj Qv‡owb, †m Avn¬vw`‡K Pvq| ivbœv
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`i myL-`ytL, Zvi fwel¨r wb‡q K_v e‡j, RvgvB R¸
G‡j Av`i-hZœ Ki‡e, fv‡jv e¨env‡ii wm×vš— †bq| ivbœv †m‡i LvIqvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Q
Zviv| Ggb mgq evB‡i †_‡K KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii nuvK †kvbv hvq| evB‡i G‡m †MvKz‡ji
†cqv`v wZbRb‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i gvwm-wcwm| KvbvB e‡j, `v‡ivMv evey G‡m e‡m
Av‡Qb, KvQvwievwo †h‡Z n‡e GKevi| gvwm-wcwm eyS‡Z cv‡i GUv Avn¬vw`‡K
wb‡q hvIqvi dw›`|Zviv ˆZwi n‡q Avmvi K_v e‡j eo euwU Avi ivg`vi g‡Zv KvUvwi
wb‡q nvwRi nq| Nve‡o hvq KvbvBiv| ZeyI `vcU †`wL‡q e‡j, a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-
wnuP‡o wb‡q †h‡Z e‡j‡Q| gvwm e‡j, euwUi GK †Kv‡c Mjv duvK K‡i †`e| wcwm e‡j,
Avq bv nvivgRv`viv, KvUvwii †Kv‡c Mjv KvwU `y-GKUvi| Zvici nVvr Mjv †Q‡o
wPrKvi ïi“ K‡i| nuvKvnuvwK WvKvWvwK ïi“ n‡q hvq cvovq, A‡b‡KB Qz‡U Av‡m|
KvbvB A`„k¨ n‡q hvq `jej wb‡q| cvovi †jvK‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j gvwm-wcwm eyS‡Z
cv‡i †MvKzj Avi `v‡ivMvi Ici Zv‡`i fxlY ivM| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv P‡j †M‡j gvwm-wcwm
fv‡e, Iiv Avm‡Z cv‡i Avevi Av¸bI jvwM‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Pzwc Pzwc D‡V Mvgjv,
Lov, Kjwm f‡i iv‡L, cyi‡bv Kuv_v K¤^j R‡j wfwR‡q iv‡L, euwU `v iv‡L nv‡Zi Kv‡Q|
hy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwm|
 bvgKi‡Yi mv_©KZv hvPvB
mvwnZ¨ I wk‡íi bvgKi‡Y mywbw`©ó ixwZbxwZ ev aiveuvav †Kv‡bv wbqg †bB|
Z‡e mvwnwZ¨K-wkíxiv cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv GKwU ixwZ‡K Aej¤^b K‡i GKwU my›`i
wk‡ivbvg wbe©vPb K‡ib| cÖPwjZ ixwZ¸‡jv n‡jvÑ welqe¯‘, bvqK bvwqKv ev gyL¨
Pwi‡Îi bvg
Aš—wb©wnZ e³e¨ ev cÖZxKx-e¨Äbv BZ¨vw`|
Av‡jvP¨ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi bvgKiY M‡íi gyL¨ Pwi‡Îi m‡¤^va‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv
n‡q‡Q| M‡íi bvwqKv Zi“Yx Avn¬v`x, hv‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡íi Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Kvwnwbi AveZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvi mwµq †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| †m ¯^vgxi
wbg©g-wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi| wcZ…-gvZ…nxb Avn¬v`xi gvZ…Kz‡ji gvwm Avi
wcZ…Kz‡ji wcwmB GKgvÎ AvcbRb| ev‡ci evwo n‡jI Zv‡`i Kv‡QB †m AvwkªZv|
ZvivB Zv‡K †mev-hZœ Avi wbivcËv w`‡q euvwP‡q †i‡L‡Q| Zviv avb †f‡b, Kuv_v
†mjvB K‡i, Wv‡ji ewo †e‡P, †nvMjv †Mu‡_, LoKz‡Uv-kvKcvZv Kzwo‡q †Kv‡bviKg
†eu‡P Av‡Q `ywf©‡¶i mv‡_ hy× K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ R¸i jvw_i †Pv‡U gigi n‡q †g‡q G‡m
nvwRi| gvwm-wcwmi †mev h‡ZœB †mevi †eu‡P wM‡qwQj| †g‡qUv‡K euvPvi Rb¨B
Zviv †Mi¯—i evwoi evowZ djg~j wb‡q mvjwZ †e‡q kn‡ii evRv‡i †ePvwewµi KvR ïi“
K‡i| Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv me gq Kv‡Q Kv‡Q iv‡L| R¸ `y-GKevi G‡m †_‡K‡Q, Av`i-hZœ
†c‡q‡Q RvgvB‡qi g‡ZvB| A_P †mB R¸ AvR ˆK‡j‡ki gva¨‡g ûgwK w`‡q‡Q
Avn¬vw`‡K Zvi evwo‡Z bv cvVv‡j †m gvgjv Ki‡e| gvwm-wcwmI Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q
†g‡q Lyb nevi f‡q †h‡Z bv PvB‡j Zviv cvVv‡e bv| Avn¬vw` Nygv‡”Q| gvwm-wcwm
ivbœv †m‡i LvIqvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Q Ggb mgq KvbvB †PŠwK`vi †MvKz‡ji †jvKRb mv‡_
wb‡q G‡m gvwm-wcwm‡K KvQvwievwo‡Z †Rvi K‡i wb‡q †h‡Z ûgwK †`q| gvwm-
wcwmI eo euwU Avi eo KvUvwi nv‡Z wb‡q Dëv ûgwK †`qÑ Avq nvivgRv`viv, GK
†Kv‡c †Zv‡`i Mjv KvwU| Zviv `ÕyRb GKm‡½ wPrKvi-†PuPv‡gwP ïi“ K‡i| Muv‡qi
†jvK Qz‡U G‡j KvbvB‡qi `j A`„k¨ n‡q hvq| Iiv Avevi Avm‡Z cv‡i †f‡e gvwm-wcwm
hy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx, jvjmv Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi †MvKzj,
`v‡ivMv I ¸Ûv e`gvk‡`i AvµgY †_‡K Avn¬v`x‡K wbivc` ivLvi †¶‡Î gvwm-wcwmi
`vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK Rxeb hy× LyeB cÖksmbxq|
Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z Ges bvgKi‡Yi cÖPwjZ ixwZ Abyhvqx Av‡jvP¨ M‡íi
bvgKiY Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ h_v_©, my›`i I mv_©K n‡q‡Q|
 evbvb mZK©Zv
 gvwm-wcwm 155
†cÖŠpv, Avn¬vw`, AuvUmuvU, †mvgË, k¦ïi, AùzU, fiY‡cvlY, †ilv‡iwl, †Øl,
e‡›`ve¯—, Rei`w¯—, cuvï‡U, Øv`kx, D¾¡j, ïK¬c¶, jvÃbv, Clr, hš¿Yv,
†R¨vrøv, ¯úó, ¯^w¯—|
Abykxjb Ask (Practice)
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
lv‡UvaŸ© weaev dv‡Zgv †eMg| wbtmš—vb G e„×vi Avcb ej‡Z †KD †bB|
GKw`b cÖvZtåg‡Y †ewi‡q nVvr wZwb GKwU †g‡q‡K iv¯—vq Kuv`‡Z †`‡Lb|
e„Ëvš— ï‡b wZwb †g‡qwU‡K wb‡q Av‡mb Ges ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô
†g‡qwU‡K gvZ…‡mœ‡n AvkÖq †`b ¯^vgxc¶ Lei †c‡q Zv‡K wb‡q †h‡Z Pvb|
†g‡qwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †h‡Z B”QzK bb| e„×vI †g‡qwU‡K †h‡Z †`bwb| G‡Z
Zv‡K A‡bK Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z nq| g„Zz¨i c~‡e© e„×v †g‡qwU‡K mgy`q
m¤úwË `vb K‡i hvb|
K. Ô†Q‡ji gyL †`‡L cvlvY big nq Õ -Dw³wU Kvi? 1
L. Ôhy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwmÕDw³wU 2
Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i mv‡_ Kxfv‡e 4
m½wZc~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwm I DÏxc‡Ki e„×v wK GKm~‡Î
Muv_v- gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki|
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wU wcwmi|

 lohš¿ K‡i Avn¬vw`‡K †MvKzj Zz‡j wb‡Z Avm‡j gvwm-wcwm Zv‡`i

†KŠk‡j cÖwZnZ K‡i cieZ©x AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKvi
welqwU‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †jLK cÖ`Ë Dw³ Øviv eywS‡q‡Qb|
 †MvKzj Avn¬vw`‡K A‰bwZKfv‡e †c‡Z Pvq| gvwm-wcwm‡K †m Q‡j-e‡j-
†KŠk‡j ekxf‚Z Ki‡Z bv †c‡i KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii gva¨‡g gvwm-wcwm‡K
KvQvwi evwo cvwV‡q Zvi ¸Êv-evwnbx w`‡q Zz‡j †bIqvi duv` cvZ‡j
msmvi-AwfÁ gvwm-wcwm Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges euwU I ivg`vi fq †`wL‡q
Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i †W‡K Zv‡`i Zvwo‡q †`q| ¸Êv evwnbx Zv‡`i N‡i Av¸b
w`‡Z cv‡i †f‡e Rj I †fRv Kuv_vi e¨e¯’v K‡i iv‡L, nv‡Zi Kv‡Q iv‡L euwU Avi
`v| Gfv‡eB gvwm ¸Êvevwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ hveZxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY
K‡i|

 AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi msmvi bv Kivi e¨vcv‡i AUj wm×v‡š— _vKvi wel‡q

DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwUi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwm M‡íi Avn¬vw`i mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡ii wkKvi wbtmš—vb e„×vi AvkÖ‡q
gvZ…‡ø‡n _vK‡Z †c‡q kZ Sv‡gjv m‡Ë¡I ¯^vgxi evwo‡Z hvqwb|, †Zgwb
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`‡K Zvi ¯^vgx †L‡Z w`Z bv, SuvUv w`‡q
†cUv‡Zv, Kj‡K †cvov w`‡q Qu¨vKv w`Z, †mvRv K_vq AZ¨vPvixi gZ
e¨envi KiZ| †m gvwm-wcwmi AvkÖ‡q Avm‡Z †c‡i Zv‡`i cig †mœ‡n ‡_‡K
¯^vgxi gvgjvi Ges †MvKzj evwnbxi f‡q fxZ n‡q ¯^vgxi N‡i hvqwb|
 †`qv‡j wcV †V‡K †M‡j gvbyl Avi wcQy mi‡Z cv‡i bv, gvbyl memgq kwš—
‡Z evm Ki‡Z Pvq| DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU I Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`I
156 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
AZ¨vPvixi wbg©g nvZ †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ ¯^vgxi N‡i bv wM‡q fqk~b¨ ¯’vb
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, Dfq PwiÎ GB †¶‡Î mv`„k¨c~Y©|

 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi weaev gvwm-wcwm I DÏxc‡Ki weaev e„×v GKB

m~‡Î Muv_v|Õ-gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
 Avn¬vw`i evevi Afv‡ei msmv‡i gvwm-wcwm †evSv¯^i~c| Avn¬vw`
¯^vgxi N‡i AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g wd‡i G‡j gvwm-wcwmi †mev-
h‡ZœB Avn¬vw` †eu‡P hvq| †jvfx ¯^vgx R¸ gvgjvi fq †`Lvq| G‡Z gvwm-
wcwm bv `‡g ˆK‡jk‡K wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vb Rvwb‡q †`b| e`Pwi‡Îi †MvKzj
Avn¬vw`i måg †KŠk‡j wQwb‡q wb‡Z PvB‡j gvwm-wcwm AZ¨š—
eyw×gËv I mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ cÖwZnZ K‡ib Ges Avn¬vw`i wbS©ÅvU
Rxeb wbwðZ K‡ib|
 gvbyl gvby‡li Rb¨, Rxeb Rxe‡bi Rb¨| AZ¨vPvwiZ, Ae‡nwjZ gvbyl‡K
euvPv‡bv gvby‡li mvaviY ag©| DÏxc‡Ki dv‡Zgv †eMg Ges Avgvi cwVZ
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwm bvixRvwZi ÎvYKZ©vi~‡c KvR K‡i
AZ¨vPvwiZ bvix‡`i †PvL Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb| gvby‡li wec‡` GwM‡q Avm‡Z
†M‡j A‡bK Kó mB‡Z nq| Zvic‡iI gvbyl GwM‡q Av‡m| gvwm-wcwmi m‡½
gvwm-wcwm Ges DÏxc‡Ki dv‡Zgv †eMg RbKj¨v‡Yi w`K †_‡K GKB m~‡Î
Muv_v-GK_v mywbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq|
AwZwi³ Abykxjb (m„Rbkxj) Ask
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
nvmy I gvqgyb‡K wb‡q †f‡mB PjwQj Rq¸b| wKš‘ wb‡Ri †Póvq AK‚j cv_v‡i
†m K‚j cvq| j¾vkig wemR©b w`‡q †m Suvwc‡q c‡o Kv‡R| Zv‡K euvP‡Z
n‡e| †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K euvPv‡Z n‡e| GB msKí wb‡q AvKv‡ji cuvP eQi †m jovB K‡i
Avm‡Q|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm †Kv_vq? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡bi mv‡_ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi †Kvb 3
w`K w`‡q mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? 4
N. mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Rq¸b M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi mgMÖ ˆewkó¨ aviY
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|gš—e¨wU we‡klY Ki|
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm XvKvi weµgcy‡i|

 ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o †h‡Z nq|
 Avn¬vw`i we‡q nq †bkv‡Lvi cvlÊ R¸i mv‡_| R¸ Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y Avn¬vw`‡K
gviai K‡i| †bkvi UvKv †RvMvo bv n‡j Avn¬vw`‡K N‡ii LuywUi mv‡_
†eu‡a AZ¨vPvi K‡i| jvw_, Po, evwo Ggb †Kv‡bv gva¨g †bB hvi Øviv R¸
Avn¬vw`i Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡iwb| hvi Rb¨ Zv‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j Avm‡Z
nq|

 DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡bi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

 †h cwikÖg Kiv‡K fq cvq bv, †m †h-†Kv‡bvfv‡e wec` †_‡K cwiÎvY cvq|
Kg©wegyL †jvK Rxeb-Pjvi c‡_ c‡` c‡` wec‡` c‡o| Avi hviv †h‡Kv‡bv
 gvwm-wcwm 157
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †h-†Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zviv †h-†Kv‡bv wec` †_‡K
D×vi cvq| DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡Yi gv‡S †`wL Rxeb-msMÖv‡g Rqx nIqvi cÖ‡Póv
Pvjv‡bvi cÖeYZv| `vwi‡`ª¨i bvMcv‡k AvUKv c‡o mš—vb wb‡q †f‡m
hvw”Qj, †mLvb †_‡K wb‡Ri †Póvq j¾vkig wemR©b w`‡q Kv‡R †b‡g c‡o|
gvwm-wcwmi gv‡SI †`wL RxebmsMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi cÖeYZv| ZvB‡Zv
Zviv gš^š—‡ii mgq nvZ-cv ¸wU‡q N‡i e‡m bv †_‡K jvRj¾v cwiZ¨vM K‡i
mewRi e¨emvq bv‡g| Dfq‡¶‡Î GLv‡bB mv`„k¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

 wKQz mv`„k¨ _vK‡j DÏxc‡K Rq¸b gvwm-wcwmi m¤ú~Y© PvwiwÎK

ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡iwb|
 msmvi mgy`ª wec`msKzj| Gi †Kv‡Y †Kv‡Y †hgb ˆewPΨ-†ivgvÝ jyKv‡bv
Av‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q wec`| †mLvb †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z n‡j †Póvi cvkvcvwk
_vK‡Z n‡e eyw×gËv I mwVK wm×vš— †bqvi ¶gZv|
 DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸Y‡K Rxeb-msMÖv‡g hy×iZ Ae¯’vq Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| Zvi gv‡S
i‡q‡Q gvZ…‡Z¡i †¯œngqx i~c Ges Rxeb-msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi
gvbwmKZv| wKš‘ GwUB gvwm-wcwmi mgMÖ i~c bq| GQvovI gvwm-
wcwm‡K Avgiv Ab¨fv‡eI †`L‡Z cvB M‡íi Rwg‡b|
 gvwm-wcwm weaev, Amnvq, AvkÖqnxbv| Zey Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi Zxeª
B”Qvi ekeZ©x n‡q Rxeb-msMÖv‡g †b‡g c‡o| wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—
Z¡ †UKv‡bvB ïay bq, ¯^vgx-cwiZ¨³v Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv fv‡jv ivL‡Z Pvq|
mg¯— wec` †_‡K D×vi Ki‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ Zviv cÖwZev`x nq mgv‡Ri
gy‡Lvkavix Rv‡bvqvi‡`i wei“‡×| cyi“‡li †jvjyc `„wó †_‡K mš—vbZzj¨
Avn¬vw`‡K euvPv‡Z, Zviv GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wei“‡× hy× †NvlYv
K‡i| gvwm-wcwmi G i~cwU DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡Yi gv‡S cÖKvwkZ nqwb| ZvB
ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨wU h_v_©|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

gv Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡jb| †`Ljvg †m fvwi Pvcv| gvi cÖ‡kœi QuvKv Reve w`j, wb‡R
†_‡K GKwU K_v †ewk KBj bv| †m ejj, Zvi bvg ggZv| Avgv‡`i evwo †_‡K
LvwbK `~‡i Rxebg‡qi Mwj, Mwji †fZ‡i mvZvk b¤^i evwoi GKZjvq †m _v‡K|
Zvi ¯^vgx Av‡Q Avi GKwU †Q‡j| ¯^vgxi PvKwi †bB Pvigvm, msmvi Avi P‡j
bv, †m ZvB c`©v †V‡j DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ evB‡i G‡m‡Q| GB Zvi cÖ_g PvKwi|
gvB‡b? †m Zv Rv‡b bv| `y‡ejv †iu‡a w`‡q hv‡e wKš‘ Lv‡e bv|
K. gvwm-wcwm Kxfv‡e kn‡i †h‡Zb? 1
L. gvwm-wcwmi Rgv‡bv UvKv †Kb LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ggZv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi 3 †Kvb
ˆewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve aviY K‡i wK?
†Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ mvjwZ †e‡q kn‡i †h‡Zb|

 `ywf©‡¶i mgq Lvevi wKb‡Z gvwm-wcwm‡`i Rgv‡bv i“‡cvi UvKv Avaywj

wmwK LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj|
 gvwm-wcwmiv Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo‡Z AvwkªZv| Iw`‡K †`‡k gš^qš—i|
†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv KvR †bB, Lvevi †bB, mvg_©¨I †bB| ZvB Zviv Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv
158 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
UvKv w`‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g Lvevi wK‡b †L‡q †eu‡P‡Q| GRb¨ Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv
i“‡cvi UvKv Avaywj wmwK LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj|

 Avw_©K `xbZvq c‡o ¯^Rb‡`i I wb‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi cÖ‡Póvi w`K w`‡q
ggZvw`i ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 `vwi‡`ª¨i KlvNvZ hLb Av‡m ZLb gvby‡li †Kv‡bv w`‡Ki wVK _v‡K bv| mg¯
— j¾v, fq, AvZ¥m¤§vb ZLb †gwK, duvwK g‡b nq| †h-†Kv‡bv Dcv‡q Aw¯
—Z¡ i¶vi cÖkœ ZLb eo n‡q I‡V|
 DÏxc‡Ki ggZvw` f`ª N‡ii mš—vb ev †eŠ n‡qI `vwi‡`ª¨i Pv‡c c‡o c‡ii evwo
KvR Ki‡Z Av‡m| j¾v ev AvZ¥m¤§vb ZLb Zvi mvg‡b evav n‡q `uvov‡Z
cv‡iwb| ¯^vgx-mš—vb wb‡q DcvR©bnxb msmv‡i wUK‡Z bv †c‡i
PvKivwbi KvR ïi“ K‡i‡Q| M‡í gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Îi ggZvw`i GB ˆewk‡ó¨i
cÖwZdjb †`wL| gš^q‡š—i mgq wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶v Ges Avn¬vw`i
Rxeb euvPv‡Z Zviv j¾vkig Z¨vM K‡i kn‡i wM‡q mewRi e¨emv K‡i| hv
Dfq †¶‡Î mv`„k¨ iPbv K‡i‡Q|

 bv, DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fve‡K aviY K‡i bv|

 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi GKwU Amnvq †g‡qi
RxebKvwnwb| M‡íi ci‡Z ci‡Z Qwo‡q Av‡Q bvbv ˆewPΨgq NUbv| DÏxc‡K
hvi gvÎ GKwU welq cÖKvwkZ Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, Rxeb-msMÖv‡g wjß GK bvix‡K †h DcvR©bnxb msmv‡i
¯^vgx-mš—vb wb‡q †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ mg¯— j¾vkig cwiZ¨vM K‡i f`ª N‡ii
†g‡q n‡qI c‡ii evwo PvKivwbi KvR †bq| GwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi GKwU
gvÎ w`K| hv gvwm-wcwmi Rxebavi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvi gv‡S j¶ Kiv hvq|
 DcwiD³ welq Qvov Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í Ab¨vb¨ fv‡eiI AeZviYv N‡U‡Q|
Avn¬vw` bvgK ¯^vgxi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi GK Zi“Yxi Ki“Y RxebKvwnwb
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q M‡í| †hLv‡b G‡K-G‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q GB cyi“lkvwmZ
Ny‡baiv mgv‡Ri bvbviKg Am½wZi w`K| G mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb Zv‡`i
cÖwZ cyi“‡li `„wófw½, `ywf©‡¶i gg©¯úk©x wPÎ, AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx,
jvjmvq Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi, ¸Êv-e`gvk‡`i AvPiY, `yÕRb weaevi `vwqZ¡kxj I
gvbweK Rxeb-hy× Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` BZ¨vw` Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q hv
DÏxc‡K Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi
m¤ú~Y©fve aviY K‡iwb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

wcwm e‡j, ÔGZ iv‡Z †g‡q‡bvK‡K KvQvwievwo WvK‡Z KËvi b¾v K‡i bv
KvbvB?
KvbB dzu‡m I‡V, Ôbv hw` hvI VvKi“bviv fv‡jvq fv‡jvq, a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-
wnuP‡o wb‡q hvevi ûKzg Av‡Q wKš‘ e‡j ivLjvg|
gvwm euwUUv evwM‡q a‡i `uv‡Z `uvZ Kvg‡o e‡j, e‡U? a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-
wnuP‡o wb‡q hv‡e? G‡mv| †K GwM‡q Avm‡e G‡mv| euwUi GK †Kv‡c Mjv
duvK K‡i †`e|
wcwm e‡j, Avq bv e¾vZ nvivgRv`viv, GwM‡q Avq bv? KvUvwii †Kv‡c Mjv
KvwU `y-GKUvi|
gvwm e‡j, †kv‡bv KvbvB, G wKš‘ GwU© bq †gv‡U| †Zvgv‡`i mv‡_ †giv
†g‡q‡bvK cvie bv Rvwb wKš‘ `y‡Uv-GKUv‡K gvie RLg Kie wVK|
wcwm e‡j, †gviv bq gie| Õ
 gvwm-wcwm 159
K. gvwm wcwm‡K WvK‡Z †K Av‡m? 1
L. gvwm-wcwm Kxfv‡e RxweKv wbe©vn KiZ? 2
M. DÏxcKwU‡Z Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ Pwi‡Îi †Kvb ˆewkó¨ dz‡U3 D‡V‡Q?
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fvewU aviY K‡i‡Q wK? 4
†Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 gvwm-wcwm‡K WvK‡Z Av‡m KvbvB|

 A‡b¨i evwo‡Z KvR K‡i, kn‡i kvKcvZv-djg~j wewµ K‡i gvwm wcwm
†Kv‡bvg‡Z Rxeb aviY K‡i|
 gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`i wcZvi Avkªvq Av‡Q eûw`b †_‡KB| wKš‘ wZwb
gviv hvIqvi ci Zviv wbZvš— Amnvq n‡q c‡o| wb‡R‡`i fiY-†cvl‡Yi Rb¨ Ges
¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³ Avn¬vw`i Rb¨ Zviv avb †f‡b, Kuv_v †mjvB K‡i, Wv‡ji
ewo †e‡P, †nvMjv †Mu‡_ MÖvg †_‡K kvKmewR djgyj kn‡i wb‡q wM‡q
weµq K‡i †Kv‡bviK‡g RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib|

 DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Îi cÖwZev`x I AvZ¥i¶vi welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

 G msmv‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡K wRZ‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ G‡K-Ab¨‡K VKv‡bvi Rb¨ m`v
cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| †h GB cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, Zviv
KL‡bv gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvov‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev` bv Ki‡j
Ab¨vqKvix KL‡bv KvD‡K wb¯—vi †`q bv|
 DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZev`x g‡bvfve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri †kvlK
Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g KvbvB gvwm-wcwm‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e Zz‡j wb‡Z Av‡m|
Zv‡`i GB Kz-gZje‡K gvwm-wcwm cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z eÜcwiKi nq| Zviv
KvbvB‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i| KvUvwi euwU wb‡q Zviv hy‡×i Rb¨ ˆZwi nq| Zv‡`i
GB AvPiY GB RyjygevR mgv‡Ri Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×, Kz-gZje PwiZv_© Ki‡Z
Pvq †h me gvbyli~cx Rv‡bvqv‡iiv Zv‡`i wii“‡× gvwm-wcwm Zv‡`i
me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡i hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| Zv‡`i gv‡S cÖwZev`x †PZbvi
cwiPq †g‡j|

 DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fve‡K aviY K‡iwb|

 ¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Zi“Yxi Ki“Y
RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU Ab¨w`‡K DÏxc‡K
ïay gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZev`x †PZbv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

 DÏxcKwU‡Z †`Lv hvq, gvwm-wcwm‡K Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g Zz‡j wb‡Z Av‡m

KvbvB| ZLb gvwm-wcwm KvbvB‡qi Kz-gZje eyS‡Z †c‡i KvQvwi‡Z †h‡Z
A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| KvbvB Rei`w¯— Ki‡j Zviv Gi cÖwZev` K‡i Ges
KvbvB‡K gvivi Rb¨ `v, euwU DuwP‡q kvmvq| Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L KvbvB
m‡i c‡o| gvwm-wcwmi G AvPi‡Y GB Ny‡Yaiv mgv‡Ri wei“‡× Amnvq
bvixi cÖwZev`x †PZbvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| Z‡e G welqwUB Ôgvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve bq|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU ¯^vgxi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK
Amnvq Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Avn¬vw` bvgK H Zi“Yxi
gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB weaev| Zviv Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi cvkvcvwk wei~c
160 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
mgvR †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K i¶vi †h eyw×`xß mvnmx msMÖvg cwiPvjbv
K‡i‡Q Zv mwZ¨B weij| `ywf©‡¶i gg©¯úk©x ¯§„wZ, RxweKv wbe©v‡ni
KwVb msMÖvg, bvix n‡q †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi gvbwmKZv
G M‡íi ˆewPΨgq w`K| Gme w`K DÏxc‡K Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq,
DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y©fve avib K‡iwb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Avnv‡i| G‡i gvBqvWv‡i gvBiv dvjBm bv| I‡i I cvlvBY¨v, `iRv †Lvj, gvwim bv
Avi gvwim bv, Rvnvbœv‡g hvBwe, gvwim bv| evB‡i †_‡K `yÕnv‡Z
SuvwcUv‡K †Vj‡Q dwK‡ii gv| Aveyj GKevi ZvKvj †mw`‡K, wKš‘ Suvwc Lyjj
bv|
eD gvivq GKUv ˆckvwPK Avb›` cvq Aveyj| †g‡i †g‡i Gi Av‡M `yÕ-`y‡Uv
eD‡K cÖv‡Y †kl K‡i w`‡q‡Q †m| cÖ_g eDUv wQj G Muv‡qiB †g‡q| Av‡qkv|
GKUz †eu‡U, GKUz †gvUv Avi i‡Oi w`K †_‡K k¨vgjv| Ac~e© mshg wQj
†gwqwUi| Avðh© kvš— ¯^fve| KZ †g‡i‡Q I‡K Aveyj| †Kv‡bvw`b GKUz kãI
K‡iwb| GKUv mvgvb¨ cÖwZev` †bB|
[Z_¨m~Î : nvRvi eQi a‡i -Rwni ivqnvb]
K. g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z Kx‡mi g‡Zv wQj? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K R¸ †Kb gviai K‡i? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa?
3 -
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB
cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki|
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z ivg`vÕi g‡Zv wQj|

 †bkvi UvKv msMÖn Ki‡Z bv †c‡i UvKv †RvMvo Kivi †jv‡f R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K
gviai Ki‡Zv|
 cvlÊ R¸ †bkv K‡i| wKš‘ me-mgq †bkvi wRwbm †Kbvi UvKv Zvi Kv‡Q _v‡K
bv| †m msmvi Ges ¯¿xi cÖwZI D`vmxb| †bkvi †Nv‡i †_‡K †m Zvi ¯¿x
Avn¬vw`i Ici wbh©vZb Pvjvq| eD‡qi Ici PovI n‡q ga¨hyMxq Kvq`vq
eD‡K LuywUi mv‡_ †eu‡a †i‡L gviai K‡i|

 DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸ Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa|

 Avgv‡`i GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡R ¯¿xiv ev bvixiv Pigfv‡e wbM„nxZ,
wbh©vwZZ nq| Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv gyj¨vqb K‡i bv cvlÊ cyi“‡liv| Zviv Kvi‡Y-
AKvi‡Y bvixi Ici AZ¨vPvi Pvwj‡q cyi“l‡Z¡i gh©v`v i¶v Ki‡Z Pvq|
 DÏxc‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, Aveyj bv‡gi GK cvlʇK, †h Zvi ¯¿x‡K Agvby‡li
g‡Zv wbh©vZb K‡i| N‡ii `iRv eÜ K‡i †eŠ‡K gv‡i Ges ˆckvwPK Avb›`
Dc‡fvM K‡i| Avey‡ji g‡Zv GK cvlʇK Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
M‡íi R¸i Pwi‡Îi gv‡S| R¸I Zvi eD‡K Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y gviwcU K‡i| †bkvi UvKv
†RvMvo Ki‡Z bv †c‡i †eŠ‡K †eu‡a †i‡L †cUvq| GB R¸ Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa
DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj|

 ÒDÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB cwiw¯’wZi

wkKvi|Ógš—e¨wU h_v_©|
 gvwm-wcwm 161
 Avgv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯’vq bvbv AmsMwZi gv‡S bvix-wbh©vZb Ab¨Zg GKUv
N„wYZ welq| GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡R G welqwU Anin N‡U P‡j‡Q| Gi
cÖwZKvi Kivi †hb †KD †bB|
 DÏxc‡KI †`wL GgbB GKUv wPÎ-hv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íI cwijw¶Z nq|
DÏxc‡K Av‡qkv bv‡gi †g‡qwU ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zey †m
gyL dz‡U wKQz e‡j bv| GUv‡K †hb Zvi fvM¨ e‡j †g‡b †bq| mgv‡Ri N„wYZ
cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi GB Av‡qkvi g‡Zv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`|
 Avn¬vw` wcZ…gvZ…nxb Amnvq GK Zi“Yx| Zvi we‡q nq †bkv‡Lvi R¸i
mv‡_| R¸ msmv‡ii cÖwZ D`vmxb Ges Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y eD‡K AZ¨vPvi K‡i|
¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Avn¬vw` evevi evwo P‡j Av‡m| mgvR
Gi †Kv‡bv wewnZ K‡i bv| G mgv‡R bvixiv Gfv‡eB Aeg~j¨vwqZ n‡q
Avm‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi
Avn¬vw` GKB cvwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Kv‡Ri †k‡l evwo‡Z wd‡i Av‡m jvqjv| fvOv Lv‡U K¬vš— †`nLvwb Gwj‡q †`q|
†`‡ni PvB‡Z Zvi gbUv †ewk K¬vš—| gbUv AvR Zvi †Kgb †Kgb Ki‡Q| iwngv
Lvjv ivbœv-evbœv Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`b G KvRUv †mB wb‡RB K‡i| AvR †Kb Rvwb
G‡Z gb em‡Q bv| nVvr g‡bi Avqbvq †d‡j Avmv AZxZ Qvqv †d‡j| Zvi GKUv
msmvi wQj †QvU GKwU mvRv‡bv Ni wQj| nVvr GKw`b Kvj‰ekvLxi So
G‡jv| ev‡ci evwo †_‡K UvKv Avbvi Rb¨ ¯^vgx AvgRv` jvw_ †g‡i Ni †_‡K †ei
K‡i †`q| Zvici iwngv Lvjvi nvZ a‡i kn‡i Av‡m| Mv‡g©›U PvKwi †bq| Zviv
A½fiv †hŠeb Zvi kΓ| evB‡i cv ivL‡j †envqv cyi“l¸‡jv ZvwK‡q _v‡K| gv‡S-
gv‡S Avevi Ni euva‡Z mva Rv‡M|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wjwLZ M‡íi msL¨v KZ? 1
L. gvwm-wcwm †ivRMv‡ii Rb¨ Kx Dcvq †Luv‡R? 2
M. DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Î †Kvb fv‡ei cÖKvk N‡U‡Q?Ñ3 e¨vL¨v
Ki| 4
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Avn¬vw` Avgv‡`i GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wbh©vwZZ
bvix‡`i cÖwZwbwa|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki|
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wjwLZ M‡íi msL¨v cÖvq wZbÕk|

 gvwm-wcwm Rxeb Pvjv‡Z wngwkg Lvq| `ywf©‡¶i Rb¨ †Kv_vI †ivRMvi

†bB| ZvB Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ wfbœ Dcv‡q †ivRMv‡ii wPš—v-fvebv K‡i|
Zviv wm×vš— †bq MÖvg †_‡K ZwiZiKvwi djg~j wK‡b wb‡q kn‡i wM‡q
wewµ K‡i wKQz †ivRMvi Ki‡e Ges GUv †f‡eB Zviv G Kv‡R nvZ †`q|

 DÏxc‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi gv‡S gvZ…‡mœ‡ni cÖKvk

j¶Yxq|
 bvixi Pig mv_©KZv Zvi gvZ…‡Z¡| wbtmš—vb n‡jI mš—v‡bi cÖwZ
fv‡jvevmv cÖKv‡ki mnRvZ B”Qv Zv‡`i gv‡S †_‡KB hvq| gvwm-wcwmi
AvPi‡Y †mB gvZ…‡ø‡ni fvewU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, mvivw`b LvUzwbi ci evwo wd‡i ivbœvevbœv mvi‡Z
†j‡M hvq| mš—v‡bi g‡Zv Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv †Kv‡bv Kó Ki‡Z w`‡Z bvivR|
Dciš‘ GB K`h© mgv‡Ri bvbv cÖKvi KzrwmZ †jv‡Ki Kz-`„wó †_‡K
162 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v Kivi †PZbv Zv‡`i gv‡S cwijw¶Z nq| gv mš—vb‡K †hgb
AvM‡j iv‡L, gvwm-wcwmI Avn¬vw`‡K †mfv‡e AvM‡j ivL‡Z Pvq, †øn
fv‡jvevmvq wm³ Ki‡Z Pvq|

 DÏxc‡Ki Avn¬vw` GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i

cÖwZwbwa|
 bvixcyi“l Df‡qi Ae`v‡b mgvR wU‡K _v‡K| A_P bvixiv GB mgv‡R †Kv‡bv
g~j¨vqb cvq bv| cyi“‡liv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i †fv‡Mi mvgMÖx fv‡e| GRb¨B
Avgv‡`i mgvR we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq mgv‡Ri cyi“‡li Øviv wbgg©fv‡e wbh©vwZZv bvixi
cÖwZ”Qwe| †h ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i wUK‡Z bv †c‡i Amnv‡qi g‡Zv ev‡ci
evwo P‡j Av‡m| wKš‘ GLv‡bI G‡m †m kvwš—‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mgv‡Ri
Kzi“wPc~Y© wKQz cyi“l Zv‡K †bvsiv †Pv‡L †`‡L| Zv‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e †c‡Z
Pvq|
 Avn¬vw`i GB Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri GK PigZg j¾vRbK
w`K| Avn¬vw` G mgv‡R wbh©vwZZ GK Amnvq bvix| †m Ae¯’vi wkKvi
n‡q Pig nxb¤§b¨Zvq †fv‡M| wb‡R‡K b`©gvi †bvsiv KxU g‡b K‡i|
e¨wfPvix cyi“‡li †PvL Zv‡K ¯^w¯—‡Z _vK‡Z †`q bv| G‡K †Zv ¯^vgx Øviv
wbh©vwZZv Dciš— gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q G‡mI Zvi wb¯—vi †bB| ZvB †m
g‡b K‡i, gvwm-wcwm‡K MÄbv †`Iqvi †P‡q AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q wd‡i
wM‡q jvw_ SuvUv LvIqv fv‡jv| g~jZ Zvi GB g‡bvfve mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨
bvix‡`i †PZbv‡K Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœi gš—
e¨ h_v_©|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

BD‡iv‡ci Ávb¸i“ †c‡Uv wgmi ågYKv‡j gv_vq K‡i †Zj †e‡P LiP †RvMvo Ki‡Zb|
†h Kz‡o, Avj‡m, Nyl‡Lvi I †Pvi, †mB nxb| e¨emv ev †QvU ¯^vaxb Kv‡R
gvbyl nxb nq bv- nxb nq wg_¨v PZziZv I cÖeÂbvq| cv‡Q RvZ hvq, m¤§vb
bó nq- GB f‡q c‡ii MjMÖn n‡q gv‡mi ci gvm KvwU‡q w`”Q? m¤§vb †Kv_vq,
Zv Zzwg †Ui cvIwb|
[Z_¨m~Î :D`¨g I cwikÖg- †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingvb|
K. kKzbiv D‡o G‡m †Kv_vq e‡m‡Q? 1
L. R¸ †Kb gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uvi gv‡S Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb wel‡qi3 mv`„k¨
i‡q‡Q?Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. Òwgj _vK‡jI †c‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges gvwm-wcwmi kvKmewR wewµi
D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki|
7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 kKzbiv D‡o G‡m cvZvk~b¨ ïK‡bv MvQUvi Dc‡i e‡m‡Q|

 R¸ Zvi †eŠ Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj|

 R¸i AZ¨vPv‡i Ni †Q‡o P‡j Av‡m Avn¬vw`| Zvici R¸ Zvi ¯¿x‡K wdwi‡q
wb‡Z G‡m‡Q Zvi k¦ï‡ii †i‡L hvIqv m¤úwËi †jv‡f| wKš‘ gvwm-wcwm
Avn¬vw`‡K cvVv‡Z bvivR| Zv Qvov Avn¬vw`I †h‡Z ivwR bq|
Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ R¸ gvgjv Ki‡Z Pvq|
 gvwm-wcwm 163
 DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uvi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv KvR K‡i
wU‡K _vKvi welqwUi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
 RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl †h‡Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| ZLb
hw` AvZ¥m¤§v‡bi f‡q KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K, Z‡e †m wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i
bv| †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` gvbyl mewKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uvi gv‡S †`wL GB †PZbvi cÖwZdjb| wZwb wgk‡i ågYKv‡j
gv_vq K‡i †Zj weµq K‡i LiP †RvMvo Ki‡Zb| wZwb †Kv‡bv KvR‡K †QvU
fv‡ebwb, j¾v K‡ibwb| GB GKB †PZbvi cÖwZdjb †`wL Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
M‡í gvwm-wcwmi g‡a¨| Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` jvR-mi‡gi †Zvqv°v bv
K‡i mewR e¨emvq †b‡g c‡o Ges Rxeb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| †jvKP¶zi f‡q
e‡m _v‡K bv| Dfq †¶‡Î GLv‡bB mv`„k¨ `„k¨gvb|

 †c‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges gvwm-wcwmi mewR wewµi gv‡S wgj _vK‡jI
D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ ev wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
 msmv‡i †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` gvbyl bvbviKg KvR K‡i| †Kv‡bv KvR †QvU
ev nxb †f‡e hw` Zv Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv nq, Z‡e wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡e
bv Ges RxebUv ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e|
 DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Ri gv‡S
mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †c‡Uv wgki ågYKv‡j iv¯—vi
LiP †RvMv‡oi Rb¨ gv_vq K‡i †Zj wewµ Ki‡Zb| wZwb m”Q‡›` Pjv‡divi Rb¨
GKvR K‡iwQ‡jb| GB Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q gvwm-wcwmi mewR
wewµ Kivi †¶‡Î|
 gvwm-wcwm wbtm¤^j, Amnvq| †eu‡P _vKvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c_ Luy‡R bv
†c‡q `y‡ejv `ygy‡Vv Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Zviv N‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z eva¨ nb| wb‡R‡`i
fiY‡cvlY Ges AvwkÖZ Avn¬vw`‡K euvwP‡q ivL‡Z Zviv Muv †_‡K
kvKmewR djg~j wK‡b kn‡i wM‡q wewµi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡`i G
e¨emv Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨| RxweKv wbe©v‡ni KwVb msMÖv‡g Zviv G c‡_
bv‡gb| GUv hw` Zviv bv Ki‡Zb, Z‡e bv †L‡q gi‡Z n‡Zv| wKš‘ DÏxc‡Ki †c-
‡Uv‡K †Z‡ji e¨emv bv Ki‡j Avi hvB †nvK bv †L‡q gi‡Z n‡Zv bv| ZvB ejv
hvq, Dfq Kv‡R D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q, hv cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨‡K h_v_©
cÖwZcbœ K‡i‡Q|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Rvgvj : Av‡e Pvlv Avey, †Zvi fvZ LvIqv †kl n‡jv| Rjw` Ki, bv nq N‡i Xz‡K
†Zvi Mjvi g‡a¨ jvwV XzwK‡q †`e|
Avey : ejjvg †h Pvi‡U †L‡q wbB| †hLv‡b †h‡Z ej‡e, hve| GZ MjvevwR Ki †Kb
†cqv`vRx|
Rvgvj : bLivwg ivL| Pj| ...
Avey : Qvo| Mv‡q nvZ w`I bv| Avwg wK Pzwi K‡iwQ, Avwg wK Rwg`v‡ii N‡i
Av¸b w`‡qwQ?
Rvgvj : Lie`vi Avi GKUvI dvjZz K_v ejwe bv| †QvU gvwj‡Ki ûKzg †Zv‡K Zziš
— nvwRi n‡Z n‡e| ...
Avey : wK, GZLvwb K_v| Rwg`v‡ii KzËvÑ (Avwe `vIqv †_‡K `v Zz‡j wbj|)
[Z_¨m~Î : Rwg`vi `c©Y- gxi gkvid †nv‡mb
164 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
K. KvbvB‡qi mv‡_ KZRb †cqv`v G‡mwQj? 1
L. Clr Z›`ªvi †Nv‡i Avn¬vw` wkD‡i I‡V †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rvgvj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa?Ñ
3
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve aviY K‡i wK?
†Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 KvbvB‡qi mv‡_ wZb Rb †cqv`v G‡mwQj|

 msmv‡i wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb, AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi N‡i wd‡i hvIqvi Avk¼v BZ¨vw`
fve‡Z fve‡Z Z›`ªv”Qbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †m wkD‡i D‡VwQj|
 Avn¬vw` hw`I mewKQz †g‡b wb‡q AveviI AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi N‡i wd‡i
hvIqvi wm×vš— wb‡qwQj, wKš‘ hLb †m fv‡e ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡ii K_v Ges
gvwm-wcwm‡K †Q‡o _vKvi K_v, ZLb †m f‡q wkD‡i I‡V| Zvi `yB cv‡k
gvwm-wcwm‡K bv wb‡q ï‡j Nyg Av‡m bv| ZvB GB cwiw¯’wZi e¨wZµg
wPš—vq †m f‡q wkD‡i I‡V|

 DÏxc‡Ki Rvgvj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi KvbvB Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa|

 G mgv‡R A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv wbR ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ ¶gZvai‡`i cv-PvUv
KyKz‡i cwiYZ nq| wb‡R‡`i e¨w³Z¡ e‡j G‡`i wKQz _v‡K bv| cÖfzi K_vq Giv
mvaviY gvby‡li Dci Ryjyg K‡i|
 DÏxc‡Ki Rvgvj G ai‡bi GKRb gvbyl| †m Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g Pvwl Avey‡K
WvK‡Z Av‡m Ges AgvbweK AvPiY K‡i| cÖfzi g‡bvićbi Rb¨ mg¯—
gvbweKZv RjvÄwj w`‡q `ye©‡ji Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| GgbB
GKUv PwiÎ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi KvbvB| †mI Zvi cÖfzi ûKz‡g Ab¨vq KvR
Ki‡Z wØav K‡i bv| iv‡Zi †ejvq gvwm-wcwm‡K evwoi evi K‡i Avn¬vw`‡K
†MvKz‡ji nv‡Z Zz‡j †`qvi KzrwmZ D‡Ï‡k¨ gvwm-wcwmi Dci Ryjyg K‡i|

 bv, DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve aviY K‡i bv|

 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU‡Z ¯^vgx Øviv AZ¨vPvwiZ wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK
Amnvq Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Mfxi ggZvq| †jLK G M‡í
mgv‡Ri bvbv AmsMwZi w`K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Amvgvb¨ wkí-KzkjZvq| DÏxc‡Ki
welqwU Gi GKwU gvÎ fve‡K aviY K‡i‡Q|
 DÏxcK †`Lv hvq, GK gvbyli~cx cÖfzf³ KzKz‡ii KzrwmZ AvPiY Rvgvj
†cqv`vi gv‡S| †h wKbv Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g mvaviY Pvwl‡`i Dci Ryjyg,
wbh©vZb K‡i| Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í G `„k¨ †`L‡Z cvB KvbvB hLb
Ôgvwm-wcwm‡KÕ †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡Z Pvq Zvi gvwj‡Ki ûKz‡g| Z‡e G
welqwU M‡íi GKwU gvÎ w`K| Gi cvkvcvwk M‡í Ab¨vb¨ welqI D‡V G‡m‡Q|
 MíwU‡Z G‡K G‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q `yb wbt¯^ weaevi Rxeb hy‡×i wPÎ|
gvwm-wcwm wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v Amnvq
Avn¬vw`‡K G mgv‡Ri wei~c cwiw¯’wZ‡Z euvwP‡q ivL‡Z wbiš—i
msMÖvg K‡i P‡j‡Q| G welqwUB MíwU‡K AwaK Zvrch©c~Y© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
GB cyi“l kvwmZ mgv‡Ri AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx, Kzi“wPc~Y© gvbyl, †jvjyc
†RvZ`vi, `v‡ivMv, ¸Êv-e`gvk‡`i AvµgY †_‡K mš—vbZ‚j¨ Avn¬vw`‡K
euvPv‡Z Amnvq `yB weaevi `vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK Rxeb hy‡×i wPÎ †jL‡Ki
Amvgvb¨ wkí `¶Zvi Rb¨ ev¯—e i~‡c Avgv‡`i mvg‡b D‡V G‡m‡Q| Gme
 gvwm-wcwm 165
welq DÏxc‡K Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxcKwU gvwm-wcwm M‡íi
m¤ú~Y© fve‡K aviY K‡iwb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

abxKb¨v Zv‡niv‡K we‡q †`q A‡c¶vK…Z `wi`ª bvwd‡Ri mv‡_| GRb¨ Zv‡niv
bvwdR‡KB †`vl †`q Ges Zv‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| bvwdR mr, ü`qevb Ges
¯¿x‡K †m cÖvYvwaK fv‡jvev‡m| Zv‡niv G‡K †mªd b¨vKvwg g‡b K‡i Ges
evevi UvKvi AnsKv‡i bvwd‡Ri Ni Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvwb‡q evevi evwo P‡j
Av‡m|
K. ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †Kvb ai‡bi 1
mvwnZ¨Kg©? 2
L. Avn¬vw` †Kb ¯^vgxi N‡i †h‡Z Pvq bv? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki bvwd‡Ri mv‡_ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸i ˆemv`„k¨
4
wbi~cY Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Zv‡niv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgxi Ni
Qvovi KviY GK bq|Ógš—e¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ab¨Zg †kÖô Dcb¨vm|

 cvlÊ ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q Avn¬vw` ¯^vgxi N‡i †h‡Z Pvq bv|
 Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgx R¸ †bkv‡Lvi, j¤úU| Zvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv gvbweKZvi †Quvqv
†bB| †m Agvby‡li g‡Zv Avn¬vw`‡K wbh©vZb K‡i| jvw_, SuvUv,
Kj‡K‡cvov Qu¨vKv, LuywUi mv‡_ †eu‡a cÖnvi Kiv -Gfv‡eB †m ¯¿x‡K
wbh©vZb K‡i| hvi Rb¨ Avn¬vw` ¯^vgxi Ni Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq Ges
AZ¨vPv‡ii f‡q AveviI †mLv‡b †h‡Z Pvq bv|

 DÏxc‡Ki bvwd‡Ri mv‡_ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸i ˆemv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

 G mgv‡R bvbv ai‡bi †jvKRb evm K‡i| †KDev gnr ü`‡qi AwaKvix nq,
†KDev we‡eKnxb Agvby‡l cwiYZ nq| fv‡jvg›` Dfq wg‡j †Kv‡bvfv‡e wU‡K
Av‡Q Avgv‡`i GB mgvR| Avgiv PvB gvby‡li gv‡S Aš—Z gvbweKZvUyKz
we`¨gvb _vK|
 DÏxc‡Ki bvwdR GKRb ü`qevb mr †Q‡j| wKš‘ Zvi GB mZZvi †Kv‡bv
g~j¨vqb †m cvq bv| ab-†`Šj‡Zi `uvwocvjvq Zvi mZZv g~j¨ cvq bv|
ZvB‡Zv ¯¿x‡K fv‡jvevm‡jI cÖwZ`v‡b ïay AcgvbB †Rv‡U Zvi fv‡M¨| GB
bvwd‡Ri wVK wecixZ PwiÎ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸| †m j¤úU, gvZvj,
PwiÎnxb| ¯^vgx n‡q ¯¿xi Dci AK_¨ wbh©vZb Pvjvq| Avevi k¦ï‡ii m¤úwËi
cÖwZ †jvf K‡i ¯¿x‡K wdwi‡q Avb‡Z Pvq| GgbB N„Y¨ Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix †m|
GLv‡bB bvwd‡Ri mv‡_ R¸ Pwi‡Îi ˆemv`„k¨ cwijw¶Z nq|

 ÒDÏxc‡Ki Zv‡nivi Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgxi Ni Qvovi

KviY GK bq| Ógš—e¨wU h_v_©|
 wewPÎ gvby‡li mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q Avgv‡`i mgvR-msmvi| GLv‡b G‡KK
R‡bi G‡KK iKg g~j¨‡eva, †PZbv, Rxeb`k©b| GKR‡b hv Avkv K‡i, ¯^cœ
†`‡L Ab¨Rb †mUv Ae‡njvi `yÕcv‡q gvwo‡q P‡j hvq| GRb¨B Rxeb GZ
wewPÎ|
166 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 DÏxc‡K Zv‡niv abxKb¨v| we‡q nq A‡c¶vK…Z `wi`ª bvwd‡Ri mv‡_, hv
Zv‡niv †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB UvKvi AnsKv‡i ¯^vgxi Avš—wiK
fv‡jvevmv‡K †m c``wjZ K‡i| GK mgq Zv‡K Z¨vM K‡i evevi evwo P‡j hvq|
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`‡KI evevi evwo wd‡i Avm‡Z nq, Z‡e
†mUv Ab¨ Kvi‡Y|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU GB Avn¬vw`i RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ| †m
¯^vgx-cwiZ¨³v wcZ…gvZ…nxb wbt¯^| ¯^vgx Zv‡K w`‡bi ci w`b
AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Zv| jvw_, SuvUv, Kj‡K‡cvov Qu¨vKv †L‡q Zv‡K ¯^vgxi Ni
Qvo‡Z eva¨ n‡Z nq Ges Amnvq gvwm-wcwmi AvkÖ‡q G‡m DV‡Z nq|
Zvi GB evevi evwo Avmvi KviY Avi DÏxc‡Ki Zv‡nivi evevi evwo Avmvi
KviY m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Zv‡niv ¯^vgx‡K Acgvb K‡i, ¯^vgxi fv‡jvevmv‡K
UvKvi AnsKv‡i A¯^xKvi K‡i P‡j Av‡m| Ab¨w`‡K Avn¬vw` ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi
mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i evevi evwo wd‡i Av‡m| ZvB ejv hvq, Zv‡niv Ges
Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo wd‡i Avmvi KviY GK bq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

mvwebv I †invbv `yB †evb| `yR‡biB ¯^vgx gviv hvIqvi ci fvB‡qi Kv‡Q G‡m
AvkÖq †bq| fvB‡qi `wi`ª msmv‡i Zviv wb‡R‡`i †evSv g‡b K‡i, ZvB RxweKvi
wfbœ c_ †LuvR K‡i Ges †c‡qI hvq| MÖv‡gi evwo evwo wM‡q nuvm-gyiwMi
wWg wK‡b wb‡q evRv‡i wewµ K‡i, hv Avq K‡i Zv fvB‡qi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q| µ‡g
Zv‡`i msmv‡i ¯^”QjZv wd‡i Av‡m|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ eQi eq‡m cÖ_g Mí ÔAZmxgvgxÕ 1
iPbv K‡ib? 2
L. iv‡Zi †ejv KvbvB †cqv`v wb‡q Av‡m †Kb? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki mvwebv I †invbv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb wel‡qi 4
mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi AvswkK fve aviY K‡i‡Q gvÎ|
Ógš—e¨wU wePvi Ki|
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wek eQi eq‡m cÖ_g MíMš’ ÔAZmxgvgxÕ iPbv

K‡ib|

 gvwm-wcwm‡K KvQvwi evwo wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ KvbvB iv‡Zi †ejv Av‡m|
 KvbvB iv‡Zi †ejv G‡m nuvK †`q gvwm-wcwm‡K Zv‡`i KvQvwi evwoi
`v‡ivMv eveyi mvg‡b nvwRi nevi Rb¨| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj wfbœ|
KvQvwi evwoi K_v e‡j gvwm-wcwm‡K evwo †_‡K †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv
Amnvq Avn¬vw`‡K †MvKz‡ji nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡Z cvi‡e| GRb¨ KvbvB wZbRb
†cqv`v wb‡q iv‡Zi †ejv gvwm-wcwmi evwo‡Z Av‡m|

 DÏxc‡Ki mvwebv I †invbv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi Rxeb

msMÖv‡gi wel‡qi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|
 G RM‡Z wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K wbiš—i jovB Ki‡Z nq| †h jovB‡q Rqjvf
K‡i Zvi Aw¯—Z¡ eRvq _v‡K Avi †h civwRZ nq †m wbôzi ev¯—eZvi wkKvi
n‡q Kv‡ji AZj M‡f© Zwj‡q hvq| DÏxc‡Ki mvwebv I †invbv Ges M‡íi
gvwm-wcwm‡K †`Lv hvq Rxeb-hy‡× wjß n‡Z|
 gvwm-wcwm 167
 DÏxc‡Ki mvwebv I †invbv ¯^vgx gviv hvIqvi ci Mwie fvB‡qi msmv‡i
AvkÖq †bq| GKmg‡q wb‡R‡`i †evSv g‡b K‡i wb‡RivB Rxeb-hy‡×
Suvwc‡q c‡o| M‡í gvwm-wcwm‡KI †`Lv hvq Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi jovB‡q bvg‡Z|
†`‡ki gš^š—‡ii mgq wb‡R‡`i fiY‡cvlY Ges Amnvq Avn¬vw`‡K euvwP‡q
ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv Rxeb-hy‡× wjß nq| GLv‡bB Dfq Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb|

 ÒDÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi AvswkK fve aviY K‡i‡Q gvÎ|gš—e¨wU

h_v_©|
 DÌvb-cZb wewPÎ gvbeRxe‡bi GKUv Ask| gvby‡li Rxeb memgq GKfv‡e
hvq bv| KL‡bv myL, KL‡bv `yt‡Li †fZi w`‡q RxebUv AwZevwnZ nq| GRb¨
`yt‡Li mgq k³ nv‡Z cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡j my‡Li mgq Avm‡eB| Zvi
Rb¨ msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvIqv evÃbxq|
 DÏxc‡K mvwebv I †invbv Pig `yt‡Li w`‡b nvj bv †Q‡o Rxeb-msMÖv‡g
Suvwc‡q c‡o| mvgvwRK evav D‡c¶v K‡i wW‡gi e¨emv K‡i fvB‡qi
msmv‡i Z_v wb‡R‡`i m”QjZv wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv K‡i| Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
M‡íI gvwm-wcwmi Gai‡bi cÖ‡Póv j¶ Kiv hvq| Z‡e G welqwU M‡íi GKgvÎ
welq bq|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q ¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
wcZ…gvZ…nxb Amnvq GK Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb| hvi †kl AvkÖq gvwm-
wcwm| Avkªq`vZv Zviv wbt¯^, weaev| Rxeb hy‡× ZvivI wech©¯—| Z‡e
Zviv nvj Qv‡owb| GB wbôzi mgv‡R Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv mn‡hvwMZv ev
mnvbyf‚wZ bv †c‡q wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vq †b‡g c‡o Kv‡R| mv‡_
mv‡_ Zviv GB Ny‡Y aiv mgv‡Ri Kz`„wó †_‡K mš—vbZzj¨ Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v
K‡i| GRb¨ Zv‡`i wbiš—i wei~c cwiw¯’wZi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| M‡í AviI
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi AvPiY, jvjmvq Db¥vË †RvZ`v‡ii †jvjycZv
BZ¨vw`| G‡`i KvQ †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K wbivc` ivLvi †¶‡Î gvwm-wcwmi
`vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK Rxeb hy× ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Gi gv‡Si GKwU welq
Qvov Ab¨vb¨ welq DÏxc‡K Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨
h_v_©|

Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi wZwbB AvwR‡K †`eZv Avgvi

1. KvbvB‡qi mv‡_ †MvKz‡ji wZwbB Avgvi cÖfz|
KZRb †cqv`v G‡mwQ‡jb? 3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖfz Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
K `yB Q wZb M Pvi N cuvP iPbvi Kvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©?
2. gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K R¸i K †jL‡Ki Q R¸i M ˆK‡j‡ki N
Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z Pvqwb †Kb? †MvKz‡ji
P wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q L 4. Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h-ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk
†mœ‡ni AvwZk‡h¨ †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv :
M `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y N K AvwacZ¨ L cvwÊZ¨ R
Avn¬vw` †h‡Z Pvqwb e‡j ˆ¯^ivPvix N Ans‡eva
* DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb
†`wL bvB hv‡i, wPwb bvB hv‡i cÖ‡kœvËi
ïwb bvB bvg Kfz
168 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb M AvZv miKvi S gvwbK
cÖ‡kœvËi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
K †jLK cwiwPwZ : (†evW© 14. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ
eB †_‡K) Dcb¨v‡mi msL¨v KZ?
K cÖvq wekwU L cÖvq wÎkwU
5. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Kx R cÖvq PwjkwU N cÖvq cÂvkwU
wn‡m‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ 15. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq g~jZ
L¨vwZgvb? †Kgb gvbyl wQ‡jb?
K Dcb¨vm I cÖeÜ †jLK L cÖeÜ I P weÁvbgb¯‹ L ag©gb¯‹
bvUK †jLK M cÖK…wZ‡cÖwg N
M bvUK I Dcb¨vm †jLK S ivRbxwZK
Dcb¨vm I †QvUMí †jLK 16. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ
6. gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq KZ eQi †QvUM‡íi msL¨v KZ?
†eu‡P wQ‡jb? K cÖvq AvovB‡kv Q cÖvq
P 48 eQi L 49 eQi M 50 eQi N 51 wZb‡kv
eQi M cÖvq mv‡o wZb‡kv N cÖvq
7. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Pvi‡kv
weGmwm c‡ob †Kv_vq? 17. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi
K KjKvZv wn›`y K‡j‡R Q KjKvZv mvwnZ¨ iPbvi e¨vwß KZ eQi?
†cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R K 26 eQi Q 28 eQi M 30
M Avb›` †gvnb K‡j‡R N XvKv eQi N 32 eQi
K‡j‡R 18. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wcZ…
8. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq evwR cÖ`Ë bvg Kx?
a‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb †Kvb Mí?
P cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`vcva¨vq
K mgy‡`ªi Ø›`¡ L njy`‡cvov
R AZmxgvgx N wUKwUwK
L my‡evaKzgvi
9. KZ eQi eq‡m gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq
M ei“YKzgvi e‡›`vcva¨vq N
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cÖ_g †jLv
cÖKvwkZ nq? cÖ`xcKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
K 16 eQi L 18 eQi R 20 eQi
19. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi evwo
N 22 eQi †Kvb †Rjvq?
10. PvKwi I e¨emvwqK Kv‡R K gvwbKMÄ L bvivqYMÄ
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ eQi M kwiqZcyi S
wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb? weµgcyi
P 3 eQi L 4 eQi M 5 eQi N 6 eQi 20. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rb¥
11. ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕÑ †Kv_vq?
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †Kvb K KjKvZvi KvjxNv‡U Q
ai‡bi iPbv? wenv‡ii muvIZvj ciMbvq
K bvUK Q Dcb¨vm M
M XvKvi weµgcy‡i N
cvjvMvb N †QvUMí
Puv`cy‡ii †R‡j cwj‡Z
12. Ôw`evivwÎi Kve¨ÕÑ gvwbK
21. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rb¥
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Kx RvZxq iPbv?
K †QvUMí L bvUK M
KZ wLªóv‡ã?
K 1902 wLª÷v‡ã Q 1908 wLª÷v‡ã
KweZv S Dcb¨vm
13. ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M 1912 wLª÷v‡ã N 1921
†QvUM‡íi iPwqZv †K? wLª÷v‡ã
K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L 22. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡q K‡e
AvjvDwÏb-Avj-AvRv` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
K 1956 wLª÷v‡ãi 1 wW‡m¤^i
 gvwm-wcwm 169
L 1956 wLª÷v‡ãi 2 wW‡m¤^i K bvivqYMÄ Q gywÝMÄ
R 1956 wLª÷v‡ãi 3 wW‡m¤^i M gvwbKMÄ N
N 1956 wLª÷v‡ãi 4 wW‡m¤^i biwms`x
23. 1926 mv‡ji mv‡_ gvwbK 31. K_v mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi m¤úK© i‡q‡QÑ K msMxZ L bvUK R Mí-
P g¨vwUªK cv‡mi †¶‡Î L Dcb¨vm N Kve¨
AvBGmwm cv‡mi †¶‡Î 32. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †gvU
M we.Gmwm cv‡mi †¶‡Î N KZwU Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib?
Gg.Gmwm cv‡mi †¶‡Î K 20wU L 25wU M 60wU S 50wUi
24. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq AwaK
g¨vwUªK cvm K‡ib †Kvb ¯‹zj L g~j cvV : (†evW© eB †_‡K)
†_‡K? 33. Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgxi bvg Kx?
K †m›U †MÖMix ¯‹zj †_‡K K ˆKjvk Q R¸ M †MvKzj N
Q †g‡`bxcyi †Rjv ¯‹zj †_‡K KvbvB
M ewikvj cvBjU ¯‹zj †_‡K 34. gvwm-wcwm Kx‡mi e¨emv
N KzPwenvi nvB ¯‹zj †_‡K ïi“ K‡i?
25. †Kvb K‡jR †_‡K gvwbK K djg~‡ji L Kvc‡oi M wewoi
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq AvBGmwm cvm K‡ib? S ZiKvwii
P euvKzov I‡qmwjq wgkb K‡jR 35. gvwm-wcwm ZiKvwi wewµi
L KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR wm×vš— †bqÑ
M †g‡`bxcyi †m›Uªvj K‡jR K e›`‡i Q kn‡i M M‡Ä N gnjvq
N KzPwenvi gWvb© K‡jR 36. Lo gv_vq Zz‡j w`‡Z KZ R‡b
26. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †Kvb mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q?
wel‡q Abvm© wb‡q P 2 R‡b L 3 R‡b M 4 R‡b N 5 R‡b
weGmwm K¬v‡m fwZ© nb? 37. Lo ¯’vbvš—‡ii KvR Ki‡Q KZ
K c`v_© L imvqb M R‡b?
Rxewe`¨v S MwYZ K 2 R‡b Q 3 R‡b M 4 R‡b N 5 R‡b
27. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq MwY‡Z 38. †PŠwK`vi †K?
Abv‡m© fwZ© nbÑ K ˆK‡jk L †MvKzj M ey‡ov
K ¯‹wUm PvP© K‡j‡R Q ingvb S KvbvB
†cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R 39. bKkv cv‡oi mv`v kvwo c‡i‡Q
M KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q N XvKv †K?
wek¦we`¨vj‡q K gvwm L wcwm R Avn¬vw` N
28. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ingv‡bi †g‡q
Abvm© cvm Kiv nqwb †Kb? 40. evB‡i †_‡K gvwmi D‡Ï‡k¨ †K
K cix¶vq AK…ZKvh© nIqvq L nuvKvnuvwK K‡i?
`vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y K R¸ L ˆK‡jk R KvbvB N MKzj
R mvwnZ¨ mvabvq AwZ gMœ 41. Ô†ejv Avi †bB ÔˆK‡jkÕ|
nIqvq ÑK_vwU †K e‡j‡Q?
N ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b Rwo‡q P gvwm L wcwm M Avn¬vw`
covq N ingvb
29. 1956 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi 42. QvB eY© wewkó iO‡K Kx e‡j?
KZ Zvwi‡L gvwbK K QvB Q cvÊyi M †Mvaywji is
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? N †g‡RÛv
P 3 L 5 M 7 N 9 43. ÔLciÕ †Kvb k‡ãi AvÂwjK
30. weµgcyi AÂjwU †Kvb †Rjvq D”PviY?
Aew¯’Z?
170 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
K Lvciv Q Lei M †Mvei N Lycix jvMZ?
44. M‡í †jLK Ôcu¨vPv‡jvÕ ej‡Z Kx K GK †Rvov Q
eywS‡q‡Qb? `y'†Rvov
P e¨wfPvwiZv L wb`©qZv M wZb †Rvov N
M weZK© N Pvi‡Rvov
AvbyMZ¨ 53. `ywf©‡¶i mg‡q gvwm-
45. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU cÖ_g wcwm‡`i _vKvUv eivÏ †i‡L
cÖKvwkZ nq †Kvb cwÎKvq? LvIqvUv QuvUvB Kivi KviYÑ
K hyMevwb cwÎKvq L K‡jvj P Avw_©K msKU L
cwÎKvq mvgvwRK msKU
R c~e©vkv cwÎKvq N bI‡ivR M cvwievwiK msKU N ivR
cwÎKvq ‰bwZK msKU
46. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ Kx RvZxq 54. Ò†Zvi †g‡mv wVK wQj,
iPbv? kvDwo-bb` wQj evN|Ó GLv‡b
K †QvUMí L Dcb¨vm M ÔevNÕ Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ
cÖeÜ S Mí n‡q‡Q?
47. ÔIVvbvgvi c‡_ Iiv Lo †d‡j K fqsKi L wnsmª R wbôzi
wb‡q‡Q Kv`vqÕÑ †Kb?
N µz×
P PjvP‡ji myweavi Rb¨ L Lo
55. Avn¬vw`i wc‡m ¯^fv‡e Kvi
A‡bK †ewk e‡j
g‡Zv wQj?
M Kv‡R duvwK †`qvi Rb¨ N gvwj‡Ki
P R¸i L ˆK‡j‡ki M †MvKz‡ji
cÖwZ iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y
N KvbvB‡qi
48. Ab¨ wZbR‡bi gv_vq L‡oi
†evSv Zz‡j †`qvi Rb¨ 56. Mf©ve¯’vq †g‡q‡`i Kvi Kv‡Q
_vK‡Z nq e‡j gvwm Rvbvq?
mvjwZ‡Z KZRb gvbyl wQj?
K gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q L evev-
K GKRb Q `yBRb M wZbRb N
gvi Kv‡Q
PviRb
M `v`v-bvwbi Kv‡Q S gv-
49. K`gQuvUv Pyj ej‡Z †Kgb
gvwmi Kv‡Q
Pyj‡K †evSvq?
57. Avn¬vw` KZ gv‡mi Mf©eZx?
K j¤^v Pyj L
K wZb Q Pvi M cuvP N Qq
†KuvKov‡bv Pyj
58. cy‡ji Zjv w`‡q wØZxq †h
R †QvU K‡i QuvUv Pyj N
mvjwZ Av‡m, Zv‡Z †gvU
AvavcvKv Pyj
KZRb gvbyl i‡q‡Q?
50. †jLK cÖpv A‡_© †Kvb eqm‡K
P `yBRb L wZbRb M PviRb
eywS‡q‡Qb?
N cuvPRb
K cÖexY L AvwkEaŸ©
59. Ô†gvUv gqjv _v‡bi AuvPj
bvix
`yR‡biB †Kvg‡i euvavÕÑ
R Pwj‡kvaŸ© bvix N weaev
GLv‡b Ô_vbÕ ej‡Z Kx
bvix
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
51. ÔgiY †VKv‡ZB dzwi‡q Avm‡Q
K Iobv Q kvwo M MvgQv N Pv`i
Zv‡`i Rxebxkw³Õ ÑGLv‡b
ÔgiYÕ †Kvb A‡_© e¨eüZ 60. ÔAíeqmx GKwU †eŠ| Mv‡q
Rvgv Av‡Q, bKkv cv‡oi m¯—v
n‡q‡Q?
mv`v kvwoÕÑ eY©bvwU
K g„Zz¨ L wbcxob R
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Kv‡K
`ywf©¶ N gnvgvix
wb‡`©k K‡i?
52. †fvR‡bi cvkvcvwk gvwm-
K ˆK‡jk‡K L gvwm‡K M
wcwmi eQ‡i KZ †Rvov _vb cib
wcwm‡K S Avn¬vw`‡K
 gvwm-wcwm 171
61. Avn¬vw` N‡i G‡m covq gvwm- AvU‡K ivLv AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z
wcwmi ga¨Kvi wgj Kx n‡jv? †Kgb?
P RgRgvU L my`„p M k³ K ¯^vfvweK L Ab¨vq
N fv‡jv M gnvcvc S kvw¯
62. R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K †Kb wb‡Z —‡hvM¨ Ab¨vq
Pvq? 70. Ô†Rj n‡q hv‡e †Zvgv‡`iÕÑ
K †hŠZz‡Ki †jv‡f L fv‡jv‡e‡m Dw³wU‡Z Kx cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
R m¤úwËi †jv‡f N Avevi P Avk¼v L `ytL
wbh©vZb Ki‡Z M N„Yv N Avb›`
63. Kv‡`i bRi †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K mvg‡j 71. miKvi eveyi m‡½ gvwm-
ivL‡Z n‡e gvwm-wcwmi? wcwmi SMov n‡q‡Q Kx
P k¦ïiNi L ˆK‡jk-R¸i wb‡q?
M eo evey-`v‡ivMv N cvovi K Avn¬v`xi `i wb‡q Q
†jvK‡`i evRv‡ii †Zvjv wb‡q
64. Avn¬vw`i evevi †ewki fvM MZiKvwi wewµ wb‡q N evRv‡i
m¤ú` Kvi `L‡j †M‡Q? RvqMv `Lj wb‡q
K R¸i Q †MvKz‡ji 72. gvwm-wcwm g~jZ †Kvb
M `v‡ivMv eveyi N eo eveyi mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q nvi †g‡b‡Q?
65. gvwm-wcwmi Dci Avn¬vw`i K mš¿vmx mgvR L gvZ…
me `vwqZ¡ †Kb? Zvwš¿K mgvR
P gv-evev †bB e‡j R cyiylZvwš¿K mgvR N
L Zviv Avn¬vw`‡`i evwo _v‡K ej eveykvwmZ mgvR
M Avn¬vw`i evev Zv‡`i †L‡Z †`q 73. gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K
e‡j †Kv_vq cvVv‡Z bvivR?
N R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K wbh©vZb K‡i K ¯‹z‡j L Kv‡R
e‡j R k¦ïievwo‡Z N kn‡i
66. Avn¬vw`‡K GKv †i‡L †Kv_vI 74. ÒGZeo †mvgË †gqvÓÑ
†h‡Z gvwm-wcwmi mvnm nq Avn¬vw`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i G
bv †Kb? K_v †K e‡j‡Q?
P GKv †c‡q †KD ¶wZ Ki‡e e‡j K gvwm Q ˆK‡jk M wcwm N
L R¸ Zz‡j wb‡q hv‡e e‡j `v‡ivMv evey
M GKv _vK‡Z Avn¬vw` fq cvq e‡j 75. gvwm-wcwmi N‡i †gvU KZRb
N Zviv Avn¬vw`‡K A‡bK gvbyl _v‡K?
fv‡jvev‡m e‡j K `yRb Q wZbRb M PviRb
67. `v‡ivMv evey Kvi mv‡_ e‡m N cuvPRb
Av‡Q e‡j KvbvB gvwm- 76. ÒLybmywU iv‡Lv w`wK ˆK‡jk
wcwm‡K Rvbvq? †ZvgviÓÑ gvwmi G Dw³wU‡Z
K miKvi eveyi mv‡_ L ˆK‡j‡ki cÖwZ Kx cÖKvk
B݇c±i eveyi mv‡_ †c‡q‡Q?
R eveyi mv‡_ N R¸i mv‡_ K †øn Q weiw³ M AbyÁv N †¶vf
68. Avn¬vw`‡K gvwm-wcwm e` 77. D¾¡j †R¨vrøvq †Kvb †jvKUv‡K
gZj‡e AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q e‡j Kvi gvwm-wcwmi A‡Pbv g‡b
aviYv? n‡jv?
P R¸i L ˆK‡j‡ki P gv_vq jvj cvMwo AuvUv †jvKUv
M `v‡ivMvi N L gv_vq meyR cvMwo AuvUv
ingv‡bi †jvKUv
69. ¯^vgx wb‡Z PvB‡j †eŠ‡K M wZb Rb †cqv`vi †k‡li Rb‡K
172 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
N wZbRb †cqv`vi cÖ_g Rb‡K P jvw_i †Pv‡U L AvQvo †L‡q
78. evB‡i w`b KvU‡jI Avn¬vw`i M R¡x‡bi AvQ‡i N ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
†Kv‡bv cwikªg nqwb †Kb? 86. R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K Kx‡mi mv‡_
K ï‡q-e‡m wQj e‡j w`bfi †eu‡a ivL‡Zv?
Q gvwm-wcwm KvR Ki‡Z †`qwb K †eovi mv‡_ Q LyuwUi mv‡_
e‡j M Mv‡Qi mv‡_ N Pv‡ji mv‡_
M gvwm-wcwm wb‡RivB †bŠKv 87. R¸ gvwm-wcwmi evwo‡Z
Pvwj‡q‡Q e‡j †M‡j †Kgb Af¨_©bv cvq?
N Avn¬vw` wb‡R †_‡K †Kv‡bv K Mvjg›` †kv‡b L KUz K_v †kv‡b
KvR Ki‡Z Pvqwb e‡j M Am¤§vwbZ nq S RvgvB Av`i
79. †K Avn¬vw`‡K cvIqvi nvj cvq
GL‡bv Qv‡owb? 88. Ôe¾vZ †nvK, Ly‡b †nvK,
K R¸ L KvbvB R †MvKzj N RvgvB †ZvÕÑ G Dw³‡Z Kx
Imgvb cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
80. R¸ †K? K ¯^vgxi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv L Ly‡bi
K gvwmi ¯^vgx L wcwmi ¯^vgx cÖwZ N„Yv
R Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgx N M †g‡qi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv S †g‡q
ˆK‡j‡ki Avcb fvB RvgvB‡qi cÖwZ `i`
81. R¸i mv‡_ ˆK‡j‡ki †Kv_vq †`Lv 89. gvwmi g‡Z, †g‡qi RvgvB hZevi
n‡q‡Q e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q? Avm‡e, ZZevi Kx cv‡e?
K g‡`i †`vKv‡b Q Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b K Af¨_©bv L Lvevi M Acev`
M gw›`‡ii PvZv‡j N evRv‡ii †gv‡o S RvgvB-Av`i
82. wcwmi g‡Z R¸ ev‡iv gvm 90. gv‡qi †evb gvwm n‡j ev‡ci
†Kv_vq c‡o _v‡K? †evb n‡jv Kx?
K evRv‡i Q K VvKziwS Q wcwm
ïuwoLvbvq M Vv¤§v N gvwmgv
M Lv‡j-we‡j N dwK‡ii Av¯— 91. †Kvb K‡jR †_‡K gvwbK
vbvq e‡›`¨vcva¨vq AvB Gmwm cvm
83. ÔR¸ Avi †mB R¸ †bBÕÑ Dw³wU K‡ib?
Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? P euvKzov I‡qmwjq wgkb K‡jR
P R¸i Pwi‡Î cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q L KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR
L R¸i PwiÎ AcwieZ©bxq i‡q‡Q
M †g‡`bxcyi †m›Uªvj K‡jR
M R¸ Av‡iv †ewk Lvivc n‡q †M‡Q N KzPwenvi gWvb© K‡jR
N R¸ gviv †M‡Q 92. ˆK‡j‡ki mv‡_ †bŠKvq †h e„×
84. gvwm-wcwm ey‡K bZzb †Rvi _v‡K, Zvi bvg Kx?
cvq †Kb? K iwng wgqv L Kwig wgqv
K cÖwZ‡ekxiv Zv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡Q R ey‡ov ingvb N Avwjg wgqv
e‡j 93. ey‡ov ingv‡bi †g‡q †Kv_vq
Q mevB KvbvB‡qi Dci †i‡M Av‡Q gviv †M‡Q?
e‡j K evevi evwo‡Z L †bŠKvWzwe‡Z
M mevi m‡½ GKB AvPiY Kiv M c‡_ nvwoPvcvq S
n‡q‡Q e‡j k¦ïievwo‡Z
N cÖwZ‡ekxiv Zv‡`i mvš—¡bv 94. k¦ïievwo‡Z bv hvIqvi Rb¨ †K
w`‡q‡Q e‡j `vcv`vwc K‡i †Ku‡`‡Q?
85. Kxfv‡e Avn¬vw`i Mf©cvZ K Avn¬vw` L gvwm

n‡qwQ‡jv? R ingv‡bi †g‡q N wcwm

 gvwm-wcwm 173
95. Rwgi mviv¶Y Zvi ¯¿x‡K wb‡q G‡m fwZ© K‡i iv‡L?
wbh©vZb K‡i, Rwg‡ii mv‡_ KcyKzi L Lvj M b`x S †Wvev
Ôgvwm-wcwm' M‡íi Kvi wgj 105. `ywf©¶‡K †VwK‡qwQj †K?
i‡q‡Q? K Avn¬vw`i gv Q Avn¬vw`i
K ey‡ov ingv‡bi L ˆK‡j‡ki evev
R R¸i N `viMv eveyi M gvwm N wcwm
96. Avn¬vw`i w`‡K †K QjQj †Pv‡L 106. Avn¬vw`i evev Kx †iv‡M
ZvKvq? gviv hvq?
K R¸ L ˆK‡jk K Avgvkq L †W½yR¡i
R ingvb N gvwm R K‡jiv N KvjvR¡i
97. ingvb Zvi †g‡q‡K †Rvi K‡i 107. K‡jivq Avn¬vw` cwiev‡ii KZ
k¦ïievwo‡Z cvwV‡qwQj †Kb? Rb m`m¨‡K nvwi‡qwQj?
P †g‡qi fv‡jvi Rb¨ L †g‡qi K `yBRb Q wZbRb M PviRb
g„Zz¨i Rb¨ N cuvPRb
M mgv‡Ri gyL i¶vi Rb¨ N 108. ÔiwdK wgqvi †g‡q
wewfbœ Pv‡ci Rb¨ k¦ïievwo‡Z wbh©vwZZ n‡q
98. R¸ †eŠ †bIqvi Rb¨ Kx Ki‡e? gviv †M‡QÕÑ iwdK wgqvi mv‡_
K gvivgvwi Ki‡e L wePvi emv‡e Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Kvi wgj
R gvgjv Ki‡e N cÖv_©bv Ki‡e i‡q‡Q?
99. Avn¬vw` AùzU AvZ©bv‡`i K R¸i L ˆK‡j‡ki
g‡Zv kã K‡i †Kb? M `v‡ivqv‡bi S ingv‡bi
K gvwmi K_v ï‡b L ingv‡bi w`‡K 109. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í
ZvwK‡q cvZvk~b¨ MvQUv‡Z †Kvb
M ˆK‡j‡ki K_v g‡b K‡i S gvgjvi K_v cvwLi `j D‡o G‡m e‡m‡Q?
ï‡b K wUqv cvwLiv L Kv‡Kiv
M wP‡jiv S kKz‡biv
100. Kvi du¨vKv‡m gy‡L ingvb
wb‡Ri †g‡qi gy‡Li Qvc †`L‡Z 110. gvwm-wcwmi mg¯— gb
Ry‡o Kx‡mi fvebv i‡q‡Q?
cvq?
K e¨emvi fvebv L bZzb msmv‡ii
K gvwmi L
fvebv
wcwmi R Avn¬vw`‡K i¶vi fvebv N
R Avn¬vw`i N cvwj‡q hvevi fvebv
Avn¬vw`i gv‡qi 111. Avn¬vw`i me
101. wbivkªq weaeviv Kxfv‡e `vwqZ¡ gvwm-wcwm †Kb
†eu‡P _v‡K? wb‡q‡Q?
K Avivg-Av‡q‡k Q Kzwo‡q †L‡q K mvevwjKv e‡j L weaev e‡j
M wf¶v K‡i N SMov K‡i R wcZv-gvZv nviv e‡j N abx
102. †Kv_vq djg~‡ji `vg Pov? e‡j
K MÖv‡gi evRv‡i L meLv‡b 112. Avn¬vw`‡K gvwm-wcwm
M Avo‡Z S kn‡ii evRv‡i
k¦ïievwo cvVv‡bvi K_v wPš—
103. gvwm-wcwm RxweKvi vI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †Kb?
K ¯^vgx gvZvj e‡j L ¯^vgx
ZvwM‡` Kx‡mi e¨emv ïi“ K‡i?
c½y e‡j
K Kvc‡oi e¨emv Q kvKmewRi M ¯^vgx D`vm e‡j S ¯^vgx
e¨emv Lybx e‡j
M L‡oi e¨emv N nuvm-gyiwMi 113. ¯^vgxi evwo‡Z hvIqvi K_v
e¨emv fve‡ZB Avn¬vw`i g‡b Kx Rb¥
104. gvwm-wcwmiv Nov Avi †bq?
nuvwo-Kjwm‡Z †Kv_v †_‡K Rj
174 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
P AvZ¼
Avb›` M
L fv‡jvevmv †PŠÏcyi“l D×vi Ki‡Z mvnm
N„YvN cvq?
114. Avn¬vw`i Kq Rb fvB wQj? K †MvKzj I ˆK‡j‡ki Q
P GK Rb L `yB Rb M wZb †MvKzj I `v‡ivMveveyi
Rb N Pvi Rb M `v‡ivMvevey I R¸i N R¸ I
115. Avn¬vw`i evev gvwm-wcwmi ˆK‡j‡ki
Lvevi QuvUvB K‡iwQ‡jb †Kb? 123. gvwm-wcwm †Kb nuvKWvK
iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y
K L ci nIqvi Kvi‡Y ïi“ K‡iwQj?
R `ywf©‡¶i Kvi‡Y N P KvbvB‡K fo‡K †`qvi Rb¨
†Kv‡bv KviY QvovB L MÖvgevmxi mvnvh¨ cvIqvi Rb¨
116. Kv‡`i †mev-h‡Zœ g„Zz¨ M Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨
c_hvÎx Avn¬vw` †eu‡P N †MvKzj‡K gvi †`qvi Rb¨
wM‡qwQj? 124. `ye©„Ëiv †mvbv‡`i N‡i
P gvwm-wcwmi L wcZv-gvZvi gvSiv‡Z Av¸b †`q †Kb?
M cvov-cÖwZ‡ekxi N bb`- K †g‡q‡K we‡q †`qvq
kvïoxi L †g‡q‡K ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi
117. wewµi Rb¨ gvwm-wcwm R †g‡q‡K KzUzgevwo‡Z
kvKmewR I djg~j †Kv_v †_‡K cvVv‡bvq
msMÖn Ki‡Zv? N †g‡q‡K N‡i AvU‡K ivLvi
P †Mi¯— evwo †_‡K L gvV 125. Avmbœ hy‡×i Rb¨ gvwm-
†_‡K wcwm Kx K‡i?
M evRvi †_‡K N kni †_‡K K KvbœvKvwU L
118. Ôwb‡R‡K Zvi Qu¨vPov, nvnvKvi
†bvsiv, b`©gvi g‡Zv jv‡MÕÑ M mjv-civgk© S Av‡qvRb
Kvi? 126. Avn¬vw`‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †K
K gvwmi L R¸i R gvwm-wcwm‡K cvMj K‡i
Avn¬vw`i N wcwmi Zz‡j‡Q?
119. Avn¬vw`i wcZvi †gvU m¤ú‡`i K ˆK‡jk Q †MvKzj
KZfvM †MvKzj †K‡o wb‡q‡Q? M R¸ N `v‡ivMvevey
K Pvi fv‡Mi GKfvM L Pvi 127. Ògv‡qi evov Zvi GB gvwm-
fv‡Mi `yB fvM wcwmÓ  Dw³wU Øviv Kx
R Pvi fv‡Mi wZb fvM N cy‡iv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
PvifvM K gv‡qi g‡ZvB GB gvwm-wcwm
120. ÔIiv G‡m Avn¬vw`‡K wb‡q L gv‡qi kΓ GB gvwm-wcwm
hv‡eÕÑ Kviv? M gv‡qi †P‡q Kg GB gvwm-wcwm
K `v‡ivMvi †jv‡Kiv L miKvi S gv‡qi †P‡q †ewk GB gvwm-
eveyi †jv‡Kiv wcwm
M R¸i †jv‡Kiv S ¸Ûv, mvay ˆe`¨, 128. KLb †_‡K gvwm-wcwmi
Imgv‡biv g‡a¨ †eu‡P _vKvi mvnm
121. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í cvovq Rv‡M?
iv‡Z nuvKvnuvwK K `ywf©‡¶i mgq †_‡K L
WvKvWvwK ïi“ nq †Kb? gnvgvixi mgq †_‡K
K WvKvZ Avmvq L cywjk Avmvq
M Avn¬vw`i Amy¯’Zvi mgq †_‡K
R gvwm-wcwmi wPrKv‡i N
S e¨emv ïi“i ci †_‡K
wewc‡bi g„Zz¨‡Z
122. cvovi †jvK Qy‡U G‡m
gvwm-wcwm Kvi Kvi
 gvwm-wcwm 175
129. KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii mv‡_ Avi 137. Ô†g‡q‡jv‡Ki GZiv‡Z KvQvwi
KZRb †jvK iv‡Z gvwm-wcwmi evwo‡Z †h‡Z j¾v K‡iÕ gvwm-
evwo‡Z Av‡m? wcwm M‡í G Dw³wU Kvi?
K `yBRb Q PviRb M QqRb K Avn¬vw`i Q gvwmi M
N AvURb wcwmi N Kvbyi gv‡qi
130. KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii mv‡_ 138. fv‡jvq fv‡jvq bv †M‡j
KZRb †cqv`v gvwm-wcwmi gvwm-wcwm‡K Kxfv‡e a‡i
evwo‡Z Av‡m? †bqvi ûKzg Av‡Q?
K GKRb L `yBRb R wZbRb N K Kv‡b a‡i Q a‡i
PviRb †eu‡a †U‡b wnuP‡o
131. KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii mv‡_ M †kKj w`‡q †eu‡a N †eZ
Avmv †h †jvKUv‡K gvwm- w`‡q †cUv‡Z †cUv‡Z
wcwm wPb‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi 139. Ô†K GwM‡q Avm‡e G‡mv,
gv_vq Kx i‡q‡Q? euwUi GK †Kv‡c Mjv duvK K‡i
P jvj cvMwo L bxj cvMwo †`‡evÕÑ G Dw³‡Z Kx cÖKvk
M evewo Pyj N g¯— †c‡q‡Q?
UvK K Aek¨B `yÕGKUv‡K KvU‡ev
L `yÕGKUv‡K bv †g‡i kvwš— †bB
132. KvbvB †PŠwK`vi gvwm-
R hw` GwM‡q Av‡mv, Z‡e gviv
wcwm‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q †h‡Z
G‡m‡Q? co‡e
N GwM‡q bv G‡j Mjv KvU‡ev
K miKvieveyi N‡i Q
KvQvwievwo‡Z 140. KvbvB †PŠwK`vi hLb
gvwm-wcwm‡K WvK‡Z Av‡m,
M _vbvq N MÖvg¨
ZLb †Kv_vq wZb-PviRb
mvwj‡k
NycwU †g‡i jywK‡qwQj?
133. gvwm-wcwmi g‡Z KLb R¸
K N‡ii †cQ‡b Q KuvVvj Mv‡Qi
wVK n‡q hv‡e?
Qvqvq
K Avn¬vw` k¦ïievwo †M‡j L
M †Wvevi cvwb‡Z N
Avn¬vw`i m¤ú` †c‡j dwbgbmvi †Suv‡c
M Avn¬vw` R¸i Kv‡Q ¶gv PvB‡j
141. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í †Kvb
S Avn¬vw`i mš—vb n‡j Pwi‡Îi evewi Pyj i‡q‡Q?
134. ïK¬c‡¶i Øv`kxi iv‡Z †R¨vrøv P mvay ˆe‡`¨i L ˆK‡j‡ki
†Kgb nq? M ey‡o ingv‡bi N †PŠwK`vi
K nvjKv D¾¡j L Aby¾¡j KvbvB‡qi
R †ek D¾¡j N Am¤¢e D¾¡j 142. KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii mv‡_ jvj
135. N‡i wM‡q Avevi gvwm hLb cvMwoIqvjv †h A‡Pbv †jvKwU
KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii mvg‡b gvwm-wcwmi evwo‡Z Av‡m
Av‡m, ZLb Zvi nv‡Z Kx _v‡K? †m Avm‡j †K?
K ivg`v L Qywi R euwU N Lywš K GKRb †PŠwK`vi L GKRb
— `dv`vi
136. N‡i wM‡q wcwm Kx nv‡Z R GKRb Kb‡÷ej N GKRb `v‡ivMv

K‡i Avevi KvbvB‡qi mvg‡b M kãv_© I UxKv : (†evW© eB

wd‡i Av‡m? †_‡K)
P KvUvwi L euwU M PvKz 143. Ô†cÖŠpvÕ ej‡Z †Kvb
N ejg eqm‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K 15 Ñ 20 eQi L 20 Ñ 25 eQi
176 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
R 35 Ñ 40 eQi S 45 Ñ 50 eQi bq †KvbwU?
144. Ògv_vq Zz‡j ivLvÓ gv‡bÑ K hvwgbx L wefveix R
K gv_vi g‡a¨ gviv Q Lye w`bgvb N wbwk
Av`i-hZœ Kiv 155. Ônv½vgvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
M evwo‡Z Avkªq †`Iqv N N„Yv K nvbvnvwb L msNl© R
Ae‡njv Kiv wek„•Ljv N k„•Ljv
145. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í 156. ÔgiYÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq
ÔcvlvYÕ kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †KvbwU?
†h A‡_©Ñ P Rxeb L g„Zz¨ M B‡š—Kvj
K wkjv L cv_i R ü`qnxb N N wZ‡ivavb
evULviv N cvV cwiwPwZ : (†evW© eB
146. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í †_‡K)
ÔkKz‡bivÕ Kx‡mi cÖZxK? 157. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í gvwm-
K `ytkvmb L wcwm Kx‡mi cÖZxK?
`xN©k¦vm K AZ¨vPvix bvixi
M nvnvKvi S Q Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨ msMÖvgx
`ytmgq I k¼v n‡q IVv bvixi
147. Ôcqmv Kvgv‡bvÕ †Kvb M AvZ¥AnsKvix bvix N
A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? ¯^v_©ci bvixi
K †ivRMvi L e¨emv 158. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU
M cwZZve„wË S cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
M„n¯’vwji KvR nq?
148. ÔBqvwK©Õ k‡ãi AvÂwjK K hyMevYx cwÎKvq L K‡jvj
D”PviY wn‡m‡e Ôgvwm- cwÎKvq
wcwmÕ M‡í †h kãwU G‡m‡Q R c~e©vkv cwÎKvq N bI‡ivR
Zvn‡jvÑ cwÎKvq
K KvUvwi Q GwK© M †gqv 159. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU
N jwM †Kvb MíMÖ‡š’ msKwjZ nq?
149. ÔmvjwZ' k‡ãi A_© Kx? K cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Q
K KuvVvj Kv‡Vi mi“ †WvOv cwiw¯’wZ
Q kvjKvV wbwg©Z M Rbbx N gvwbK
†WvOv MímgMÖ
M gv_vi Pyj we‡kl N mܨvi 160. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ Mí KZ
cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jv wLªóv‡ã cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq?
150. †bŠKv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ P 1946 wLª÷v‡ã L 1947 wLª÷v‡ã
euv‡ki `ʇK Kx ejv nq? M 1948 wLª÷v‡ã N 1949
P jwM L nvZj M e¨Äb N jvwV wLª÷v‡ã
151. ÔLybmywUÕ A_©Ñ 161. 1352 e½v‡ãi †Kvb msL¨vq
P SMovSvwU L GKMuy‡q Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU cÖ_g
M eq¯‹ N nvjKv cÖKvwkZ nq?
152. Ô†mvgËÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? K kªveY L fv`ª M dvêyb S ˆPÎ
K kvw¯— Q †hŠebcÖvß M 162. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi
†mvgevi N mÛv Kvwnwb iwPZ n‡q‡Q g~jZ
153. Ô†eg°vÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ †Kvb Pwi‡Îi Ave‡n?
K †ewn‡mex Q AmsMZ M K R¸ L gvwm M wcwm S
†eCgvb N †eiwmK Avn¬vw`
154. ÔivZÕ kãwUi mgv_©K kã
 gvwm-wcwm 177
163. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU i. cvwb K‡g †M‡Q
†Kvb MíMÖ‡š’i Aš—f©y³? ii. fvOv BU cvU‡Kj †ewi‡q c‡o‡Q
P cwiw¯’wZ L iii. IR‡b fvwi AveR©bv †ewi‡q
mixm„c c‡o‡Q
M cÖv‰MwZnvwmK N wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
njy`‡cvov K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
164. gvwm-wcwmi eZ©gvb cvV 170. R¸ †h cÖK…wZi gvbylÑ
MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kv_v †_‡K? i. ¯^ífvlx
K gvwbK iPbvewj 3q LÊRm ii. wb`©q
L gvwbK iPbvewj 4_© LÊ iii. †jvfx
R gvwbK iPbvewj 5g LÊ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N gvwbK iPbvewj 6ô LÊ K i L ii M i I iii S ii I iii
O eûc`x mgvwßm~PK 171. R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K †hfv‡e
cÖ‡kœvËi : wbh©vZb Ki‡ZvÑ
165. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq evsjv i. jvw_ gvi‡Zv
mvwn‡Z¨ L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡QbÑ ii. Kj‡Kv‡cvov Qu¨vKv w`Z
i. Dcb¨vm wj‡L iii. †eu‡a †i‡L w`Z
ii. KweZv wj‡L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †QvUMí wj‡L K i L ii M i I ii S i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 172. GB mgv‡R Avn¬vw` n‡jvÑ

K i I ii L ii I iii i. wbh©vwZZv
R i I iii N i, ii I iii ii. AZ¨vPvwiZv
166. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iii. ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v
wQ‡jbÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. weÁvbgb¯‹ K i L i I ii M iii S i, ii I iii

ii. ev¯—eev`x 173. gvwm-wcwm‡K ejv hvqÑ

iii. ¯^cœwejvmx i. weaev
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. †cÖŠpv
P i L ii M i I iii N iii iii. Mwie
167. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi
Dcb¨vm n‡jvÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. AZmxgvgx K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii

ii. Rbbx 174. Mí I Dcb¨vm QvovI gvwbK

iii. cÙvb`xi gvwS e‡›`vcva¨vq wj‡L‡QbÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. cvjvMvb
K i Q ii I iii M i I ii N i, ii I ii. cÖeÜ
iii iii. Wv‡qwi
168. ÔmoMoÕ †h A‡_© e¨eüZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
n‡q‡QÑ K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

i. iß 175. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Mí

ii. Af¨¯— n‡jvÑ
iii. ¯§„wZMZ i. Rbbx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. wUKwUwK
K i L i I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii iii. njy` †cvov
169. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í Lv‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
fvUv Avmvi Kvi‡YÑ K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
176. mvjwZ ejv nqÑ
178 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
i. kvj Kv‡Vi †WvOv i. gvwm-wcwm
ii. Zvj Mv‡Qi Kv‡Vi mi“ †WvOv ii. R¸-†MvKzj
iii. Avg Kv‡Vi †bŠKv‡K iii. KvbvB-Imgvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
177. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi 184. gvwm-wcwm euvwU I
Avn¬vw`Ñ KvUvwi nv‡Z KvbvB‡`i
i. ¯^vgxi msmv‡i myLx mvg‡b Av‡m †Kb?
ii. ¯^vgxi msmv‡i wbh©vwZZ i. Zv‡`i fo‡K †`qvi Rb¨
iii. gvwm-wcwmi Av`‡i jvwjZ ii. Avn¬vw`‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. †MvKzj‡K DwPZ wk¶v †`qvi
K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii Rb¨
178. PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
w`‡q R¸Ñ K i L i I ii R ii I iii N i, ii I
i. ü`qnxb wbôzi iii
ii. gvZvj 185. gvwm-wcwm‡K
iii. †jvfx KvQvwievwo‡Z wb‡q hvIqvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? KviYÑ
K i L i I ii M i I iii S i, ii I iii i. †mLv‡b wb‡q Zv‡`i Acgvb Kiv
179. gnvgvix‡Z Avn¬vw` nvivqÑ ii. Avn¬vw`‡K Zz‡j wb‡q hvIqv
i. evev‡K iii. R¸i g‡bvevmbv c~Y© Kiv
ii. gv‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. fvB‡K K i L i I ii R ii I iii N i, ii I
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii
K i L i I ii M i I iii S i, ii I iii 186. gvwm Ges wcwmi g‡a¨ †h
180. gvwmi g‡Z R¸ n‡jvÑ w`KwU we‡klfv‡e
i. e¾vZ mv`„k¨c~Y©Ñ
ii. Ly‡b i. Zviv mgeqmx
iii. gvZvj ii. k¦ïiN‡i wbh©vZb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. mš—vb Rb¥`v‡b K`ie„w×
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
181. c~‡e© gvwmi m‡½ P i I ii L i I ii M i I iii N i, ii I
wcwmiÑ iii
i. m¤úK© fv‡jv wQj bv 187. Ôgvwm-wcwm' M‡í
ii. †ilv‡iwl, †Kv›`j wQj `ywf©‡¶i mgqÑ
iii. e¨emvwqK m¤úK© wQj i. gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K‡i‡Q
P i I ii L i I ii M i I iii N i, ii I ii. gvwm-wcwm wb‡R‡`i Lvev‡ii
iii e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q
182. R¸ k¦ïievwo †eov‡Z G‡jÑ iii. Avn¬vw` ¯^vgxi evwo †_‡K
i. fv‡jvg›` Lvevi †`qv nq †diZ G‡m‡Q
ii. Mvjg›` Kiv nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. RvgvB Av`i cvq K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 188. gvwm-wcwm `yR‡biBÑ
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii i. GK Ae¯’v
183. PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K ii. mgvb eqm
A‡bKUv mgag©xÑ iii. GK N‡i evm
 gvwm-wcwm 179
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii P i I ii L i I ii M i I iii N i, ii I
189. Òe¾vZ †nvK, Ly‡b †nvK, iii
RvgvB †ZvÓ-gvwmi GB 195. ÒGKR‡bi eqm n‡q‡Q,
fvebvi KviYÑ AvacvKv Pzj, †ivMv
i. mgvR cyi“lZvwš¿K kixiÓÑGLv‡b Kvi K_v ejv
ii. gvwmwcwmi AmnvqZ¡ n‡q‡Q?
iii. mvgvwRKZv i. e„× †jvKwUi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. ingv‡bi
K i Q i I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii. ˆK‡j‡ki
iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
190. gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K K i L ii R i I ii N i, ii I
R¸i Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z Pvq bvÑ iii
i. Lyb nIqvi f‡q 196. R¸ Avn¬vw`i Dci †h
ii. m¤úwË `L‡ji f‡q wbh©vZb KiZÑ
iii. Mf©cv‡Zi f‡q i. jvw_ SuvUv gviZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. Kj‡K‡cvov Qu¨vKv w`Z
K i L iii R i I iii N i, ii I iii. LuywUi mv‡_ †eu‡a ivLZ w`b-
iii ivZ
191. gvwm-wcwm kn‡ii evRv‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡q hvqÑ K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I
i. ZwiZiKvwi iii
ii. evMv‡bi djg~j 197. KvbvB †PŠwK`vi gvwm-
iii. †nvMjv wcwmi evwo‡Z Avmvi g~j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? KviY n‡jvÑ
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I i. gvwm-wcwmi Ab¨v‡qi kvw¯—
iii †`Iqv
192. gvwm Ges wcwmi GK †`n ii. gvwm-wcwm‡K Ni †_‡K †ei Kiv
GK gb n‡q hvIqvi KviYÑ iii. Avn¬vw`i ¶wZ Kiv
i. e¨emvwqK m¤úK© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Avn¬vw`i †`Lv‡kvbvi fvi K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
iii. wb‡R‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi msMÖvg 198. PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? w`‡q R¸Ñ
K i L i I ii M i I iii S i, ii I iii i. ü`qnxb wbôzi
193. wcwmi ¯^vgx wQ‡jv R¸i ii. gvZvj
g‡Zv, KviYÑ iii. †jvfx
i. †m gvj Uvb‡Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †m wcwm‡K gvi‡Zv K i Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I
iii. †m ïuwoLvbvq †hZ iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 199. gvwm-wcwmi
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii WvKvWvwK‡Z cvovqÑ
194. c~‡e© gvwmi Dci wcwmi i. WvKvWvwK ïi“ nq
AnsKvi Kivi KviYÑ ii. A‡b‡K Qy‡U Av‡m
i. Avn¬vw`i evev Zvi Avcb fvB iii. A‡b‡K Rvbvjv Ly‡j DuwK †`q
ii. wcwm GB evwoiB †g‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wcwm K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
wKQyUv fv‡jv wQj
180 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
P Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK mv‡_ Awgj i‡q‡Q?
eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi : P Avn¬vw`i L gvwmi M

* wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 200  202 wcwmi N R¸i

bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 206 I 207
Pvwiw`‡K eb¨vi cvwb Avi cvwb| b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
weaev iwngv Zvi `yB mš—vb‡K mvnm gvbyl‡K euvwP‡q iv‡L, fq
GKiKg Abvnv‡iB †i‡L‡Q| †Kv_vI gvbyl‡K g„Zz¨i Av‡MB g„Zz¨-
†Kvb mvnvh¨ cvq bv| GK c_hvÎx K‡i †Zv‡j|
ch©v‡q †m j¾vmig †d‡j Kv‡Ri 206. DÏxc‡Ki g~jfve cÖKvk
mÜv‡b †ewi‡q c‡o †eu‡P _vKvi †c‡q‡Q Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi
ZvwM‡`| †Kvb Pwi‡Î?
200. gvwm-wcwm Kx‡mi e¨emv P gvwm-wcwm L gvwm-

ïi“ K‡ib? Avn¬vw`

K wW‡gi L bvi‡K‡ji M Av‡gi M wcwm-ˆK‡jk N ˆK‡jk-RMvB

S mewRi 207. DÏxcK I Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ

201. DÏxc‡Ki iwngv M‡íi †Kvb M‡íi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvqÑ
Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa? i. wec‡` mvnm cÖ‡qvRb
P gvwm-wcwm L Avn¬vw` ii. fq wec` evovq
M ingvb N ˆKjvk iii. gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB mvnmx
202. Dfq Pwi‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi cÖ¯‘wZ K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii

ii. Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi jovB * wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 208 I 209

iii. `ywf©¶ b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N‡ii Pv‡j Lo Pvcv‡Z Pvcv‡Z gš—z
K i Q i I ii M iii N ii I iii †`L‡Z cvq iv‡njv †eMg‡K| †Rv‡i
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 203  205 WvK †`q| iv‡nj †eMg G‡j gš—z
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| e‡j Òfvwe, hvI KB, e‡mv cvb
c‡ik Zvi ¯¿x‡K Lye fv‡jvev‡m| LvI,Ó iv‡njv †eM‡gi weiw³ a‡i|
mviv¶Y wPš—v K‡i Kxfv‡e Zv‡K †ejv cÖvq †kl, N‡i A‡bK KvR
fv‡jv ivLv hv‡e| wKš‘ Zvi ¯¿x evwK|
w`cvjx ¯^vgxi fv‡jvevmvi 208. DÏxc‡Ki iv‡njv †eM‡gi mv‡_
g~j¨vqb bv K‡i Mwie e‡j evevi gvwm-wcwm M‡íi †Kvb
evwo P‡j hvq| PwiÎ؇qi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q?
203. Ô†mvgËÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? K gvwm I Avn¬vw`i L wcwm

K kvw¯— Q I Avn¬vw`i
†hŠebcÖvß R gvwm I wcwmi N

M †mvgevi N mÊv Avn¬vw` I Kvbyi gv‡qi

204. DÏxc‡Ki c‡i‡ki mv‡_ M‡íi R¸i 209. DÏxc‡Ki gš—z‡K Ôgvwm-
ˆemv`„k¨ i‡q‡QÑ wcwmÕ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K ejv
i. AvPi‡Y hvqÑ
ii. g~j¨‡ev‡a i. ˆK‡jk Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa
iii. fv‡jvevmvq ii. mgq AcPqKvix
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. GKRb kªgRxex
K i Q i I ii M i I iii N iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
205. DÏxc‡Ki w`cvjxi Ôgvwm- K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii

wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi * wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 210 †_‡K

212 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
 gvwm-wcwm 181
mvgvwRK m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki 213. DÏxcKwU‡Z Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
we¯§qKi mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b bvix- M‡íi †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvk
AMÖMwZ eo f~wgKv ivL‡jI N‡ii †c‡q‡Q?
g‡a¨ bvixi Ae¯’v †Zgb e`jvqwb| K ˆK‡j‡ki nVKvwiZv Q R¸i
†`‡ki weevwnZ bvix‡`i 87 ¯¿x wbh©vZb
kZvskB ¯^vgxi Øviv †Kv‡bv bv M euvPvi Rb¨ msMÖvg N
†Kv‡bv mg‡q, †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mvn‡mi Rq
ai‡bi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| 214. DÏxc‡Ki ivg`v‡mi mv‡_
210. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ôgvwm- Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb
wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb w`K w`‡q Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ cvIqv hvq?
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? K KvbvB‡qi L ˆK‡j‡ki
i. ¯¿x-wbh©vZb R Avn¬vw`i ev‡ci N
ii. Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b bvixi `v‡ivMv eveyi
f~wgKv 215. DÏxc‡Ki gwjbv I Ôgvwm-
iii. åƒY nZ¨v wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`,
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? `yR‡bBÑ
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I i. ¯^vgxi w`K †_‡K wbh©vwZZv
iii ii. bvix nIqvq wbh©vwZZv
211. †Kvb M‡íi m‡½ DÏxcKwU iii. mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi
mv`„k¨c~Y©? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †PZbvi G¨vjevg P P i I ii L ii I iii
gvwm-wcwm M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M ZvRgnj N mf¨Zv * wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 216 I 217
212. R¸ Ges DÏxc‡Ki g‡Zv b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
¯^vgxiv mgv‡Ri †Pv‡LÑ Aveyj eD‡K †g‡i kvwš— cvq|
i. N„wYZ cvkweK wbh©vZ‡b Zvi eD
ii. wbw›`Z Ae‡k‡l AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| Aveyj
iii. eR©bxq cybivq we‡q K‡i Ges AveviI ¯¿xi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Dci AZ¨vPvi ïi“ K‡i|
K i Q i I ii M i I iii N i, ii I 216. DÏxcK I Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
iii M‡íi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU
* wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 213Ñ215 n‡jvÑ
b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : P bvix-wbh©vZb
ivg`vm Zvi GKgvÎ †g‡q gvwjbv‡K L cyi“‡li AvwacZ¨ev`x g‡bvfve
k¦ïi evwo‡Z cvwV‡q‡Qb wf‡U- M bvixi AmnvqZ¡ N
gvwU wewµ K‡i| wKš—z `yw`b DMÖZv
ev‡`B †g‡q nvwRi| kix‡i ¶Z- 217. DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Ôgvwm-
wP‡ýi ïK‡bv `vM| †g‡qi RvgvB wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi
UvKv Pvq k¦ï‡ii Kv‡Q| mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©?
P R¸ L ˆK‡jk M KvbvB N
†MvKzj

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

Av‡jvP¨ As‡k ÁvbfvÊvi‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ evwoi KvR, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv,
Ávbg~jK Ges Abyavebg~jK AviI wKQy cÖ‡kœvËi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AskwU
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cix¶vi P~ovš— cÖ¯‘wZ I Revision m¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e|
182 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

 evwoi KvR
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †MvKzj‡K `yó cÖwZ‡ekx ejv hvq †Kvb we‡ePbvq, Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`I A‡b¨i Avkª‡q gvbyl n‡”Q| G w`KwU e¨vL¨v
Ki|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi ¯^i~c e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i `v¤úZ¨-Rxe‡b hš¿Yvi w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í cÖwZ‡ewk‡`i †h-BwZevPK gvbwmKZvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q 
e¨vL¨v Ki|
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv
 Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb `yB bvix PwiÎ gvwm I wcwm| `yR‡bB weaev,
wbtmš—vb, AZ¨š— Mixe, Zv‡`i wU‡K _vKvi msMÖvgB G M‡íi Av‡jL¨|
 Ôgvwm-wcwm' M‡íi Avn¬vw` Abv_ I weevwnZv| ¯^vgxi msmv‡i wbh©vZb
m‡q Ae‡k‡l ˆcZ…K wfUvq G‡m gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q Avkªq †bq|
 R¸ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb cyi“l PwiÎ| †m g`¨c, ¯¿x-wbh©vZbKvix I
m¤ú`‡jvfx| k¦ïievwoi m¤ú` cvIqvi †jv‡f †m A‡bK K‚U-†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
 ˆK‡jk‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í †Zvlvgy‡` wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| †m g~jZ R¸i c¶
wb‡q gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q D‡g`vwi K‡i|
 ey‡ov ingvb G M‡í AcÖavb PwiÎ| Zv‡K mš—vbnviv, †øncivqY wcZv wn‡m‡e
cvIqv hvq|
 gvwm I wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K mš—v‡bi g‡ZvB fv‡jvev‡m Ges †h‡Kv‡bv wec`
†_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z memgq m‡Pó _v‡K|
 ¯¿x‡K N‡i wb‡Z bv cvivq gvwm-wcwm‡K Rã Ki‡Z R¸ Mfxi iv‡Z Avn¬vw`‡`i
evwo‡Z Rwg`v‡ii †cqv`v I AÁvZ wKQy Lvivc †jvK cvVvq|
 iv‡Zi Auvav‡i kΓ evwo‡Z G‡j gvwm-wcwm A¯¿ nv‡Z i“‡L `uvovq| fq †c‡q
ZLb kΓiv evwo Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq|
 gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZ cÖwZ‡ekxiv AZ¨š— m`q|
 `ywf©¶, gnvgvix BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Avn¬vw` evev-gv‡K nvivq| gvwm-wcwmI
GKB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RxweKvi Rb¨ N‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z eva¨ nq|
 mvjwZ ej‡Z kvjKvV ev ZvjMv‡Qi ¸uwo w`‡q wbwg©Z †WvOv‡K †evSvq|
KvUvwi n‡jv GK cÖKvi aviv‡jv `v-RvZxq A¯¿|
 cuvï‡U gv‡b du¨vKv‡m, nvwm-Zvgvkvhy³ weev` ev ¶Y¯’vqx SMov‡K
LybmywU ejv nq|
 gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ Ôgvwm-wcwm' MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1352
e½v‡ã KjKvZvi Ôc~e©vkv' cwÎKvi ˆPÎ msL¨vq| c‡i G MíwU Ôcwiw¯’wZÕ
bvgK Mí MÖ‡š’i Aš—f©y³ nq|
 ZrKvjxb mgv‡R bvix‡`i nxb Ae¯’vb I ˆ`b¨wK¬ó Rxe‡bi Pig i~c Ôgvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vcU|
 gvwm I wcwm G `ywU PwiÎ wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g G M‡í mgv‡Ri cÖvwš—K I
Amnvq bvix‡`i RxebhyׇK dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wU‡K _vKvi jovB
Ges cÖwZev`x †PZbv G `ywU Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
 `ywf©¶ KewjZ mg‡q mgv‡Ri bvbv Aw¯’iZv Ges msNl© QvovI G M‡íi
Ab¨vb¨ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ˆewPΨgq †PZbv I gvbwmKZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|
 gvwm-wcwm 183

†U·U eyK A¨vbvjvBwmm

K Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi 11. KLb ˆK‡j‡ki ¯^fve weM‡o
1. Avn¬vw` †Kvb ch©š— †NvgUv hvq?
†U‡b †`q? DËi : nv‡Z `y‡Uv cqmv G‡j
DËi : Avn¬vw` wmuw_i wmu`yi ˆK‡j‡ki ¯^fve weM‡o hvq|
ch©š— †NvgUv †U‡b †`q| 12. gvwm-wcwmi wPrKv‡i †K
2. Kx Dcj‡¶ gvwm-wcwm D‡cvm `jej wb‡q cvwj‡q hvq?
wQj? DËi : gvwm-wcwmi wPrKv‡i
DËi : ïK¬c‡¶i GKv`kx Dcj‡¶ KvbvB †PŠwK`vi `jej wb‡q cvwj‡q
gvwm-wcwm D‡cvm wQj| hvq|
3. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ 13. ˆK‡j‡ki Kv‡Q †Kvb e¨vcviwU
cÖ_g M‡íi bvg Kx? cu¨vPv‡jv g‡b n‡qwQj?
DËi : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ DËi : ˆK‡j‡ki Kv‡Q Avn¬vw`i
cÖ_g M‡íi bvg ÔAZmxgvgxÕ| Mf©eZx nIqvi e¨vcviwU
4. Ôgvwm-wcwm' MíwU †Kvb cu¨vPv‡jv g‡b n‡qwQj|
cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq? 14. Ô†mvgË †gqvÕ e‡j Kv‡K
DËi : Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q?
Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvq cÖ_g DËi : Ô†mvgË †gqvÕ e‡j
cÖKvwkZ nq| Avn¬vw`‡K Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. gvwm-wcwm Kx cY K‡i‡Q? 15. fv‡jvq fv‡jvq bv †M‡j KvbvB
DËi : gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K gvwm-wcwm‡K Kxfv‡e
R¸i N‡i †diZ bv cvVv‡bvi cY KvQvwievwo wb‡q hvevi
K‡i‡Q| ûKz‡gi K_v e‡j?
6. Kvi k¦vïwo-bb` ev‡Ni g‡Zv DËi : fv‡jvq fv‡jvq bv †M‡j KvbvB
wQj? gvwm-wcwm‡K a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-
DËi : Avn¬vw`i gvwmi k¦vïwo- wnuP‡o wb‡q hvevi ûKz‡gi K_v
bb` ev‡Ni g‡Zv wQj| e‡j|
7. Avn¬vw`i RwgRgvi wmwKfvM 16. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…
Qvov evwKUv Kvi `L‡j †M‡Q? K wbevm †Kv_vq?
DËi : Avn¬vw`i RwgRgvi DËi : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi
wmwKfvM Qvov evwKUv †MvKz‡ji ˆcZ…K wbevm weµgcy‡i|
`L‡j †M‡Q| L Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
8. Avn¬w`‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †K nvj 1. ey‡ov ingv‡bi †PvL QjQj K‡i
Qv‡owb? †Kb?
DËi : Avn¬vw`‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ DËi : †g‡qi K_v g‡b nIqvq ey‡ov
†MvKzj nvj Qv‡owb| ingv‡bi †PvL QjQj K‡i|
9. Kxfv‡e Avn¬vw`i evev, gv, Avn¬vw`i †P‡q eq‡m †QvU
fvB gviv wM‡qwQj? †g‡qUv‡K ingvb we‡q w`‡qwQj|
DËi : K‡jivq Avµvš— n‡q AeyS †g‡qUv k¦ïievwo bv hvIqvi
Avn¬vw`i evev, gv I fvB gviv Rb¨ Lye †Ku‡`wQj| wKš—z Zvi
wM‡qwQj| fv‡jvi Rb¨B Zv‡K †Rvi Rei`w¯—
10. Avn¬vw`i wcwmi ¯^fve K‡i k¦ïievwo cvVvq ingvb| †mLv‡b
e`‡jwQj KLb? wM‡q Aíw`b c‡iB †g‡qUv gviv
DËi : †Q‡j nIqvi ci Avn¬vw`i hvq| GKB mgm¨vi wkKvi
wcwmi ¯^fve e`‡jwQj| Avn¬vw`‡K †`‡L †g‡qi K_v g‡b
nIqvq ingv‡bi †PvL QjQj K‡i|
184 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
2. R¸ gvwm-wcwmi wei“‡× k¦ïievwo wb‡q †h‡Z PvB‡jI gvwm-
gvgjv Ki‡e †Kb? wcwm †h‡Z †`q bv| G‡Z R¸i g‡b
DËi : Avn¬vw`‡K N‡i wdwi‡q nq †h, Zvi we‡q Kiv eD‡K gvwm-
†bqvi Rb¨ R¸ gvwm-wcwmi wcwm e` gZj‡e AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q Ges
wei“‡× gvgjv Ki‡e| Zv‡K w`‡q cqmv-Kvgv‡”Q|
cvlÊ ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi †_‡K GRb¨B †m gvwm-wcwmi wei“‡×
Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ gvwm- gvgjv Ki‡e|
wcwm Zv‡K wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Q iv‡L|
Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgx R¸ evi evi Zv‡K
cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)
 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK
cÖkœ-1: DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
gv Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡jb| †`Ljvg †m fvwi Pvcv| gvi cÖ‡kœi QuvKv Reve w`j, wb‡R †_‡K
GKwU K_v †ewk KBj bv| †m ejj, Zvi bvg ggZv| Avgv‡`i evwo †_‡K LvwbK `~‡i
Rxebg‡qi Mwj, Mwji †fZ‡i mvZvk b¤^i evwoi GKZjvq †m _v‡K| Zvi ¯^vgx Av‡Q Avi
GKwU †Q‡j| ¯^vgxi PvKwi †bB Pvigvm, msmvi Avi P‡j bv, †m ZvB c`©v †V‡j
DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ evB‡i G‡m‡Q| GB Zvi cÖ_g PvKwi| gvB‡b? †m Zv Rv‡b bv| `y‡ejv
†iu‡a w`‡q hv‡e, wKš‘ Lv‡e bv|
K. gvwm-wcwm Kxfv‡e kn‡i †h‡Zb? 1
L. gvwm-wcwmi Rgv‡bv UvKv †Kb LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ggZv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi †Kvb ˆewkó¨‡K aviY
K‡i‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve aviY K‡i wK? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶
hyw³ `vI| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ mvjwZ †e‡q kn‡i †h‡Zb|
L. `ywf©‡¶i mgq Lvevi wKb‡Z gvwm-wcwm‡`i Rgv‡bv i~‡cvi UvKv Avaywj
wmwK LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj|
gvwm-wcwmiv Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo‡Z AvwkªZv, Iw`‡K †`‡k gš^š—i|
†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv KvR †bB, mvg_©¨I †bB| ZvB Zviv Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv UvKv w`‡q
†Kv‡bviK‡g Lvevi wK‡b †L‡q †eu‡P‡Q| GRb¨ Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv i~‡cvi UvKv
Avaywj wmwK LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj|
 wUcm& :
M. DÏxcKwU fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o ggZv PwiÎwU Abyaveb Ki| Gici gvwm-wcwmi mv‡_
DÏxc‡Ki ggZvi mv`„k¨ wbY©q K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i c‡o ggZv PwiÎwU Abyaveb Ki| Gici Ô gvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi Pwiθ‡jv wbY©q Ki Ges mv`„k¨-ˆemv`„k¨ we‡klY Ki|
cÖkœÑ2: DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
nvmy I gvqgyb‡K wb‡q †f‡mB PjwQj Rq¸b| wKš‘ wb‡Ri †Póvq AK‚j cv_v‡i †m K‚j
cvq| j¾vkig wemR©b w`‡q †m Suvwc‡q c‡o Kv‡R| Zv‡K euvP‡Z n‡e| †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K
euvPv‡Z n‡e| GB msKí wb‡q AvKv‡ji cuvP eQi †m jovB K‡i Avm‡Q|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm †Kv_vq? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡bi mv‡_ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi †Kvb w`K w`‡q
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? 3
 gvwm-wcwm 185
N. Òmv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Rq¸b M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi mgMÖ ˆewkó¨ aviY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
Ógš—e¨wU we‡klY Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm XvKvi weµgcy‡i|
L. ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o †h‡Z nq|
Avn¬vw`i we‡q nq †bkv‡Lvi cvlÊ R¸i mv‡_| R¸ Kvi‡Y -AKvi‡Y Avn¬vw`‡K
gviai K‡i| †bkvi UvKv †hvMvo bv n‡j Avn¬vw`‡K N‡ii LyuwUi mv‡_ †eu‡a
AZ¨vPvi K‡i, jvw_, Po, evwo Ggb †Kv‡bv gva¨g †bB hvi Øviv R¸ Avn¬vw`i
Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡iwb| hvi Rb¨ Zv‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j Avm‡Z nq|
 wUcm& :
M. DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q c‡o Rq¸b PwiÎwU Abyaveb Ki| G‡Z Ô gvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi mv‡_ Rq¸‡bi mv`„k¨ wbY©q Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU fv‡jvfv‡e co| DÏxc‡Ki Rqb¸‡bi mv‡_ Ô gvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi
mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ we‡klY Ki|
cÖkœÑ3 : DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Avnv‡i| G‡i gvBqvWv‡i gvBiv dvjvBm bv| I‡i I cvlvBY¨v, `iRv †Lvj, gvwim bv Avi
gvwim bv, Rvnvbœv‡g hvBwe, gvwim bv| evB‡i †_‡K `yÕnv‡Z SuvwcUv‡K †Vj‡Q
dwK‡ii gv| Aveyj GKevi ZvKvj †mw`‡K, wKš‘ Suvwc Lyjj bv|
eD gvivq GKUv ˆckvwPK Avb›` cvq Aveyj| †g‡i †g‡i Gi Av‡M `yÕ`y‡Uv eD‡K
cÖv‡Y †kl K‡i w`‡q‡Q †m| cÖ_g eDUv wQ‡jv| G Muv‡qiB †g‡q| Av‡qkv| GKUz
†eu‡U, GKUz †gvUv Avi i‡Oi w`K †_‡K k¨vgjv| Ac~e© mshg wQj †g‡qwUi| Avðh©
kvš— ¯^fve| KZ †g‡i‡Q I‡K Aveyj| †Kv‡bvw`b GKUz kãI K‡iwb| GKUv mvgvb¨
cÖwZev` †bB|
K. g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z Kx‡mi g‡Zv wQj? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K R¸ †Kb gviai K‡i? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa?  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB cwiw¯’wZi
wkKvi|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z ivg`vÕi g‡Zv wQj|
L. †bkvi UvKv msMÖn Ki‡Z bv †c‡i UvKv †hvMvo Kivi †jv‡f R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K
gviai Ki‡Zv|
cvlÊ R¸ †bkv K‡i| wKš‘ memgq †bkvq wRwbm †Kbvi UvKv Zvi Kv‡Q _v‡K
bv| †m msmvi Ges ¯¿xi cÖwZI D`vmxb| †bkvi †Nv‡i †_‡K †m Zvi ¯¿x
Avn¬vw`i Dci wbh©vZb Pvjvq| eD‡qi Dci PovI n‡q ga¨hyMxq Kvq`vi eD‡K
LyuwUi mv‡_ †eu‡a †i‡L gviai K‡i|
 wUcm& :
M. DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co| DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ Ô gvwm-wcwmÕ
M‡íi R¸ Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ we‡klY Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸ I DÏxc‡Ki Avey‡ji
mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ we‡klY Ki|
cÖkœ-4: DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
¯^vgx gviai Ki‡j dzwji iwngv Lvjv dzwj‡K XvKvq wb‡q Av‡m| cÖ_‡g †m GK
mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z KvR †bq| c‡i †m Mv‡g©‡›U‡m †Xv‡K| gv‡mi †k‡l 8-9 nvRvi UvKv
Av‡m| kn‡ii cwi‡e‡k Zvi †`‡ni i~c-†mŠ›`h© †e‡o hvq| gvbyl Zvi w`‡K e` bR‡i
ZvwK‡q _v‡K| XvKvq G‡m Mv‡qi dzwj dzj‡g‡ni n‡q hvq| Zvi †`‡ni fuv‡R fuv‡R
†hŠe‡bi Xj, i~‡ci wSwjK| Zvi †`‡ni i~cjveY¨ Zvi kΓ| c‡_Nv‡U, nv‡UevRv‡i Kg©¯’‡j
186 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cyi“‡liv Zv‡K wM‡j †dj‡Z Pvq| Lvjv Zv‡K AvM‡j iv‡L|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †jLv M‡íi msL¨v KZ? 1
L. dzwj‡K euvPv‡Z dzwji Lvjv Kx K‡i? 2
M. DÏxc‡K dzwji Pwi‡Î †Kvb fv‡ei cÖKvk N‡U‡Q?  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki dzwj Avgv‡`i GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i
cÖwZwbwa|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wjwLZ Mí cÖvq wZbk|
L. dywji Lvjv dzwj‡K euvPv‡Z c_ †Luv‡R| Zv‡K XvKv kn‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges
GKwU Mvg©‡›U PvKwi †`q| dzwj wb‡Ri cv‡q gv_v Zz‡j `uvovq| GLb †m
Kv‡iv Ki“Yvi cvÎ bq|
 wUcm& :
M. DÏxcKwU fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o iwngv Lvjvi PwiÎwU Abyaveb Ki| G‡Z Ô gvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi mv‡_ iwngv Lvjvi mv`„k¨ wbY©q Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i c‡o gvwm-wcwm I Avn¬vw` Ges DÏxc‡Ki iwng
Lvjv I dzwji mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ we‡klY Ki|
cÖkœÑ5: DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
BD‡iv‡ci Ávb¸i“ †c‡Uv wgki ågYKv‡j gv_vq K‡i †Zj †e‡P iv¯—v-LiP †hvMvo Ki‡Zb|
†h Kz‡o, Avj‡m, Nyl‡Lvi I †Pvi, †mB nxb| e¨emv ev †QvU ¯^vaxb Kv‡R gvbyl nxb
nq bv- nxb nq wg_¨v, PZziZv I cÖeÂbvq| cv‡Q RvZ hvq, m¤§vb bó nq GB f‡q c‡ii
MjMÖn n‡q gv‡mi ci gvm KvwU‡q w`‡”Q| m¤§vb †Kv_vq, Zv Zzwg †Ui cvIwb|
K. kKzbiv D‡o G‡m †Kv_vq e‡m‡Q? 1
L. R¸ †Kb gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uvi gv‡S Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb wel‡qi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Òwgj _vK‡jI †c‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges gvwm-wcwmi kvKmewR wewµi D‡Ïk¨MZ
wfbœZv i‡q‡Q|Ógš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. kKzbiv D‡o G‡m cvZv k~b¨ ïK‡bv MvQUvi Dc‡i e‡m‡Q|
L. R¸ Zvi †eŠ Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj|
R¸i AZ¨vPv‡i Ni †Q‡o P‡j Av‡m Avn¬vw`| Zvici R¸ Zvi ¯¿x‡K wdwi‡q wb‡Z
G‡m‡Q Zvi k¦ï‡ii †i‡L hvIqv m¤úwËi †jv‡f| wKš‘ gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K
cvVv‡Z bvivR| ZvQvov Avn¬vw`I †h‡Z ivwR bq| GRb¨ Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q
†bIqvi Rb¨ R¸ gvgjv Ki‡Z Pvq|
 wUcm& :
M. DÏxcKwU fv‡jvfv‡e co| DÏxc‡Ki †c‡Uvi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi cÖ‡qvR‡bi
mgq †h-†Kv‡bv KvR Kivi wm×v‡š—i gv‡S KvR Kivi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q, Zv
Av‡jvPbv Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i co| wgj _vK‡jI †c‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges Ôgvwm-
wcwmi mewR wewµi gv‡S D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv we‡klY Ki|
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L. Avn¬vw` †Kb ¯^vgxi N‡i †h‡Z Pvq bv? 2
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